外文翻譯---壓控高頻lc振蕩器的設(shè)計

1、<p>　　Voltage control design of high frequency LC oscillators</p><p>　　Student : Pxxx, physics and information engineering colleges</p><p>　　Instructor : xxx, Jianghan University</p>

2、<p>　　In recent years,with the rapid development of wireless communication technology, make the market for rf integrated circuit has had a huge demand. In the rf circuit, the voltage control oscillation (VCO) occup

3、ied a very important position.With a wide range of applications.In the early stages of the radio technology development,it is used to produce high-frequency in transmitter carrier voltage,As a specialized superheterodyne

4、 receivers in the machine oscillator, be sending and receiving equipment</p><p>　　Definition</p><p>　　Oscillator is simply stated a frequency source, usually in a phase lock loop.Detailed said i

5、s that a device don't need the signal to their own motivation, Dc power can be transformed into Ac power .Generally fall into the positive feedback and negative resistance.The so-called "oscillating",Its m

6、eaning is to allude to exchange,.Oscillator includes a never oscillation to process and function of oscillation.Can completion from dc to ac power transformation,This device can be called "oscillator".</p>

7、;<p>　　Oscillator working principle LC circuit consisting of capacitors and inductors, electric field and the conversion of magnetic energy production process free oscillation. To maintain the oscillation also

8、 has a positive feedback amplifier circuit, the LC oscillator is divided into a transformer coupled and three-point oscillator, many applications of quartz crystal quartz crystal oscillator, LC oscillator with an integra

9、ted operational amplifier. Exactly the same device can not be parameters i</p><p>　　The classification of oscillator </p><p>　　Oscillator are divided into RC, LC oscillators and crystal oscilla

10、tor,1. The RC oscillator Use the RC network as frequency selective phase shifting network is called RC sinusoidal oscillator Belong to audio oscillator. 2. LC oscillators Use the LC oscillation loop as move and frequ

11、ency selective network of Positive feedback oscillator is called LC oscillators. LC oscillators classification: (1) transformer coupling Single pipe LC sinusoidal oscillator difference to the LC sinusoidal osc</p

12、><p>　　The temperature coefficient oscillator </p><p>　　Temperature coefficient oscillator refers to an oscillator, its oscillation frequency and temperature have a specific relationship between th

13、e different temperatures corresponding to different oscillation frequencies. Conversely, measuring the output frequency of the oscillator, we can measure the temperature. High temperature coefficient oscillator: its osci

14、llation frequency is affected by temperature, a slight change in temperature, the frequency will change a lot, that is temperature sensitiv</p><p>　　Quartz crystal oscillator Quartz crystal oscillator a

15、nd non-temperature compensated crystal oscillators, temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), thermostatically controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) and digital / μp

16、compensated crystal oscillator (DCXO / MCXO) and other types. Among them, temperature compensated crystal oscillator is the simplest one, in the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), called the standard package crystal osc

17、il</p><p>　　Quartz crystals, natural and artificial, is an important piezoelectric crystal materials. The quartz crystal itself is not an oscillator, it is only by means of the active encouragement and passi

18、ve reactance network before oscillation. SPXO is mainly composed of high crystal resonators (crystal oscillator) and feedback oscillation circuit of quality factor (Q). The quartz crystal oscillator is an important compo

19、nent in the oscillator, the frequency of the crystal (fundamental frequency or the n-</p><p>　　Pole on the crystal oscillator board to impose an alternating voltage, it will cause the chip to produce mechani

20、cal deformation vibration, this phenomenon is the so-called inverse piezoelectric effect. When the applied voltage frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the crystal resonator, piezoelectric resonator, resulting

21、in mechanical deformation amplitude increases suddenly. With the metal plate between the electrostatic capacitance; L, and C is the piezoelectric resonator equivalent p</p><p>　　SPXO the total accuracy (incl

22、uding initial accuracy and temperature, voltage, and load changes) can be up to ± 25ppm. SPXO neither temperature compensated temperature control measures, and its frequency-temperature characteristics almost entire

23、ly determined by the frequency-temperature characteristics of quartz crystal oscillator. Within the range of 0 ~ 70 ℃ SPXO frequency stability is typically 20 ~ 1000ppm, SPXO can be used as a clock frequency oscillator.&

24、lt;/p><p>　　Temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO)</p><p>　　TCXO is generated by the ambient temperature change of a quartz crystal oscillator oscillation frequency change reduction thro

25、ugh additional temperature compensation circuitry.</p><p>　　1.TCXO temperature compensation</p><p>　　In TCXO quartz crystal oscillator frequency temperature drift compensation method of direct c

26、ompensation and indirect compensation are two types:</p><p>　　directly compensated</p><p>　　Direct compensation TCXO by the thermistor and the temperature compensation circuit composed of resist

27、ive and capacitive components in the oscillator in series with the quartz crystal oscillator. Changes in temperature, the thermistor resistance and crystal equivalent series corresponding changes in the value of the capa

28、citor, in order to offset or reduce the temperature drift of the oscillation frequency. The compensation circuit is simple, lower cost, saving the printed circuit board (PCB) siz</p><p>　　Indirect Compensati

29、on Indirect compensation type is divided into analog and digital two types. Analog Indirect temperature compensation thermistor temperature sensing element composed of the temperature - voltage conversion circuit and

30、 the voltage applied to the crystal oscillator series on a crystal oscillator connected in series varactor capacitance changes nonlinear crystal oscillator frequency drift compensation. The method of compensation to achi

31、eve high accuracy of ± 0.5ppm, but restri</p><p>　　TCXO development status</p><p>　　TCXO by leaps and bounds in the last decade, which in the research and development and production of prec

32、ision TCXO, Japan's leading and dominant position. Mainstream products in the late 1970s car phone TCXO volume of more than 20  reduced to 0.4 , TCXO devices of ultra-small volume of only 0.27 . In 30 years, the T

33、CXO volume reduced by more than 50 times or even 100 times. Beijing ceramics company in Japan using the reflow soldering method of production of surface mount TCXO thickness from </p><p>　　High-precision, lo

34、w power consumption and miniaturization, TCXO research topics. Facing many difficulties in the miniaturization of the chip type, which has two points: First, miniaturization makes quartz crystal oscillator frequency vari

35、able magnitude smaller, temperature compensation is more difficult; chip package in the reflux welding operations, welding temperature is much higher than the maximum allowable temperature of TCXO, make crystal oscillato

36、r frequency change, if adopted to limit lo</p><p>　　3.TCXO the application TCXO as a reference oscillator frequency reference for the transmit channel at the same time as the first level of local oscilla

37、tor receiving channel; other TCXO as the two local oscillator, the oscillation signal input to the two inverter. The frequency stability of mobile telephone calls for 0.1 ~ 2.5ppm (-30 to +75 ° C), but for cost reas

38、ons, usually optional specifications of 1.5 ~ 2.5ppm. The mobile phone 12 ~ 20MHz TCXO representative one of the products is the V</p><p>　　Development history</p><p>　　Since Edwin Armstrong put

39、 forward the heterodyne principle, the oscillator has become the most basic element. He later found that generate oscillation can be configured through Audion (an early vacuum tube ) .He invented the first electronic os

40、cillator. From nineteen tens of Armstrong 's invention to today, The progress of VCO technology through the vacuum tube, transistor oscillator, oscillator module, solution until today based on the RFIC oscillator st

41、ages.</p><p>　　Vacuum tube oscillator in commercial and military radio receiver has been widely used for many years,For example, AM and FM radio, television ( FM ) as well as military voice communication.

42、However, the invention of semiconductor amplifier device, such as a transistor and a variable capacitance diode, trigger VCO technology for another round of revolution.</p><p>　　The first bipolar transistor

43、was invented by Bell Labs (Bell Laboratories; Holmdel, NJ) in the late 1940s, followed by transistors in the 1950s began to replace the vacuum tube. The new transistor is smaller than the tube volume lower power consumpt

44、ion, as the required operating voltage lower final cost becomes lower. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube as the active element in oscillators, which greatly changed the technology of the oscillator and the oscillat

45、or topology has been establishe</p><p>　　The form of a module with the volume reduction of the varactor diodes, capacitors and inductors, the VCO possible. VCO module is essentially a build installed in a me

46、tal enclosure in a substrate and a miniature version of discrete components oscillator. The modules are independent, only the external, the power, the tuning voltage and output load. This module first appeared in the 196

47、0s primarily for military applications. They were fairly large (up to several square inches) and more expensive co</p><p>　　Today, these technological advances reached its culmination .In the late 1990s, a s

48、maller and lower cost VCO technology, monolithic VCO IC technology. Monolithic IC VCO technology is LC (inductor - capacitor) VCO circuit components, including transistors, capacitors, resistors, inductors, and varactor

49、diodes are integrated into a VCO on a single chip implementation technology. VCO module, the devices are configured to form a complete VCO, requiring only connection to the power supply, the output</p><p>　　

50、Status quo Japanese stone, NibonDempaKogyo company was founded in 1948, and the United States Motorola bit, Korea, Sunny-Emi, are the production of the larger manufacturers of quartz crystal devices. The productio

51、n of quartz crystal oscillators and other components of the unit the 10th Research Institute of the former Ministry of Electronics Industry, Beijing 707 Factory, the state-owned No. 875 Factory, and a number of joint ven

52、tures and so on. An early start in research and development </p><p>　　壓控高頻LC振蕩器的設(shè)計</p><p>　　學生：xxx，物理與信息工程學院</p><p>　　指導老師：xxx，xx大學</p><p>　　近年來，隨著無線通信技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，使市場對射頻集成電

53、路產(chǎn)生了巨大的需求。在射頻電路中，壓控振蕩器(VCO)占有非常重要的地位。振蕩器自其誕生以來就一直在通信、電子、航海航空航天及醫(yī)學等領(lǐng)域扮演重要的角色，具有廣泛的用途。在無線電技術(shù)發(fā)展的初期，它就在發(fā)射機中用來產(chǎn)生高頻載波電壓，在超外差接收機中用作本機振蕩器，成為發(fā)射和接收設(shè)備的基本部件。而今振蕩器的用途也越來越廣泛。例如：在無線電通信，廣播，電視設(shè)備中用來產(chǎn)生所需要的載波和本機振蕩信號；在電子測量儀器中用來產(chǎn)生各種頻段的正弦信號等。&

54、lt;/p><p><b>　　定義</b></p><p>　　振蕩器簡單地說就是一個頻率源，一般用在鎖相環(huán)中。詳細說就是一個不需要外信號激勵、自身就可以將直流電能轉(zhuǎn)化為交流電能的裝置。一般分為正反饋和負阻型兩種。所謂“振蕩”，其涵義就暗指交流，振蕩器包含了一個從不振蕩到振蕩的過程和功能。能夠完成從直流電能到交流電能的轉(zhuǎn)化，這樣的裝置就可以稱為“振蕩器”。</p&

55、gt;<p><b>　　振蕩器工作原理</b></p><p>　　主要有由電容器和電感器組成的LC回路，通過電場能和磁場能的相互轉(zhuǎn)換產(chǎn)程自由振蕩。要維持振蕩還要有具有正反饋的放大電路，LC振蕩器又分為變壓器耦合式和三點式振蕩器，很多應用石英晶體的石英晶體振蕩器，還有用集成運放組成的LC振蕩器。 　　由于器件不可能參數(shù)完全一致，因此在上電的瞬間兩個三極管的狀態(tài)就發(fā)生了變化，這

56、個變化由于正反饋的作用越來越強烈，導致到達一個暫穩(wěn)態(tài)。暫穩(wěn)態(tài)期間另一個三極管經(jīng)電容逐步充電后導通或者截止，狀態(tài)發(fā)生翻轉(zhuǎn)，到達另一個暫穩(wěn)態(tài)。這樣周而復始形成振蕩。</p><p><b>　　振蕩器的分類</b></p><p>　　振蕩器主要分為RC，LC振蕩器和晶體振蕩器 　　1．RC振蕩器采用RC網(wǎng)絡(luò)作為選頻移相網(wǎng)絡(luò)的振蕩器統(tǒng)稱為RC正弦振蕩器，屬音頻振蕩器。 　

57、　2．LC振蕩器采用LC振蕩回路作為移相和選頻網(wǎng)絡(luò)的正反饋振蕩器稱為LC振蕩器。 　　LC振蕩器的分類： 　?、僮儔浩黢詈?·單管LC正弦振蕩器 ·差分對管LC正弦振蕩器 　?、谌c式 ·電容三點式(考畢茲)振蕩器 ·電感三點式(哈特萊)振蕩器 　?、鄹倪M三點式 ·克拉潑振蕩器 ·西勒振蕩器 　　④差分對管振蕩器 　　3．晶體振蕩器 　　振蕩器的振蕩頻率受石英晶體控制的振蕩器。

58、 </p><p>　　溫度系數(shù)振蕩器1.溫度系數(shù)振蕩器是指一種振蕩器，它的振蕩頻率與溫度之間有一個特定的關(guān)系，即不同的溫度對應不同的振蕩頻率。反之，測量出振蕩器的輸出頻率，就可測量出溫度值。2.高溫度系數(shù)振蕩器：它的振蕩頻率受溫度的影響很大，溫度稍有變化，頻率就會變化很多，即對溫度敏感，多用于溫度傳感器。3.低溫度系數(shù)振蕩器：它的振蕩頻率受溫度的影響很小，即使溫度變化很大，它的頻率也基本不變。 <

59、/p><p><b>　　石英晶體振蕩器</b></p><p>　　石英晶體振蕩器分非溫度補償式晶體振蕩器、溫度補償晶體振蕩器（TCXO）、電壓控制晶體振蕩器（VCXO）、恒溫控制式晶體振蕩器（OCXO）和數(shù)字化/μp補償式晶體振蕩器（DCXO/MCXO）等幾種類型。其中，無溫度補償式晶體振蕩器是最簡單的一種，在日本工業(yè)標準(JIS)中，稱其為標準封裝晶體振蕩器（SPX

60、O）?，F(xiàn)以SPXO為例，簡要介紹一下石英晶體振蕩器的結(jié)構(gòu)與工作原理。</p><p>　　石英晶體，有天然的也有人造的，是一種重要的壓電晶體材料。石英晶體本身并非振蕩器，它只有借助于有源激勵和無源電抗網(wǎng)絡(luò)方可產(chǎn)生振蕩。SPXO主要是由品質(zhì)因數(shù)（Q）很高的晶體諧振器（即晶體振子）與反饋式振蕩電路組成的。石英晶體振子是振蕩器中的重要元件，晶體的頻率（基頻或n次諧波頻率）及其溫度特性在很大程度上取決于其切割取向。<

61、;/p><p>　　只要在晶體振子板極上施加交變電壓，就會使晶片產(chǎn)生機械變形振動，此現(xiàn)象即所謂逆壓電效應。當外加電壓頻率等于晶體諧振器的固有頻率時，就會發(fā)生壓電諧振，從而導致機械變形的振幅突然增大。與金屬板之間的靜電電容；L、C為壓電諧振的等效參量；R為振動磨擦損耗的等效電阻。石英晶體諧振器存在一個串聯(lián)諧振頻率fos（1/2π），同時也存在一個并聯(lián)諧振頻率fop（1/2π)。由于CoC，fop與fos之間之差值很小

62、，并且RωOL，R1/ωOC，所以諧振電路的品質(zhì)因數(shù)Q非常高（可達數(shù)百萬），從而使石英晶體諧振器組成的振蕩器頻率穩(wěn)定度十分高，可達10－12/日。石英晶體振蕩器的振蕩頻率既可近似工作于fos處，也可工作在fop附近，因此石英晶體振蕩器可分串聯(lián)型和并聯(lián)型兩種。用石英晶體諧振器及其等效電路，取代LC振蕩器中構(gòu)成諧振回路的電感（L）和電容（C）元件，則很容易理解晶體振蕩器的工作原理。</p><p>　　SPXO的

63、總精度（包括起始精度和隨溫度、電壓及負載產(chǎn)生的變化）可以達到±25ppm。SPXO既無溫度補償也無溫度控制措施，其頻率溫度特性幾乎完全由石英晶體振子的頻率溫度特性所決定。在0～70℃范圍內(nèi)，SPXO的頻率穩(wěn)定度通常為20～1000ppm，SPXO可以用作鐘頻振蕩器。</p><p>　　溫度補償晶體振蕩器（TCXO）</p><p>　　TCXO是通過附加的溫度補償電路使由周圍溫

64、度變化產(chǎn)生的振蕩頻率變化量削減的一種石英晶體振蕩器。</p><p>　　1TCXO的溫度補償方式</p><p>　　在TCXO中，對石英晶體振子頻率溫度漂移的補償方法主要有直接補償和間接補償兩種類型：</p><p><b>　?。?）直接補償型</b></p><p>　　直接補償型TCXO是由熱敏電阻和阻容元件

65、組成的溫度補償電路，在振蕩器中與石英晶體振子串聯(lián)而成的。在溫度變化時，熱敏電阻的阻值和晶體等效串聯(lián)電容容值相應變化，從而抵消或削減振蕩頻率的溫度漂移。該補償方式電路簡單，成本較低，節(jié)省印制電路板（PCB）尺寸和空間，適用于小型和低壓小電流場合。但當要求晶體振蕩器精度小于±1pmm時，直接補償方式并不適宜。 </p><p><b>　?。?）間接補償型</b></p>

66、<p>　　間接補償型又分模擬式和數(shù)字式兩種類型。模擬式間接溫度補償是利用熱敏電阻等溫度傳感元件組成溫度－電壓變換電路，并將該電壓施加到一支與晶體振子相串接的變?nèi)荻O管上，通過晶體振子串聯(lián)電容量的變化，對晶體振子的非線性頻率漂移進行補償。該補償方式能實現(xiàn)±0.5ppm的高精度，但在3V以下的低電壓情況下受到限制。數(shù)字化間接溫度補償是在模擬式補償電路中的溫度—電壓變換電路之后再加一級模/數(shù)（A/D）變換器，將模擬量轉(zhuǎn)

67、換成數(shù)字量。該法可實現(xiàn)自動溫度補償，使晶體振蕩器頻率穩(wěn)定度非常高，但具體的補償電路比較復雜，成本也較高，只適用于基地站和廣播電臺等要求高精度化的情況。</p><p>　　2.TCXO發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀</p><p>　　TCXO在近十幾年中得到長足發(fā)展，其中在精密TCXO的研究開發(fā)與生產(chǎn)方面，日本居領(lǐng)先和主宰地位。在70年代末汽車電話用TCXO的體積達20以上，的主流產(chǎn)品降至0.4，超小型化

68、的TCXO器件體積僅為0.27。在30年中，TCXO的體積縮小了50余倍乃至100倍。日本京陶瓷公司采用回流焊接方法生產(chǎn)的表面貼裝TCXO厚度由4mm降至2mm，在振蕩啟動4ms后即可達到額定振蕩幅度的90％。金石（KSS）集團生產(chǎn)的TCXO頻率范圍為2～80MHz，溫度從－10℃到60℃變化時的穩(wěn)定度為±1ppm或±2ppm；數(shù)字式TCXO的頻率覆蓋范圍為0.2～90MHz，頻率穩(wěn)定度為±0.1ppm（

69、－30℃～＋85℃）。日本東澤通信機生產(chǎn)的TCO－935/937型片式直接溫補型TCXO，頻率溫度特性（點頻15.36MHz）為±1ppm/－20～＋70℃，在5V±5％的電源電壓下的頻率電壓特性為±0.3ppm，輸出正弦波波形（幅值為1VPP），電流損耗不足2mA，重量僅為1g。PiezoTechnology生產(chǎn)的X3080型TCXO采用表面貼裝和穿孔兩種封裝，正弦波或邏輯輸出，在－55℃～85℃范圍內(nèi)能

70、達</p><p>　　高精度、低功耗和小型化，仍然是TCXO的研究課題。在小型化與片式化方面，面臨不少困難，其中主要的有兩點：一是小型化會使石英晶體振子的頻率可變幅度變小，溫度補償更加困難；二是片式封裝后在其回流焊接作業(yè)中，由于焊接溫度遠高于TCXO的最大允許溫度，會使晶體振子的頻率發(fā)生變化，若不采限局部散熱降溫措施，難以將TCXO的頻率變化量控制在±0.5×10－6以下。但是，TCXO的技

71、術(shù)水平的提高并沒進入到極限，創(chuàng)新的內(nèi)容和潛力仍較大。</p><p><b>　　3.TCXO的應用</b></p><p>　　TCXO作為基準振蕩器為發(fā)送信道提供頻率基準，同時作為接收通道的第一級本機振蕩器；另一只TCXO作為第2級本機振蕩器，將其振蕩信號輸入到第2變頻器。移動電話要求的頻率穩(wěn)定度為0.1～2.5ppm（－30～＋75℃），但出于成本上的考慮，通常

72、選用的規(guī)格為1.5～2.5ppm。移動電話用12～20MHz的TCXO代表性產(chǎn)品之一是VC－TCXO－201C1，采用直接補償方式，外觀如圖2（b）所示，由日本金石（KSS）公司生產(chǎn)。</p><p><b>　　發(fā)展歷史</b></p><p>　　自從Edwin Armstrong提出外差原理以來，振蕩器就成為了最基本的元件。后來他發(fā)現(xiàn)可以通過配置Audion (

73、一種早期的真空管)來產(chǎn)生振蕩，于是他發(fā)明了第一個電子振蕩器。從20世紀10年代Armstrong的發(fā)明到今天，VCO技術(shù)的進步經(jīng)歷了真空管振蕩器、晶體管振蕩器、振蕩器模塊兒解決方案直到今天基于RFIC的振蕩器幾個階段。</p><p>　　真空管振蕩器在商用和軍用無線電接收機中得到廣泛的應用持續(xù)了許多年的時間，例如AM和調(diào)頻(FM)無線電、電視以及軍用語音通信。然而，半導體放大器器件的發(fā)明，如晶體管和變?nèi)荻O管，

74、引發(fā)了VCO技術(shù)的又一輪劇烈變革。</p><p>　　第一只雙極型晶體管是在40年代晚期由貝爾試驗室(Bell Laboratories；Holmdel, NJ)發(fā)明的，隨后晶體管在50年代開始代替真空電子管。新的晶體管比電子管體積更小消耗功率更低，隨著所需工作電壓的降低最終使成本變得更低。晶體管開始取代真空電子管作為有源元件應用在振蕩器中，這極大地改變了振蕩器的實現(xiàn)技術(shù)和已經(jīng)建立的振蕩器拓撲結(jié)構(gòu)。</p

75、><p>　　隨著變?nèi)荻O管、電容和電感體積的縮小，以模塊的形式實現(xiàn)VCO成為可能。VCO模塊本質(zhì)上就是一個建立在一塊襯底上并安裝在金屬外殼內(nèi)的分立元件振蕩器的微縮版本。模塊是獨立的，只需要外接地、電源、調(diào)諧電壓和輸出負載。這種模塊最早出現(xiàn)在60年代，主要用于軍事。那時它們很大(可達數(shù)平方英寸)并且較貴，而商用產(chǎn)品中依然使用分立晶體管和變?nèi)荻O管實現(xiàn)的VCO。直到出現(xiàn)了移動電話，商用VCO模塊的市場才發(fā)展起來。<

76、;/p><p>　　今天，這些技術(shù)進步達到了它的頂點，90年代末出現(xiàn)了一種體積更小成本更低的VCO技術(shù)，單片VCO IC技術(shù)。單片IC VCO技術(shù)是將所有的LC (電感-電容) VCO電路元件，包括晶體管、電容、電阻、電感和變?nèi)荻O管，都集成到一塊芯片上的一種VCO實現(xiàn)技術(shù)。與VCO模塊相同，這些器件經(jīng)過配置組成一個完整的VCO，外部只需要連接電源、地、輸出、調(diào)諧輸入和數(shù)字控制線。</p><p&

77、gt;<b>　　現(xiàn)狀</b></p><p>　　日本金石、始建于1948年的NibonDempaKogyo公司和美國摩托羅位、韓國的Sunny－Emi等公司，都是生產(chǎn)石英晶體器件較大的廠商。中國生產(chǎn)石英晶體振蕩器等元器件的單位有原電子工業(yè)部第十研究所、北京707廠、國營第875廠和一些合資企業(yè)等。中國對人造石英晶體及其元器件的研究開發(fā)起步較早，擁有的生產(chǎn)能力也較大。就石英晶體振蕩器而言，