外文翻譯---gps定位技術(shù)在工程測量中的應(yīng)用

1、<p><b>　　附錄</b></p><p>　　GPS positioning technology in the engineering point of measurement</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Global Positioning System

2、GPS is a global, all-weather, all-powerful advantage of the navigation and positioning systems, which can provide the advantages of three-dimensional coordinates is still not given full play. Through technical analysis,

3、described the GPS positioning technology in the engineering survey of the advantages and disadvantages.</p><p>　　Key words GPS positioning Engineering Surveying Discussion</p><p>　　In the

4、mapping field, with the total station on its popularity, the traditional theodolite, distance meter being replaced. In recent years, with the GPS measurement technology, engineering survey of working practices is a histo

5、ric change took place. GPS measurements by receiving satellite signals emitted and processes the data, thereby seeking the spatial location of measurement points set, it has the all-powerful, global, all-weather, continu

6、ous and real-time three-dimensional precision navigat</p><p>　　1 GPS mainly by the space satellite constellation, ground control stations and user equipment of three parts</p><p>　　(1) GPS satel

7、lite constellation space for work by the 21 in-orbit satellites and three spare satellites. 24 satellites evenly distributed in six orbital planes, the orbital plane with an inclination of 55 °, the average height o

8、f satellite 2O200km, run the cycle for the 11 h 58 min. The two satellite radio with the L-band carrier to the user to send continuous navigation signals, satellite navigation and positioning signal containing the locati

9、on information, the satellite is known as a dynamic </p><p>　　(2) GPS ground control station is primarily used by worldwide a master stations, three injection station and five stations. The master station un

10、der various stations on GPS satellites of observational data, calculation of the satellite's orbit and clock error parameters, etc, and these data compiled navigation message, transferred to the implanted station, th

11、en by the injection station master station to and from the navigation message into the appropriate satellite storage.</p><p>　　(3) GPS user equipment consists of the GPS receiver, data processing software an

12、d terminal equipment (such as a computer) and other components. GPS receiver can be captured by satellite height cutoff point selected satellite signal to be measured, tracking satellites are running, and on signal switc

13、hing, zoom in and processing, and then use the computer and the appropriate software, baseline solution, adjustment, find the GPS receiver Center (measuring site) of three-dimensional coordinates.</p><p>　　2

14、 from the engineering survey of the implementation of applications, we can fully see the advantages of GPS measurements, fully demonstrated the high accuracy of satellite positioning technology and high efficiency</p&

15、gt;<p>　　(1) using GPS technology determination for the grid, and adaptable than conventional methods. Net-shaped structure is simple, point density and the flexibility to select the length of edge, even farther a

16、way from the known control point can connect, and control network location and orientation. In addition, it addresses the point and can not pass between the visual difficulties, site selection and flexible, do not need h

17、igh standard, but also outside the industry can guarantee Surveying protecte</p><p>　　(2) GPS box points high accuracy, errors of evenly distributed, not only to meet the regulatory requirements, and has a l

18、arge precision reserves.</p><p>　　(3) The point position error of measurement accuracy as a indicator grid is feasible, with a relative error than the precision of indicators that are more reasonable.</p&

19、gt;<p>　　(4) method using GPS geodetic control network layout, because of its graphic intensity coefficient is high, can effectively improve point closer to the speed. Optimization of the more convenient.</p>

20、;<p>　　(5) use GPS-RTK survey building grid and routine measurement of efficiency can be improved when compared to more than doubled, and a significant reduction in the intensity of the workers. A reference statio

21、n can have more than one mobile station operation, mobile stations, base station without the command of a single person can operate independently.</p><p>　　3 GPS technology with its unique and powerful featu

22、res and benefits of fully demonstrated its superiority in the development of the field, as well as a bigger and wider space for development. But in that area, the actual construction and subsequent construction and monit

23、oring also betrayed some disadvantages</p><p>　　(1) GPS pinpoints the key lies on the satellite and the distance between the accurate calculation, in accordance with a fixed pattern: = speed &#215; time,

24、 time after speed according to the velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves. Well known electromagnetic waves in a vacuum of propagation velocity quickly, but the atmosphere is the signal to be ionosphere and tro

25、pospheric despite interference. GPS systems can only be on average, in some specific area must exist error; in a big city or </p><p>　　(2) and the conventional instrument of control measurements, the use of

26、GPS-RTK technology should first review the accuracy of the starting point of reference, the starting point should be a high level of control points, and the starting point of reference and the observation point has a goo

27、d location between distribution. When using dynamic GPS-RTK for observation, the base station's accuracy has to go through 3-5 control points with high-grade test, review, ensure that the base station coordin</p&g

28、t;<p>　　(3) a large number of engineering examples show that although the GPS height measurement to achieve a certain degree of accuracy, but the use of GPS Surveying municipal engineering survey control points, s

29、hould be further associated with conventional standard instruments for measuring, to ensure the accuracy elevation to meet the needs of building public works .</p><p>　　(4) GPS Survey selected control point

30、location differences directly affects the observation point bits of precision. Since GPS measurement is by receiving satellite launch of signal processing and coordinate (including elevation), any may affect signal recei

31、ved factors appear interference, the determination of coordinates of points may produce errors. To do this, select the measurement point should note the following:</p><p>　?、?point of the upward angle of 15

32、&#176;, should try to avoid obstructions.</p><p>　?、?as far away as possible from high-power radio emission source, spacing should be not less than 400 m away from high-voltage transmission lines, spacin

33、g should be not less than 200 m.</p><p>　?、?away from strong interference satellite signal reception, and to avoid large bodies of water.</p><p>　　(5) GPS measurement is more suitable for wide v

34、ision, fewer obstructions New construction, field exploration and orientation, in the old city building, the use of GPS measurements, or not receiving the signal, or while a signal is received, but has been in floating,

35、fixed or not fixed of false, so the error is larger the data, neither the efficiency nor accuracy can not show the superiority of GPS measurements.</p><p>　　(6) GPS survey results and general survey results

36、between different models of GPS survey results there is a difference between, sometimes differ from the larger. GPS network for adjustment calculations, side two General needs:</p><p>　?、?owned operator to g

37、eoid correction;</p><p>　?、?attributed to the Gaussian projection surface correction.</p><p>　　Adjustment model can not solve the two-dimensional joint position and elevation position of uniform

38、 plane problem, and three-dimensional co-adjustment model is a multi-adjustment model can realize the conversion of high-level adjustment system, and the adjusted results obtained are three-dimensional point location and

39、 precision, this point and its components for a comprehensive analysis and research is very favorable. However, in three-dimensional combined adjustment, the need for corresponding </p><p>　　(7) GPS and rela

40、ted technologies is an emerging technology, its standards were not perfect, our country has not yet promulgated a unified standard for geographic information, navigation product manufacturers are using their own developm

41、ent and production of the electronic map, these electronic maps generally are not compatible with each other. In addition, the product is no consistent standard specifications, product market is no standards, especially

42、software product does not have a uniform spe</p><p>　　4 closings</p><p>　　To sum up, in the field of engineering measurements, since the GPS itself unique and powerful feature that shows it in t

43、he field of actual measurements than a regular control measurement with greater adaptability, the advantages and disadvantages at the same time, pending further study on improvement to meet the actual survey work. As the

44、 technology and the rapid development and universal access, and application of relevant technology, GPS technology will in urban construction and engineering mo</p><p>　　References</p><p>　　GPS定

45、位技術(shù)在工程測量中的應(yīng)用</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)GPS是具有全球性、全天候、全能性優(yōu)勢的導(dǎo)航定位系統(tǒng)，其可以提供三維坐標(biāo)的優(yōu)越性目前還未能得到充分發(fā)揮。通過技術(shù)分析，闡述了GPS 定位技術(shù)在工程測量中的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)。 </p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞 GPS 定位 工程測量 應(yīng)用</

46、p><p>　　在測繪領(lǐng)域，隨著全站儀的推廣普及，傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)緯儀、測距儀逐漸被取代。近年來，隨著GPS測量技術(shù)的發(fā)展，工程測量的作業(yè)方法更是發(fā)生了歷史性的變革。GPS 測量通過接收衛(wèi)星發(fā)射的信號并進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理，從而求定測量點(diǎn)的空間位置，它具有全能性、全球性、全天候、連續(xù)性和實(shí)時(shí)性的精密三維導(dǎo)航與定位功能，而且具有良好的抗干擾性和保密性。現(xiàn)已成功應(yīng)用于工程測量、航空攝影測量、工程變形測量、資源調(diào)查等諸多領(lǐng)域。</p

47、><p>　　1 GPS 主要由空間衛(wèi)星星座、地面監(jiān)控站及用戶設(shè)備三部分構(gòu)成</p><p>　?。?）GPS 空間衛(wèi)星星座由21 顆工作衛(wèi)星和3顆在軌備用衛(wèi)星組成。24 顆衛(wèi)星均勻分布在6 個(gè)軌道平面內(nèi)，軌道平面的傾角為55°，衛(wèi)星的平均高度為2O200km，運(yùn)行周期為11 h 58 min。衛(wèi)星用L 波段的兩個(gè)無線電載波向廣大用戶連續(xù)不斷地發(fā)送導(dǎo)航定位信號， 導(dǎo)航定位信號中含有衛(wèi)

48、星的位置信息，使衛(wèi)星成為一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的已知點(diǎn)。在地球的任何地點(diǎn)、任何時(shí)刻，在高度角15°以上，平均可同時(shí)觀測到6 顆衛(wèi)星，最多可達(dá)到9 顆。</p><p>　?。?）GPS 地面監(jiān)控站主要由分布在全球的一個(gè)主控站、三個(gè)注入站和五個(gè)監(jiān)測站組成。主控站根據(jù)各監(jiān)測站對GPS 衛(wèi)星的觀測數(shù)據(jù)，計(jì)算各衛(wèi)星的軌道參數(shù)、鐘差參數(shù)等，并將這些數(shù)據(jù)編制成導(dǎo)航電文，傳送到注入站，再由注入站將主控站發(fā)來的導(dǎo)航電文注入到相應(yīng)衛(wèi)星

49、的存儲(chǔ)器中。</p><p>　　（3）GPS 用戶設(shè)備由GPS 接收機(jī)、數(shù)據(jù)處理軟件及其終端設(shè)備(如計(jì)算機(jī))等組成。GPS 接收機(jī)可捕獲到按一定衛(wèi)星高度截止角所選擇的待測衛(wèi)星的信號，跟蹤衛(wèi)星的運(yùn)行，并對信號進(jìn)行交換、放大和處理，再通過計(jì)算機(jī)和相應(yīng)軟件，經(jīng)基線解算、網(wǎng)平差，求出GPS 接收機(jī)中心(測站點(diǎn))的三維坐標(biāo)。</p><p>　　2 從工程測量的實(shí)施應(yīng)用中， 我們可以充分看到GPS

50、 測量的優(yōu)越性，充分顯示了這一衛(wèi)星定位技術(shù)的高精度和高效益</p><p>　?。?）采用GPS 技術(shù)測設(shè)方格網(wǎng)，比常規(guī)方法適應(yīng)性更強(qiáng)。網(wǎng)形構(gòu)造簡單，點(diǎn)的疏密和邊的長短可靈活選取，即使離已知控制點(diǎn)較遠(yuǎn)也可以連接，并進(jìn)行控制網(wǎng)的定位和定向。另外，它解決了點(diǎn)位之間無法通視的困難，選點(diǎn)靈活，不需要高標(biāo)，同時(shí)還可以保證外業(yè)施測不受天氣影響。測設(shè)大型(長邊)方格網(wǎng)和通視條件特別困難時(shí)，尤其能夠顯示其優(yōu)越性。盡管GPS 本身

51、在進(jìn)行測量時(shí)不受到通視條件的限制，但是，工程測量一般為小范圍測量并受到工程成本的限制。因此，在實(shí)際的工程測量中， 仍然要考慮使用全站儀、經(jīng)緯儀等常用且投入較少的儀器。這些常用的儀器一般都需要點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)之間相互通視，特別是在布設(shè)控制網(wǎng)時(shí)，點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)不能通視將會(huì)給測量工作帶來較多的麻煩和困難。特別是大型橋梁控制網(wǎng)中，如果點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)不通視， 勢必影響網(wǎng)的強(qiáng)度和精度，進(jìn)而影響到橋梁本身的精度。因此，在工程測量中布設(shè)GPS 控制網(wǎng)時(shí)，必要時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量使較多的點(diǎn)

52、互相通視。</p><p>　　（2）GPS 方格網(wǎng)點(diǎn)位精度高、誤差分布均勻，不但能夠滿足規(guī)范要求，而且具有較大的精度儲(chǔ)備。</p><p>　?。?）采用點(diǎn)位中誤差作為方格網(wǎng)測量精度指標(biāo)是可行的，它比用相對中誤差表示精度指標(biāo)更為合理。</p><p>　?。?）采用GPS 方法布設(shè)大地控制網(wǎng)，因其圖形強(qiáng)度系數(shù)高， 能夠有效地提高點(diǎn)位趨近速度。網(wǎng)形優(yōu)化比較方便。&l

53、t;/p><p>　?。?）采用GPS-RTK 測設(shè)建筑方格網(wǎng)與常規(guī)測量法相比，效率可提高一倍以上，并能大幅度降低作業(yè)人員的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。一個(gè)參考站可有多臺(tái)流動(dòng)站作業(yè)，流動(dòng)站不需基準(zhǔn)站指揮，單人即可獨(dú)立作業(yè)。</p><p>　　3 GPS 技術(shù)以其獨(dú)特而強(qiáng)大的功能與優(yōu)點(diǎn)充分顯示了它在該領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的優(yōu)越性，以及更大、更廣闊的發(fā)展空間。但在該領(lǐng)域?qū)嶋H施工過程中和后續(xù)工程的建設(shè)和監(jiān)測中也暴露出了一些不足

54、</p><p>　?。?）GPS 系統(tǒng)精確定位的關(guān)鍵就在于對衛(wèi)星和接收機(jī)之間距離的準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算， 按照固定模式：距離=速度×時(shí)間，時(shí)間確定之后，速度按電磁波</p><p>　　的傳播速度確定。眾所周知電磁波在真空中的傳播速度很快，但大氣層不是真空狀態(tài)，信號要受到電離層和對流層的重重干擾。GPS 系統(tǒng)只能對</p><p>　　此進(jìn)行平均計(jì)算， 在某些具體區(qū)

55、域肯定存在誤差；在大城市或山區(qū)由于高層建筑物及樹木等對信號的影響，也會(huì)導(dǎo)致信號的非直線傳播，計(jì)算</p><p>　　時(shí)也會(huì)引入一定的誤差。</p><p>　?。?）與常規(guī)儀器進(jìn)行的控制測量一樣，使用GPS-RTK 技術(shù)應(yīng)首先復(fù)核起算基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)的精度，起算點(diǎn)應(yīng)為高等級的控制點(diǎn)，并且起算基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)和觀測點(diǎn)之間具有較好的位置分布。當(dāng)使用動(dòng)態(tài)GPS-RTK 進(jìn)行觀測時(shí)，基準(zhǔn)站的精度要經(jīng)過3-5個(gè)高等級

56、控制點(diǎn)的連測、復(fù)核，確?；鶞?zhǔn)站坐標(biāo)在各個(gè)方位觀測情況下具有一致的精度。</p><p>　?。?）大量的工程實(shí)例證明，雖然GPS 高程測量能夠達(dá)到一定的精度，但用GPS 施測的市政工程測量控制點(diǎn)，應(yīng)進(jìn)一步用常規(guī)儀器進(jìn)行水準(zhǔn)聯(lián)測，保證高程精度滿足市政工程建設(shè)的需要。</p><p>　?。?）GPS 測量中所選擇的控制點(diǎn)位置的差異直接影響到觀測點(diǎn)位的精度。由于GPS 測量是通過接收衛(wèi)星發(fā)射的

57、信號經(jīng)過數(shù)據(jù)處理而得到點(diǎn)位坐標(biāo)(包括高程)的，任何可能影響信號接收的因素出現(xiàn)干擾時(shí)，所測定的點(diǎn)位坐標(biāo)都可能產(chǎn)生誤差。為此，在選擇測量點(diǎn)位時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：</p><p>　?、冱c(diǎn)位視野開闊，向上15°，視角范圍內(nèi)應(yīng)盡量避免有障礙物。</p><p>　?、诒M量遠(yuǎn)離大功率無線電發(fā)射源，間距應(yīng)不小于400 m，遠(yuǎn)離高壓輸電線路，間距應(yīng)不小于200 m。</p><

58、;p>　?、圻h(yuǎn)離具有強(qiáng)烈干擾衛(wèi)星信號接收的物體，并盡量避開大面積的水域。</p><p>　?。?）GPS 測量更適用于視野開闊、障礙物較少的新區(qū)建設(shè)、野外勘探定位等， 在老城區(qū)的建設(shè)中，使用GPS 測量，或者接收不到信號，或者雖接收到信號，但一直處于浮動(dòng)狀態(tài)，出現(xiàn)假固定或者不能固定，因此，所得數(shù)據(jù)往往誤差較大，既無效率，又無精度，不能顯示出GPS 測量的優(yōu)越性。</p><p>　

59、?。?）GPS 測量成果與常規(guī)測量成果之間，不同型號GPS 測量成果之間存在差異，有時(shí)相差比較大。GPS 網(wǎng)在進(jìn)行平差計(jì)算時(shí)，邊長一般需要進(jìn)行兩項(xiàng)改正：</p><p>　?、贇w算至大地水準(zhǔn)面的改正；</p><p>　?、跉w算到高斯投影面上的改正。</p><p>　　二維聯(lián)合平差模型不能解決平面位置與高程位置統(tǒng)一的問題，而三維聯(lián)合平差模型是一個(gè)多功能的可實(shí)現(xiàn)平差

60、模型轉(zhuǎn)換的高級平差系統(tǒng)，平差得到的結(jié)果是點(diǎn)的三維空間位置及其精度，這對于點(diǎn)位及其分量的全面分析和研究是極有利的。但在三維聯(lián)合平差時(shí)， 需要地面點(diǎn)有相應(yīng)精度要求的大地高觀測值，這在某些情況下是難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。</p><p>　?。?）GPS 及其相關(guān)技術(shù)是一門新興起的技術(shù)，其運(yùn)用的規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還不夠完善，目前我國還沒有頒布統(tǒng)一的地理信息標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，導(dǎo)航產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)商大多使用自己開發(fā)生產(chǎn)的電子地圖，這些電子地圖一般相互不兼容。另外，

61、產(chǎn)品沒有統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范，產(chǎn)品市場沒有形成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，特別是軟件產(chǎn)品沒有形成統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范。這還待有關(guān)部門進(jìn)一步研究制定。</p><p><b>　　4 結(jié)束語</b></p><p>　　綜上所述，在工程測量領(lǐng)域中，由于GPS 定位技術(shù)自身獨(dú)特而強(qiáng)大的功能，充分顯示了它在該領(lǐng)域?qū)嶋H測量工作中比常規(guī)控制測量具有更大的優(yōu)越性和適應(yīng)性， 同時(shí)也存在一些不足，還有待于進(jìn)一步研究改善來