外文翻譯---后期(非開花期)施用樹脂包膜緩釋肥對盆栽六出花后期生長、開花

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯中文</b></p><p>　　后期（非開花期）施用樹脂包膜緩釋肥對盆栽六出花后期生長、開花的影響</p><p>　　摘要：將7種不同的樹脂包膜緩釋肥（RCF）（奧綠 19-6-12，18-6-12，14-14-14，13-13-13， 19-6-12和Polyon 19-6-12，17-17-17，13.5-13.5-13.

2、5）施用于適于銷售的盆栽六出花雜交群FL101 植株，以確定它們對植株后期生長開花的影響。無肥處理產(chǎn)生的花莖數(shù)、總花朵數(shù)、和每枝花莖的花朵平均數(shù)量最大，但這些植株都有明顯的缺綠癥狀并極其纖弱，同時，鮮重和營養(yǎng)莖的數(shù)量都最少。在第二個實驗中，通過施用低、中、高濃度的奧綠19-6-12和Sirra HigN 24-4-8 肥來觀察其對植株的影響。無肥處理同樣出現(xiàn)纖弱和缺綠的現(xiàn)象，但產(chǎn)生的花朵數(shù)與施肥處理一致。奧綠19-6-12處理的植株比

3、Sirra HigN 24-4-8處理具有更重的鮮重和更多的營養(yǎng)枝，但施肥對營養(yǎng)枝的產(chǎn)生比對花莖的產(chǎn)生更有幫助。不過，RCF的施用可以防止缺綠病的出現(xiàn)并增加鮮重，同時，如果</p><p>　　六出花雜交群系通常是用于切花，但也可以用于盆栽花卉的生產(chǎn)（Bridgen , 1997）。環(huán)境因子對切花六出花的影響的研究已經(jīng)很深入，而在盆栽六出花上，至今未有研究后期施肥對其開花表現(xiàn)的影響。Argo and Biernb

4、aum (1993a) 稱消費(fèi)者希望六出花能在吊籃里經(jīng)歷整個夏季。這種期望恰好可以由盆栽六出花來實現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　用于切花六出花生產(chǎn)的施肥推薦N、P比為1：0.8至1：1.2之間 (Bik and Van den Berg , 1981)。在意大利，溫室栽培六出花在營養(yǎng)生長階段被施以2：0.4：0.8的N-P-K比，而在進(jìn)入臨近開花的生殖生長階段則被改施以2：0.4：1.7的N-P-K比。(Cocozz

5、a Talia and Farina , 1991)。在美國，六出花一般以的N濃度為600 mg﹒L-1 的KNO3形式每隔兩周施一次(Healy and Wilkins , 1991)。當(dāng)以400 mg﹒L-1 的含N量隔7到10天施一次肥時，花的產(chǎn)量會增加并能促進(jìn)花芽分化 (Smith et al. , 1998)。</p><p>　　盆栽六出花的栽培可以參照切花的施肥推薦。Madson (1995) 以盆

6、栽六出花雜交系FL-101為試材，在植株生長階段，將P濃度增至74 mg﹒L-1 每次伴隨澆水施肥，花莖數(shù)和單枝花莖的總花朵數(shù)將增加而不需要更多的肥料。同時她觀測到在植株開花后期基質(zhì)N、P、K被耗盡，并建議在生長后期的開花季節(jié)施以樹脂包膜緩釋肥（RCF）將有益與盆栽六出花栽培。</p><p>　　Argo and Biembaum (1993b) 研究了施用RCF以提升吊籃栽培的開花庭院表現(xiàn)。以面施的形式將RC

7、F施入種植有Impatiens wallerina Hook f.的25ｃｍ的籃子里，直到8月份無肥處理植株的花朵數(shù)量驟減時，再將它們放置到露天環(huán)境中以讓植株開花。雖然開花盆栽植物要有充足的肥料在整個后期生長期間需要在種植之前有高比率的RCF釋放到基質(zhì)中，但在種植前肥料濃度過高將對那些鹽敏感性植物如New Guinea impatiens (impatiens hawkeri Bull.) and tuberous begonias (

8、Begonia tuberhubrida Voss)有害(Argo and Bienbaum, 1993b)。而六出花對高鹽濃度敏感(Bridgen, 1992; van der Krogt, 1991)，如果在種植之前就有充足的RCF釋放到基質(zhì)中以維持植株的后期生長將勢必對植物有害。</p><p>　　我們這次研究的主要內(nèi)容是將RCF在銷售用盆栽六出花的栽培中以面施的形式施入，以觀察其對植株后期生長與開花的影

9、響。在第一個實驗中，我們比較了幾種具有不同配比的N-P-K和不同有效釋放期肥料對植株的影響；第二個實驗，我們比較了兩種具有不同N-P-K比和不同有效釋放期肥料的3種不同濃度水平對植株的影響。這次實驗的目的是為盆栽六出花生產(chǎn)者提供如何施用RCF芙蓉信息，同時也為肥料對六出花生長開花影響的更深入研究提供一個基礎(chǔ)。</p><p><b>　　材料和方法</b></p><p&

10、gt;　　N-P-K比和有效釋放期的影響（實驗一）。1995年1月，利用康涅狄格大學(xué)六出花雜交系FL101的儲藏根和塊莖作為實驗材料，將其種植在以Par-gro peatwool 為盆栽基質(zhì)的6.6L的盆中。植株放置在加熱溫度設(shè)置為10℃，通風(fēng)風(fēng)扇溫度設(shè)置為18℃的溫室中，以N濃度為300mg﹒L-1 的17N-1P-20K 配比和15N-0P-14K配比的肥料每隔兩周交替施肥直至1995年4月。到5月下旬，當(dāng)植株開始開花的時候，從中取

11、出48盆生長一致的，隨機(jī)的以8盆一組劃分為6個分區(qū)，并以面施供肥形式施作如下八種施肥處理：28.9g/盆的19N-2.6P-10K (奧綠 19-6-12, 3-4月釋放有效期), 38.2 g/盆的18N-2.6P-10K (奧綠 18-6-12, 8-9 月釋放有效期), 39.3g/盆的 14N-6.1P-11.6K (奧綠14-14-14,3-4月釋放有效期),52.9g/盆的13N-5.7P-10.8K (奧綠13-13-13

12、,3-4月釋放有效期), 28.9g/盆的19N-2.6P-10K (Polyon 19-6-12, 3-4月釋放有效期), 32</p><p>　　RCF釋放比率的影響（實驗二）。1996年5月，將六出花的分株在如實驗一相同的環(huán)境條件下種入盆中。五月中旬，植株開始開花，從中選出35盆在、生長一致的，并7盆一組分成5組。7個以面施形式的施肥處理如下：19N-2.6P-10K (奧綠 19-6-12) 低 (11

13、.6g/pot)、中(23.2g/pot)和高 (46.3g.pot) 濃度; 24N-1.7P-6.6K(Sierra highN 24-4-8, 8-9月釋放有效期, The Scotts Co.)低 (9.2g/pot)、中(18.3g/pot)、高(36.7g/pot) 濃度，和無肥處理。低、中、高各自的單位體積總N量分別為0.4、0.8、1.6㎏.mg-3。在1996年5月30日至10月11日之間，計算出產(chǎn)生的花莖數(shù)和單枝花序

14、的花朵總數(shù)。在實驗的最后，將植株的整個地上部拿來稱重并計算出營養(yǎng)莖的數(shù)量。方差分析由SAS 6.03統(tǒng)計學(xué)程序的GLM的程序來完成。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)果和討論：</b></p><p>　　實驗一中，對幾個不同配比RCF的進(jìn)行對比發(fā)現(xiàn)，無肥處理產(chǎn)生的花朵數(shù)最多但鮮重最小、營養(yǎng)莖最少（表1）。施用奧綠19-6-12，奧綠 18-6-12和Polyon 19

15、-6-12并不影響花莖總數(shù)。只有奧綠18-6-12和Polyon 13.5-13.5-13.5產(chǎn)生的單莖花朵數(shù)比對少稍少。線性對照表明凈N-P-K 比為9:1.3:5 (N-P2O5-K2O=1:1:1)比 凈N-P-K 比為7:3:6 (N-P2O5-K2O=3:1:2)的肥料產(chǎn)生明顯較少的花莖。未施肥的植株極度的缺綠并異常纖細(xì)而經(jīng)過肥料處理的所有植株全都既翠綠又健壯。 </p><p>　　含P、K較低的肥料

16、如奧綠19-6-12產(chǎn)生的總的花莖數(shù)和花朵數(shù)與無肥處理大致相同而鮮重明顯偏重并且沒有缺綠現(xiàn)象。因此，第二個實驗我們對比了含有更低P、K的HighN 24-4-8肥。同時，我們測試了不同比率的肥料的影響，相應(yīng)的低、中、高濃度的比率以生產(chǎn)制造商的文檔推薦為基礎(chǔ)。花莖總量在10.6至16.4之間但差異不顯著。然而，對比顯示施以Sierra HighN 24-4-8比奧綠19-6-12具有更多的花朵總數(shù)，低比率水平尤為顯著。而奧綠19-6-12

17、的營養(yǎng)莖比Sierra HighN 24-4-8更多、更重。（表2）鮮重和營養(yǎng)莖的數(shù)量隨著肥料比率的增加而增加，其中對奧綠19-6-12高比率的處理反應(yīng)最為顯著。在實驗的最后，無肥處理植株非常瘦小，有缺綠癥狀，產(chǎn)生的莖也較少，但仍然有開花。對于低比率的兩種肥料處理在植株的下部葉片上表現(xiàn)出了一些缺綠癥狀。由于第二個實驗的植株生長期較短同時在施用RCF時植株的個體一較小，因此植株的花朵數(shù)較第一個實驗的少，花朵也較小。</p>

18、<p>　　Argo and Biernbaum (1993b)證明對Impatiens walletiana高比率的RCF保證它至少可以12個星期連續(xù)開花。而在第二個實驗中六出花持續(xù)開花16周，并且在最后的采收階段中植株仍在產(chǎn)生花莖而任何額外的肥料補(bǔ)充。</p><p>　　這兩個實驗都證實了適于銷售的盆栽六出花可以在不用任何肥料的情況下開花幾個月。這個實驗結(jié)果與Argo and Biernbaum

19、(1993b)形成了鮮明的對比，Argo and Biernbaum (1993b)觀察到無肥處理的Impatiens walletiana花朵急劇減少。從而我們提出這反映了供開花的營養(yǎng)是由六出花貯藏根中轉(zhuǎn)移而來的，而無肥處理植株比施肥處理表現(xiàn)出的植株瘦小、極度缺綠指示了在缺乏肥料時植株營養(yǎng)的不足。無肥處理植株的重量較輕、產(chǎn)生的營養(yǎng)莖也較少但花莖數(shù)并無變化，表明了營養(yǎng)生長與生殖生長的劃分受礦質(zhì)營養(yǎng)元素的吸收的強(qiáng)烈影響。對六出花尤其那些用

20、來作為切花的來說，在使?fàn)I養(yǎng)莖最少的同時能維持花莖的高產(chǎn)是最為理想的，因為過多的營養(yǎng)莖將要從植株上被取出以增加植株內(nèi)部的光照強(qiáng)度。</p><p>　　第一個實驗中，施用的N-P-K 比為9:1.3:5 的RCF比配比為7:3:6產(chǎn)生更多的花朵。第二個實驗中，凈N-P-K 比為12:0.85:3.3的RCF的配方比為9:1.3:5的配方具有使植株更多花朵但植株鮮重較小。對于N-P-K比對六出花開花的影響的完全闡述還

21、需要更深入的研究。與Argo and Biernbaum(1993b)對Impatiens walletiana 后期表現(xiàn)的觀察一致，當(dāng)N-P-K 配方相近時RCF的釋放有效期并沒有影響。</p><p>　　此次研究結(jié)果表明，肥料對于盆栽六出花植株生長后期的開花并不是必需的。但對適于銷售的植株面施以RCF可以防止葉片的缺綠病并增加營養(yǎng)莖的生長量。基于上述兩個實驗的結(jié)論，施用中比率RCF已足夠，它可以提供的N為0

22、.8- 1.2㎏.mg-3。</p><p>　　Resin-coated Fertilizers Affect Postproduction Growth, but Not Flowering, of potted Alstroemeria</p><p>　　Abstract: seven resin-coated fertilizers (RCF) (Osmocote 19-6-12

23、, 18-6-12, 14-14-14, 13-13-13, and 19-6-12, and Polyn 19-6-12, 17-17-17, and 13.5-13.5-13.5) were applied to marketable potted Alstroemeria hybrid FL101 plants to determine their effects on postproduction flowering and g

24、rowth .The nonfertilized control produced the greatest number of floral stem, total florets, and mean number of florets per stem ,but these plants were extremely chlorotic and spindly, and had the lowest fresh weight<

25、/p><p>　　Alstroemeria hybrid are usually grown for cut flowers , but can also bu prodused as potted flowering plants (Bridgen , 1997) . While the effects of environmental factors on cut-flower production of Als

26、troemeria have been investigated , there are no published reports on the effects of postproduction fertilization on the performance of flowering potted Alstroemeria . Argo and Biernbaum (1993a) reported that consumers ex

27、pect flowering hanging baskets to last all summer . This expectation could reas</p><p>　　For cut-flower production of Alstroemeria , fertilizer with N-K ratios ranging from 1:0.8 to 1:1.2 are recommended (Bi

28、k and Van den Berg , 1981) . In Italy , greenhouse-growth Alstroemeria is fertilized with a N-P-K ratio of 2:0.4:0.8 during vegetative growth ; this ratio is changed to 2:0.4:1.7 as the crop approches flowering (Cocozza

29、Talia and Farina , 1991) .In th United State , Alstroemeria plants may be fertilized with as much as 600 mg﹒L-1 of N as KNO3 twice weekly (Healy and Wilkins , 199</p><p>　　Potted Alstroemeria can be produced

30、 using the cut-flower crop fertilizer recommendations . Madson (1995) , working with potted Alstroemeria hybrid Fl-101 , showed that increasing P fertilization up to 74 mg﹒L-1 , applied at every irrigation during the pro

31、duction phase, increased subsequent yield of flower stems and total number of florets per stem in plants that received no further fertilization . She also observed that the medium was depleted of N, P, and K at the end o

32、f the flowering period, a</p><p>　　Argo and Biembaum (1993b) investigated the use of RCF to improve the garden performance of flowering hanging baskets. Applying an RCF as a topdressing to Impatiens wallerin

33、a Hook f. in 25-cm baskets prior to placing them in an outdoor environment allowed the plants to flower until the end of August, while the p

34、roduction of blooms decreased rapidly in nonfertilized plants. Adequate fertilization of flowering potted pl</p><p>　　The objective of our research was to determine the effect of RCF, applied as a topdressin

35、g to marketable Alstroemeria potted plants, on postprouction flowering and growth. In the first experiment we compared the effect of fertilizers having different ratios of N-P-K and release periods; in a subsequent exper

36、iment we compared the effect of there different concentrations of two fertilizers differing in N-P-K ratio and release period. These trials were intended to provide information to producers o</p><p>　　Materi

37、als and Methods</p><p>　　Effect of N-P-K ratio and release time (Exp.1). Divisions consisting of storage roots and rhizomes of the Univ. of Connecticut Alstroemeria hybrid FL101 were planted in 6.6-L pots us

38、ing Par-gro peatwool potting medium (Partex Industries, Phenix City , Ala.) in Jan. 1995. Plants were placed in greenhouse with heating setpoint at 10℃ and fan ventilation setpoint at 18℃. Plants were fetilized every 2 w

39、eeks until Apr. 1995, alternating 17N-1P-20K and 15N-0P-14K formulations with a N concentration of</p><p>　　Effect of RCF rates (Expt.2). Alstroemeria division were potted in Mar. 1996 and grown under the sa

40、me environmental setpoints as in Expt. 1. Plants began flowering in Mid-May, when 35 pots were chosen for their uniformity and grouped into five blocks of seven pots each. Seven treatments were applied as topdressings: 1

41、9N-2.6P-10K (Osmocote 19-6-12) at low (11.6g/pot), medium (23.2g/pot), and high (46.3g.pot) concentrations; 24N-1.7P-6.6K(Sierra highN 24-4-8, 8-9 month release, The Scotts Co.) at </p><p>　　Results and Disc

42、ussion</p><p>　　In comparison with several RCF formulations(Expt.1), the nonfertilized control produced the greatest number of florets but the least fresh weight and fewest vegetative stems (Table 1). Applic

43、ation of Osmocote 19-6-12, Osmocote 18-6-12, and Polyon 19-6-12, did not affect the total number of floral stems produced. Only Osmocote 18-6-12 and Polyon 13.5-13.5-13.5 produced fewer florets per stem than the control

44、treatment. Linear contrast showed that fertilizers with a net N-P-K ratio of =9:1.3:5 (N-</p><p>　　Fertilizers with lower P and k, such as Osmocote 19-6-12, produced a yield of total floral stems and florets

45、 statistically equal to the nonfertilized control, but with significantly greater fresh weight and no chlorosis. Therefore, in the subsequent experiment we compared this fertilizer with HighN 24-4-8, a fertilizer contain

46、ing even lower concentrations of P and K. We also tested the effects of differet rates of fertilizer, corresponding to low, medium, and high rates based on the manufacturer</p><p>　　Argo and Biernbaum (1993b

47、) demonstrated that topdressing with medium to high rates of RCF supported continued bloom of for at least 12 weeks. Alstroemeria plants in the second expriment continued flowering for 16 weeks and plants were still prod

48、ucing flowering stems at the final harvest, without any fertilizer.</p><p>　　Both experiments demonstrated that marketable potted Alstroemeria can flower for several months without the use of any fertilizer.

49、 This is in striking contrast to the results of Argo and Biernbaum (1993b), who observed a rapid decrease in flowering of unfertilized Impatiens walletiana. We suggest that this reflects the remobilization of nutrients f

50、rom Alstroemeria storage roots to supported flowering. However, nonfertilized plants were much smaller than fertilized plants and extremely chlorotic,</p><p>　　In the first experiment, plants fertilized with

51、 RCF with an N-P-K ratio of=9:1.3:5 produced more flowers than those fertilized with a ratio of = 7:3:6. In the second expriment, the RCF formulation with the net N-P-K ratio 12:0.85:3.3 produced a greater number of flor

52、ets, but plants had a lower fresh weight than the 9:1.3:5 formulation. Further research will be required to fully elucidate the effect of N-P-K ratio on flowering in Alstroemeria. The release time of the RCF had no effec

53、t when compar</p><p>　　The results of this study show that fertilization is not required for postproduction flowering of potted Alstroemeria plants. However, topdressing marketable plants with RCF prevents l