外文翻譯---英格蘭和威爾士地區(qū)建筑能效的提高

1、<p>　　重慶科技學(xué)院學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）</p><p><b>　　外 文 譯 文</b></p><p>　　學(xué) 院 建筑工程學(xué)院 </p><p>　　專業(yè)班級建筑環(huán)境與設(shè)備工程普08</p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名 王索 </p>&

2、lt;p>　　學(xué) 號 2008442355 </p><p>　　英格蘭和威爾士地區(qū)建筑能效的提高</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵字：建筑能效指導(dǎo)，氣候變化法案年2008，建筑物規(guī)例2010，能源法案2010，二氧化碳減排，氣候變化，能源效率，能源安全，零碳建筑，近零能耗建筑，建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，新建筑物，大型翻新工程，成本的考慮，行為屏障，能效證明，顯示能源證明書，混合監(jiān)

3、管工具，教育和信息，出租物業(yè)</p><p>　　摘要：在英國和歐盟地區(qū)，提升建筑領(lǐng)域的能耗效率被視為應(yīng)對環(huán)境變化的一個關(guān)鍵。建筑領(lǐng)域代表的最大源的相對快速和便宜的經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域的二氧化碳排放量減少。挖掘這一潛力也可以提供額外的經(jīng)濟利益，特別是在日益增長的嫩遠安全方面。本文考察了建筑能效指導(dǎo)(EPBD)在英格蘭和愛爾蘭地區(qū)的執(zhí)行情況。在基于建筑能效指導(dǎo)框架內(nèi)的還不完善的兩個監(jiān)管工具上，它也確實檢驗了EPBD在實質(zhì)性減排

4、的潛在能效。本文還運用能效的“行為壁障”來表明在不大力改變住戶的的用能方式的前提下市不太可能減少排放量的。本文的分析是及時的，這是因為建筑領(lǐng)域從低碳到零炭的過渡被認為是符合2020到2050年的節(jié)能減排目標(biāo)以及應(yīng)對能源供給危機的一部分。EPBD的潛在效益也是顯著的，因為它代表的是解決氣候變化幅度問題監(jiān)管技術(shù)的最前沿。</p><p><b>　　介紹</b></p><p

5、>　　歐盟的建筑能效指導(dǎo)(EPBD)在國際上被視為提高建筑能源能效的管理框架。在EPDB框架下的兩個主要監(jiān)管工具是（1）強制性要求新建建筑和大型改造工程達到最小能效，（2）和能效證書(EPCs)。通過廣泛教育宣傳EPCs的價值，這兩種工具子啊限制建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的應(yīng)用時存在一種重要的互補關(guān)系。</p><p>　　但是，在英格蘭和愛爾蘭地區(qū)，建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和EPCs將會存在風(fēng)險——它們在限制能源消費水平時多數(shù)時候并不十分

6、有效。這是因為一棟擁有了更大能效和證書并不能自發(fā)地減少二氧化碳（CO2）的排放量。對于各種形式的環(huán)境條例，它是一個反復(fù)性的問題，同時，在缺少嘗試改善當(dāng)事人和環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系的前提下，無論是何種環(huán)境目標(biāo)都不能獲得成功。</p><p>　　歐盟已經(jīng)試圖把這個框架指導(dǎo)通過重鑄轉(zhuǎn)移到2012年7月。3這個重鑄的EPBD是一個更加強大的結(jié)構(gòu)，但是本文表明潛在建筑領(lǐng)域減排存在很未來前景。</p><p&g

7、t;　　必須強調(diào)的是在監(jiān)管的其他方面可能最后也與EPBD的潛在能效有關(guān)系。這些包括對于產(chǎn)品的效率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，貨幣和財政刺激用來家庭和企業(yè)來投資能效。和價格控制以提高化石燃料的成本基于能源與可再生能源的關(guān)系。4這些區(qū)域以外保證無邊無際的單獨進行分析闡述。在特別關(guān)注EPBD方面，本文的目的不是去唱衰其它監(jiān)管發(fā)展的意義，而是去證明EPBD的不確定方面。</p><p>　　本文被分成4個部分。 第一部分提供了一種基本背景。它

8、定義了能源效率和解釋了能源效率的意義，以形成一個可以解決氣候變化和能源安全的方案。它然后列出了在英格蘭和威爾士制定的EPBD的框架實施的主要元素。這些子蘇格蘭，北愛爾蘭和直布羅陀的獨立實施超越了本章的范圍。第二部分分析了建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和EPCs 作為監(jiān)管工具的優(yōu)缺點，以及這些工具的組合的潛在作用。第三部分驗證了加強整體框架的未來監(jiān)管科技。第四部分總結(jié)。</p><p><b>　　第一部分-背景</b&

9、gt;</p><p><b>　　能源效率的定義</b></p><p>　　建筑領(lǐng)域的能源效率被定義為：以更低的能源消耗和造價來提供同樣的（或者更高）水平的能源服務(wù)，比如熱舒適性，優(yōu)質(zhì)照明等...它是講的是用更少的能源來做同樣的事情無論來源是什么。將來能源效率將會被分解成能源效率的設(shè)計，技術(shù)和應(yīng)用。“設(shè)計”的定義是組合使用積極技術(shù)來實現(xiàn)建筑能耗被要求的最小化—比如

10、，限制建筑占地面積，調(diào)整建筑的定位以及利用建筑物本身的特點最大化的運用自然的采光，采暖，制冷和通風(fēng)。“技術(shù)”包括絕緣、玻璃和節(jié)能電器?！皯?yīng)用”包括簡單的零炭手段像在不需要時關(guān)燈，或者在陽關(guān)下曬衣服而不是干衣機。不像其他經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域?qū)崿F(xiàn)低碳或零炭水平，比如航空業(yè)或基本負荷發(fā)電，在建筑領(lǐng)域?qū)崿F(xiàn)低碳或零炭還是相對直接的。</p><p><b>　　與環(huán)境變化的關(guān)系</b></p>&l

11、t;p>　　建筑與環(huán)境變化之間的關(guān)系在于該行業(yè)代表了最大的最可行經(jīng)濟的減排成本來源。這些都被歐盟英國和跨政府組織在氣候大會（IPCC）上清晰的認識到。在歐盟，建筑能耗超過了總能耗的40% 。在英國，近一半的二氧化碳的排放都是由建筑行業(yè)產(chǎn)生的，其中最大的部分是住宅建筑（27%）。據(jù)統(tǒng)計提升建筑能效可以降低至少20%的能耗在整個歐盟。</p><p>　　通過降低世界上某一地方的某一經(jīng)濟部門的能源消耗的這種減排

12、本身并不緩解響氣候變化的影響。實現(xiàn)建筑領(lǐng)域?qū)嵸|(zhì)性的減排在英國和歐盟地區(qū)盡管被視作是迎合重要減排目標(biāo)的命令，但是還是被發(fā)展成為一種減緩全球氣候變化的努力。這些都包括了在京都議定書種承諾的在2008年到2012年英國和歐盟作為一個整體在1990年的基礎(chǔ)上減排8% 。2020年歐盟的目標(biāo)（現(xiàn)在又新增了哥本哈根協(xié)議）是在2020年之前在1990年的基礎(chǔ)上減排20% 。13 這也可能會增加到30%與其他發(fā)達國家有可比性同時也是有能力的國家對發(fā)展中

13、國家減排的彌補。對于國內(nèi)水平，英國已經(jīng)在2008年的氣候變化法案(‘CC Act’)中承諾在2050年之前達到減排80%的目標(biāo)。</p><p>　　與能源安全之間的關(guān)系</p><p>　　能源安全對于英國來說是一個嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)，因為它有很高的能源需求但是又也有潛在的能源供給困難。比如，赫勒預(yù)測能源短缺危機將會最早在2015年發(fā)生-這可問題赫勒歸咎與幾十年來英國在清潔能源和灰色能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

14、上的投資不足導(dǎo)致的。在世界清潔能源運用的浪潮中，英國被評為世界上可再生能源運用水平最差的國家（全國主要能源只有2%是可再生能源），對比挪威是47%，印度是29%，中國是12% 。隨著大量的礦石燃料和核能計劃達到它生命周期時，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施老化將會惡化這種投資不足。能源有效使用通過降低能源需求量和提升供應(yīng)水平以緩和能源危機。理論上,更有效率的使用能源應(yīng)減少對能源的需求。洛文斯說這種方式的節(jié)能也可以被認為是一種離散的能量來源以提升能源供給水平。&

15、lt;/p><p>　　“負瓦”就是洛文斯觀點的一個概念。一個負瓦就是一個為了提升能源供給低到零投資的選則對比投資可再生能源，核能和其他能量來源。</p><p><b>　　EPBD的框架</b></p><p>　　作為處理這些挑戰(zhàn)的一部份，歐盟引進EPDB從2003年1月4號開始實行。在歐盟的法律之下，個成員國擁有充分的靈活性對于歐盟指導(dǎo)的執(zhí)

16、行形式和手段，以及是否超過了歐盟要求的最低限度。在英格蘭和威爾士，實施情況處在建筑能效（證書和調(diào)查）（英格蘭和威爾士）規(guī)定2007（EPB Regs），和建筑認可審查員（修正案）規(guī)定2006（BAIRegs）這些都修正了建筑規(guī)定2000（建筑Regs）</p><p>　　在2010年的十月一號，BAI規(guī)則和建筑規(guī)則被撤銷了，他們相關(guān)的補充整合到了建筑規(guī)定2010（建筑規(guī)則2010）。這種整合在改變EPDB框架

17、方面效果并不明顯。EPDB框架的補充被總結(jié)如下。</p><p>　　（1）才用方法論去計算建筑的“能量表現(xiàn)”。能源績效在英格蘭和威爾士并沒有被定義。EPBD的定義表明建筑能源實際消耗的或者估計出來的負荷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的各種需求，比如供熱，熱水，制冷，通風(fēng)和照明。</p><p>　?。?）建筑被定義成住宅，商業(yè)和公共建筑。</p><p>　?。?）一個能量的強制性規(guī)定履約

18、證書。</p><p>　?。╝）對于一個建筑壓住來說，當(dāng)一棟建筑完工或修繕在某些特定的環(huán)境中。</p><p>　?。╞）便通知一個買家的建筑或租客決定是否訂立合同購買/租賃。</p><p>　?。╟）租客與買主最終選定的一棟建筑物。</p><p>　?。?） 一個EPC為建筑提供了一個“資產(chǎn)等級”與白色產(chǎn)品評級相似，其中用“A”到“G

19、”代表從最高等級到最低等級的評級。在英格蘭和威爾士，評級是基于一個使建筑之間建筑能效機油比較性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化假設(shè)。它提供了自愿提高能源效率的建議以及其有效期為10年。</p><p>　　Building to Improve Energy Efficiency in</p><p>　　England and Wales</p><p>　　Keywords: Ener

20、gy Performance of Buildings Directive, Climate Change Act 2008,Building Regulations 2010, Energy Bill 2010, CO2 emission reduction, climate change,energy effi ciency, energy security, zero carbon buildings, nearly zero-e

21、nergy buildings,building standards, new buildings, major renovation, cost considerations, behaviouralbarrier, Energy Performance Certifi cates, Display Energy Certifi cates, mix of regulatorytools, education and informat

22、ion, leased premises</p><p>　　Abstract: Improving the energy effi ciency of the building sector is regarded as a keymitigation response to climate change in the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Union（EU)

23、. The building sector represents the largest source of relatively quick and inexpensiveCO2 emission reductions of any economic sector. Realising this potential also providesadditional economic benefi ts, particularly in

24、terms of increased energy security. This paper examines the implementation of the EU’s Energy Performan</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　The EU’s Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) i

25、s internationally regarded as the leading regulatory framework to improve the energy effi ciency of buildings.1 The two key regulatory tools within the EPBD framework are building standards mandating minimum energy perf

26、ormance requirements for new buildings and ‘major renovations’,and Energy Performance Certifi cates (EPCs).2 There is an important interrelationship between these two tools with limitations on the application of building

27、 </p><p>　　However, there is also a risk that building standards and EPCs will be insuffi cient to adequately curb energy consumption levels across England and Wales. This is because a building that incorpor

28、ates greater energy effi ciency and certifi cation to this effect does not automatically reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). It is a recurring issue for all forms of environmental regulation, in terms of whether an

29、y environmental objective can ever be achieved in the absence of trying to bring abo</p><p>　　The EU has sought to tighten this framework through a recast directive to be transposed by July 2012.3 The recast

30、 EPBD is a stronger framework but this paper argues there is further scope to realise the emission reduction potential of the building sector.</p><p>　　It must also be emphasised that other areas of regulati

31、on may ultimately have a bearing on the potential effectiveness of the EPBD. These include product effi ciency standards, monetary and fi scal incentives for households and businesses to invest in energy effi ciency, and

32、 pricing controls to raise the cost of fossil fuel based energy relative to renewable energy.4 These areas warrant separate analysis beyond the confi nes of this paper. In focusing specifi cally on the EPBD, the purpose

33、of th</p><p>　　The paper is divided into four parts. Part 1 provides a basic background. It defi nes energy effi ciency and explains the signifi cance of energy effi ciency to reaching a solution to the prob

34、lems of climate change and energy security. It then sets out the main elements of the EPBD framework as implemented in England and Wales. The separate implementation by Scotland, Northern Ireland and Gibraltar is beyond

35、the scope of this paper. Part 2 analyses the advantages and disadvantages of building st</p><p>　　PART 1 – BACKGROUND</p><p>　　ENERGY EFFICIENCY DEFINED</p><p>　　Energy efficiency i

36、n the building sector is defined as ‘the ability to provide the same (or higher) level of energy services, such as thermal comfort, high-quality lighting … at lower energy consumption and cost’.5 It is about using less e

37、nergy to do the same things regardless of where that energy is sourced. Energy efficiency can be broken down further by distinguishing between energy efficiency design, technologies and practices. ‘Design’ Is about incor

38、porating passive techniques to minimise t</p><p>　　RELATIONSHIP WITH CLIMATE CHANGE</p><p>　　The link between the building sector and climate change lies in the sector representing the largest,

39、most feasible and cost-effective source of emission reductions of any economic sector. This is explicitly recognised by the EU, UK and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).6 In the EU, the use of energy in bu

40、ildings accounts for over 40 percent of final energy consumption.7 In the UK, almost half of all CO2 emissions are attributed to the building sector, with the highest proportion f</p><p>　　Emission reduction

41、s through reduced energy consumption in one economic sector in one part of the world do not in themselves mitigate the impacts of climate change.10 Realising substantial emission reductions from the building sector in th

42、e UK and EU is nonetheless regarded as imperative for meeting the key emission reduction targets developed as part of global efforts to mitigate climate change.11 These include the commitment of the UK and the European C

43、ommunity as a whole to an 8 percent reduct</p><p>　　RELATIONSHIP WITH ENERGY SECURITY</p><p>　　Energy security is a serious challenge for the UK because of its high levels of energy demand and p

44、otential shortages in energy supply. For example, Helm forecasts that severe shortages in supply may occur as early as 201515 – a problem Helm attributes to decades of underinvestment in both ‘clean’ and ‘dirty’ energy i

45、nfrastructure.16 The UK is ranked as one of the ‘worst performers’ globally in transitioning to clean energy supplies with only 2 per cent of total primary energy sourced from renew</p><p>　　Energy efficienc

46、y can mitigate the risk of energy shortages by lowering levels of energy demand and improving levels of supply. In theory, using energy more efficiently should reduce demand for energy.19 Lovins argues that energy saved

47、in this way can also be regarded as a discrete source of energy, improving levels of energy supply.20 This is Lovins’ notion of a ‘negawatt’. A negawatt is a low to zero cost investment option for improving sources of en

48、ergy supply compared to investing in renewab</p><p>　　THE EPBD FRAMEWORK</p><p>　　As part of a package to address these challenges, the EU introduced the EPBD, whichcame into force on 4 January

49、2003. Under EU law, Member States are afforded flexibilityas to the form and method of implementation of EU directives, and whether to go beyondthe minimum requirements set by the EU.22 In England and Wales, implementati

50、on waseffected by the Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (Englandand Wales) Regulations 2007 (EPB Regs)23 and the Building and Approved Insp</p><p>　　On 1 October 2010, the BAI Re

51、gs and Building Regs were revoked and their relevantprovisions consolidated into the Building Regulations 2010 (Building Regs 2010).26 Thisconsolidation does not significantly alter the EPBD framework.27 The key provisio

52、ns ofthe EPBD framework are summarised below.</p><p>　　(1) The adoption of a methodology to calculate the ‘energy performance’ of buildings.28Energy performance is not defined in England and Wales. The EPBD

53、definitionstates that it is ‘the amount of energy actually consumed or estimated to meetthe different needs associated with a standardised use of the building, which mayinclude, inter alia, heating, hot water heating, co

54、oling, ventilation and lighting’.29</p><p>　　(2) Buildings are defined broadly and include residential, commercial and public</p><p>　　sector buildings.30</p><p>　　(3) The mandatory

55、 provision of an energy performance certificate (EPC):</p><p>　　(a) to a building owner when a building is erected or modified in certain</p><p>　　circumstances;31</p><p>　?。╞) to a

56、 prospective buyer or tenant of a building with the view to informing decisions as to whether or not to enter into a contract for purchase/lease;32</p><p>　　(c) to the ultimate buyer and tenant of a building

57、.33</p><p>　　(4) An EPC provides an ‘a(chǎn)sset rating’ for a building, similar to a rating for white goods,with ‘A’ representing the highest level of energy efficiency scaled down to ‘G’ for the lowest.34 In Eng

58、land and Wales, the rating is based upon an assumption of standardised usage of a building to enable comparisons to be made between the energy effi ciency of buildings. It provides voluntary recommendations to improve en