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1、<p>  2948單詞,1.6萬英文字符,5035漢字</p><p>  出處:Kumar R. Determinants of Firm's Financial Leverage: A Critical Review[J]. Ssrn Electronic Journal, 2007.</p><p>  xxx科技學(xué)院學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)</p>&

2、lt;p><b>  外 文 譯 文</b></p><p>  院(系) 經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院 </p><p>  專業(yè)班級(jí) 會(huì)計(jì)普本2006級(jí) </p><p>  學(xué)生姓名 xxx </p><p>  學(xué) 號(hào) xxx </p&g

3、t;<p>  DETERMINANTS OF FIRM’S FINANCIAL LEVERAGE:A CRITICAL REVIEW</p><p>  By Rahul Kumar</p><p><b>  Abstract</b></p><p>  The purpose of this review paper is

4、to critically investigate the underlying factors that affect firm’s financial leverage from the perspective of theoretical underpinnings. We reviewed 107 papers published from 1991 to 2005 in the core, non-core and other

5、 academic journals. On the basis of critical review, this research has identified a number of determinants of financial leverage based upon logical arguments identified in the literatures. Major findings show that variou

6、s frameworks like levera</p><p>  Keywords : Capital structure, financial leverage</p><p>  1. Introduction</p><p>  In general, companies may raise money from internal and extern

7、al sources. They can raise money from internal sources by plowing back part of their profits, which would otherwise have been distributed as dividend to shareholders. Or, they can raise money from external sources by an

8、issue of debt or equity. When a company issues shares, shareholders hope to receive dividend on their investment. However, the company is not obliged to pay any dividend. Because dividend is discretionary, it is not co&l

9、t;/p><p>  If times are sufficiently hard, a company that has borrowed heavily may not be able to repay its debt. The company is then become bankrupt and shareholders loose their entire investment. Because debt

10、 increases returns to shareholders in good times and reduces them in bad times, it creates “financial leverage” (leverage). An “unlevered firm2” uses only equity capital whereas a “l(fā)evered firm” uses a mix of equity and

11、various forms of debt. Common ratios such as debt-to-total capital or debt-to-equ</p><p>  However, in the absence of any review of published papers in the area since then, a need was felt to do this type of

12、 review and objective was decided. The literature review is done to understand the progress of research on the subject and to identify the future direction of research. The present study reviews the literatures from Janu

13、ary, 1991 to December, 2005, and summarizes various hypotheses determining the leverage of firm as discovered by the researchers. </p><p>  The review work follows from the perspective of theoretical underpi

14、nnings developed by the researchers during this time.This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present methodology of review. Section 3 presents classification, discussion, and summary of hypothesis brought fo

15、rth in the published papers during January, 1991 to December, 2005 from different theoretical underpinnings propounded in the subject area, though the divide line is oblique. Section 4 is the last section devoted </p&

16、gt;<p>  2. Methodology</p><p>  For the purpose of our study, we systematically exclude certain topics that, while related to the leverage structure of the firm, but do not keep the determinants of t

17、he leverage as its central focus. These include literature dealing with call or conversion of securities, dividend, bond covenants and maturity, bankruptcy law, pricing and method of issuance of new securities, common an

18、d preferred stock. Second, we briefly discuss the theories on leverage under various subsection of section 3. Tho</p><p>  (1).Irrelevance theory: Research in this area was initiated by Modigliani and

19、 Miller (1958);</p><p>  (2).Static trade-off theory: Research in this area was initiated by Myers and Majluf(1984);</p><p>  (3).Asymmetric information signaling framework : This strea

20、m of research began with the work of Ross (1977) and Leland and Pyle (1977);</p><p>  (4).Models based on Agency cost :Research in this area was initiated by Jensen and Meckling (1976) building on earlier

21、work of Fama and Miller (1972);</p><p>  (5)Pecking order Framework: This stream of research began with the work of Myers and Majluf (1984) and Myers (1984);</p><p>  (6)The legal environment Fr

22、amework of capital structure: Research in this direction was initiated by La Porta et. al.(1997);</p><p>  (7)Target leverage Framework (Mean reversion theory): Research in this direction was initiated by Fi

23、scher et al. (1989);</p><p>  (8)Transaction cost Framework: Research from this perspective was initiated by Williamson (1988). </p><p>  For the purpose of our study, we followed the a

24、bove distinct categories as have been brought forth by the researchers. Over and above the above theoretical framework we found that there is some variables not fitting into any of the given categories, which we have put

25、 into "others" category. For the purpose of our study, Papers published in the Journals listed in table-1 in the last fifteen years (from 1991 to 2005) are reviewed. Zivney and Reichenstein (1994) categorized a

26、cademic finance journal</p><p>  3.Classification, Discussion, and Summary of Hypothesis</p><p>  The researchers have captured a number of factors determining firm’s leverage. In this section,

27、we report the factors identified in the published literature under different theoretical framework propounded over the period by the researchers.</p><p>  3.1 The leverage “irrelevance” framework</p>

28、<p>  The genesis of research in the area started with the seminal paper of Modigliani and Miller (1958). Modigliani and Miller (1958) in their seminal paper “The cost of capital, corporation finance, and the the

29、ory of investment” demonstrated that in the absence of transaction cost, no tax subsidies on the payment of interest, and the same rate of interest of borrowing by individuals and corporations, firm value is independent

30、of its leverage and is given by capitalizing the expected return at the</p><p>  Modigliani and Miller (1958) concluded that a firm cannot increase its value by using leverage as part of its capital structur

31、e. The traditional belief was that the capital structure of the firm is determined by the rate of interest on bonds, so the firm will push the investment to the point where the marginal rate of yield on physical assets e

32、quals the market rate of interest. </p><p>  Hence a firm can increase its market value by generating yield on assets that exceeds the market rate of interest. Modigliani and Miller (1958) challenged the tra

33、ditional notion that a firm can increase its value by using debt4 as part of its capital structure. Ghosh et. al. (1996) investigated the valuation effects of exchangeable debt calls and indicated that the shareholders o

34、f firms calling exchangeable debt do not experience any significant changes in wealth. They found that the negative ef</p><p>  3.2 Static trade -off framework: tax benefit and bankruptcy costs</p>&l

35、t;p>  As we have discussed above, payment of interest on debt is a mandatory charge on the business of the firm, which is allowed as expenses for tax purpose. As a result, the presence of bankruptcy cost5 and favorabl

36、e tax treatment of interest payment led to the development of static trade off framework. The framework was first propounded in 1984 (Myers and Majluf, 1984). The proponents of static trade-off model argues that firms ba

37、lance debt and equity positions by making trade-offs between the valu</p><p>  Consequently, they proposed that firms in goods producing industries will have a higher debt to equity mix than will firms in se

38、rvice industries. Rajan and Zingales (1995) proposed that one cannot easily dismiss the possibility that taxes influence aggregate corporate leverage. Other results that support the static trade off model include Farrino

39、 & Weisbach (1999), Cassar & Holmes (2003), Morellec & Smith (2003). Morellec (2004), and Parrino & Weisbach (2005).The researchers have also observed r</p><p>  In short, static trade off th

40、eory offers a partial explanation of the factors determining firm's choice of leverage.</p><p>  3.3. Asymmetric Information Signaling Framework</p><p>  The proponents of Information signal

41、ing model argue that the existence of information asymmetry between the firm and the likely finance providers causes the relative cost of finance to vary between the different sources of finance. For instance, an interna

42、l source of finance, where the funds provider is the firm, will have more information about the firm than new equity holders; thus new equity holders will expect a higher rate of return on their investments meaning that

43、it will cost the firm mo</p><p>  Bancel and Mittoo (2004) found in their sample survey of managers from 16 European countries that over 40% of the managers issue debt when interest rates are low or when the

44、 firm’s equity is undervalued by the market. These findings suggest the managers use windows of opportunity to raise capital. The authors further reasoned that managers issue convertible debt because it is less expensive

45、 than straight debt, or to attract investors who are unsure about the riskiness of the firm. Habib and John</p><p>  Devis (1996) explained that preference financing is chosen when significant information as

46、ymmetries exist between management and outside investors. Mark Garmaise (2001) showed that firms attempt to maximize diversity of opinion by issuing risky securities such as equity. The author suggested that th

47、e researching the state of investor beliefs and choosing an optimal design in the light of these beliefs can create substantial value for the firm's original owners. McLaughlin et. al. (1998</p><p>  The

48、ir results were consistent with the information model of decision to issue securities. Dittmar (2000) examined and found that the firms repurchase stock to take advant age of potential undervaluation. Michaelas et al. (1

49、999) empirically examined the implication of theory of capital structure in the U.K. small business sector and suggested that the asymmetric information costs have an effect on the level of debt in small firms.The resear

50、chers have also observed inadequacy in asymmetric informa</p><p>  4 . Gaps Identified and Future Research Direction</p><p>  In the last five decades, the researchers have attempted to identify

51、 - What determines the firm’s financial leverage. Thereby all perspectives like leverage irrelevance, static trade off, pecking order, asymmetric information signaling framework evolved towards answering the question. &l

52、t;/p><p>  Though these frameworks have partly helped us in understanding the underlying factors determining the firm’s financial leverage, there is no consensus and there is no universal factor determining fin

53、ancial leverage and this creates a vital gap to understand the phenomena. A prudent way to address this gap is to integrate different factors determining firm’s financial leverage into a strategic resource framework Furt

54、hermore, across these frameworks; we notice one common assumption about the archi</p><p>  References:</p><p>  1. Abor, Joshua (2005); 'The effect of capital structure on profitability: an

55、empirical analysis of listed firm in Ghana', Journal of Risk Finance, Vol. 6, No. 5, pg. 438</p><p>  2. Akhtar, Shumi (2005), 'The Determinants of Capital Structure for Australian Multinational and

56、Domestic Corporations', Australian Journal of Management,Vol. 30, No. 2, p 321-341</p><p>  3. Allayannis George, Gregory W. Brown, and Leora F. Klapper (2003) 'Capital Structure and Financial Risk:

57、Evidence From Foreign Debt Use in East Asia',Journal of Finance,Vol. 58, No. 6, p2667-2710</p><p>  4. Andrew Winton (2003), 'Institutional Liquidity Needs and the Structure of Monitored Finance'

58、, The Review of Financial Studies,Vol. 16, No. 4, pg. 1273</p><p>  5. Bagley C.N., D.K. Ghosh and U. Yaarp (1998), 'Pecking order as a dynamic leverage theory', European Journal of Finance, Vol. 4,

59、No.2, p157-183</p><p>  6. Baker, Malcolm; Wurgler, Jeffrey,(2002), 'Market Timing and Capital Structure',Journal of Finance, Vol. 57, No.1, p 1-31</p><p>  7. Bancel, Franck; Mittoo, Us

60、ha R.(2004), 'Cross-Country Determinants of Capital Structure Choice: A Survey of European Firms', Financial Management (2000),Vol. 33, No.4, p103-132</p><p>  8. Bayless M. and S. Chaplinsky (1996),

61、 'Is there a window of opportunity for seasoned equity issuance?', Journal of Finance, Vol. 51, No. 1;pp. 253-278</p><p>  9. Berger P., Ofek, E., and Yermack, D. (1997), ' Managerial entrenchmen

62、t and capital structure decisions', Journal of Finance, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp 1411-1438</p><p>  10. Berger, P. G., Ofek, E. and Yermack, D. L. (1997), 'Managerial Entrenchment and Capital Structure Dec

63、isions, Journal of Finance, Vol. 52,No. 4,pp 1411–1438.</p><p>  該文獻(xiàn)摘自于http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1080883</p><p>  決定公司的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿因素:回顧與前瞻</p><p>  Rahul Kumar<

64、/p><p>  摘要:這項(xiàng)論文研究的目的是從理論基礎(chǔ)的角度來看影響公司財(cái)務(wù)杠桿的基本因素。我們回顧從1991年至2005年發(fā)表的核心、非核心和其他學(xué)術(shù)期刊論文107篇。在嚴(yán)格審查的基礎(chǔ)上,從文獻(xiàn)上我們研究財(cái)務(wù)杠桿的決定因素目的。主要研究結(jié)果表明,像與杠桿有關(guān)的各種框架,靜態(tài)權(quán)衡,優(yōu)序融資等部分有助于我們了解確定該公司的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿的基本因素,但在這些方面沒有普遍的共識(shí),沒有普遍共認(rèn)的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿決定因素。該文件列今后的研究

65、出了兩個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)為:一是如何確定整合成一個(gè)共同的框架,二是是什么影響一個(gè)公司的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿決定因素,為什么影響公司財(cái)務(wù)杠桿有不同的因素。</p><p>  關(guān)鍵詞:資本結(jié)構(gòu),財(cái)務(wù)杠桿</p><p><b>  介紹</b></p><p>  在一般情況下,公司可能會(huì)提高從內(nèi)部和外部資金來源。他們可以從他們的利潤(rùn)中提高內(nèi)部資金,否則利潤(rùn)將被作為股利

66、分配給股東。或者,他們可以從外部籌資,如發(fā)行貨幣債務(wù)、股票。當(dāng)公司發(fā)行股票,股東希望得到他們的投資的回報(bào)。不過,該公司沒有義務(wù)支付任何股息。由于股息不是經(jīng)營(yíng)費(fèi)用。當(dāng)一家公司通過債務(wù)的方式借入資金,但承諾定期支付利息和償還本金(即原來的借款數(shù)額返還借款)。如果利潤(rùn)增加,債務(wù)持有人繼續(xù)領(lǐng)取固定利息,使所有的收益轉(zhuǎn)到股東。相反,當(dāng)發(fā)生逆轉(zhuǎn)和利潤(rùn)下降,股東承擔(dān)所有的債務(wù)。</p><p>  如果時(shí)間足夠的長(zhǎng),一個(gè)大量借

67、用外債的公司可能無法償還債務(wù)。然后,該公司破產(chǎn),使其股東的全部投資松散。由于債務(wù)增加,好的情況下股東可獲得額外收益,它被稱為“金融杠桿”(杠桿)。 “杠桿企業(yè)”只使用了股權(quán)資本股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)和各種形式的債務(wù)。如債務(wù)與總資本或債務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)股權(quán)比例共同量化這種關(guān)系。作者利用在公司的資本結(jié)構(gòu)的重要性在于它的使用效率降低加權(quán)平均資本成本(WACC)的公司。降低資本成本的凈增加,最終增加公司價(jià)值的經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)。總之,對(duì)杠桿的指導(dǎo)原則是選擇的行動(dòng)方針,公司最大化價(jià)

68、值和公司價(jià)值最大化時(shí)的加權(quán)平均資本成本最小化。該公司的杠桿在債務(wù)與股本之間的分配決策中心,融資公司。然而,在一個(gè)公司中,現(xiàn)金流量是不確定的,其中資本可以通過從單純的債務(wù)工具,以純股本工具很多不同的媒體獲得的是一個(gè)懸而未決的問題的決心。一些研究人員試圖了解該公司的融資選擇,并確定在金融結(jié)構(gòu)變化對(duì)公司和它的價(jià)值加權(quán)平均資本成本的影響。一個(gè)由哈里斯和拉維夫(1991)提供了該公司的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿因素的概要確定,資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論的調(diào)查和研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)到的。

69、</p><p>  但是,在沒有任何在該地區(qū)發(fā)表的論文,因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)沒有檢討,人們感到有必要做這樣的審查類型和目標(biāo)決定. 文獻(xiàn)回顧是為了了解這個(gè)問題的研究進(jìn)展,并確定今后的研究方向。本研究回顧從1991年1月至2005年12月的文獻(xiàn),并總結(jié)確定企業(yè)杠桿所研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的各種假說。</p><p>  這項(xiàng)檢討工作遵循從發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的研究人員在這段時(shí)間的理論基礎(chǔ)的觀點(diǎn)。本文的內(nèi)容如下。在第二節(jié)中,我們檢

70、討目前的方法。第三節(jié)中提出財(cái)務(wù)杠桿的分類,討論和總結(jié)的假設(shè)并帶來了在1991年1月至2005年12月發(fā)表的論文,從不同的學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的理論基礎(chǔ)分析。第四節(jié)是最后一節(jié)闡述了本文的結(jié)論和未來研究的方向。</p><p><b>  2.方法</b></p><p>  為了我們的研究目的,我們系統(tǒng)地排除某些主題,而有關(guān)該公司的杠桿結(jié)構(gòu),并沒有作為它的中心焦點(diǎn)杠桿的決定因素。這

71、些措施包括證券,股息,債券公約和破產(chǎn)法,定價(jià)及發(fā)行新的證券法轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí),普通股和優(yōu)先股。其次,我們簡(jiǎn)要地討論根據(jù)第3款關(guān)于利用各種理論。雖然這樣的理論,無疑是非常重要的經(jīng)驗(yàn),我們認(rèn)為,這種理論已廣泛被調(diào)查的哈里斯和拉維夫(1991),布拉德利基地。 (1984年),為方便為目的,我們提到的理論,提交詳細(xì)的解釋。分組變量驅(qū)動(dòng)杠桿允許在同一個(gè)位置的變量討論和便利的類似變量之間關(guān)系的審查。在過去已研究過的理論觀點(diǎn),從不同的資本結(jié)構(gòu),帶來了對(duì)資本結(jié)

72、構(gòu)理論的若干研究人員。因此,對(duì)公司的影響力的決定是根據(jù)不同的理論假設(shè)模型。它們是: -</p><p>  1。無關(guān)理論:在這方面的研究最初由莫迪利安尼和米勒</p><p><b> ?。?958年);</b></p><p>  2。靜態(tài)權(quán)衡理論:在這方面的研究最初由邁爾斯和麥吉羅夫</p><p><b>

73、; ?。?984年);</b></p><p>  3。信息不對(duì)稱信令架構(gòu):本研究流開始與羅斯的工作(1977年)和利蘭和派爾(1977年);</p><p>  4?;诖沓杀緸榛A(chǔ)的模式:在這方面的研究最初由詹森和梅克林(1976)對(duì)Fama和米勒(1972年)以前的工作建設(shè);</p><p>  5。財(cái)務(wù)杠桿的框架:本研究流開始的邁爾斯和麥吉羅夫

74、(1984)和邁爾斯(1984年)的工作;</p><p>  6。法律環(huán)境資本結(jié)構(gòu)框架:在這個(gè)方向的研究是由La波塔等發(fā)起的。人。(1997年);</p><p>  7。利用目標(biāo)框架(均值回歸理論):在這個(gè)方向的研究是菲舍爾等人發(fā)起的。 (1989年);</p><p>  8。交易成本框架:從這個(gè)角度研究最初由威廉森(1988)。</p><

75、;p>  從我們的研究目的上看,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了上述研究人員提出不同的理論類別。超越上述的理論框架內(nèi),我們發(fā)現(xiàn),有一些變數(shù)沒有包含在給定的類別朱紅,我們已經(jīng)進(jìn)入“其他”類別提出的任何情況。對(duì)于我們研究的目的,論文發(fā)表在過去15年從1991年至2005年的期刊的審查。齊維尼和賴興施泰因(1994)歸類為“核心”和“非核心學(xué)術(shù)期刊的資金?!备鶕?jù)他們的定義,我們分為三類:(一)核心,(二)非核心,(三)其他的期刊。據(jù)我們了解,我們的樣本的真正

76、代表大多數(shù)人,反映了在確定研究變量影響公司的杠桿狀態(tài)。我們審查通過EBSCO的研究資料庫(kù)的文章,ProQuest數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),翡翠,Elsevie r的工商管理和會(huì)計(jì)收集,和JSTOR數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的期刊。</p><p><b>  3.分類討論和總結(jié)</b></p><p>  研究人員已經(jīng)確定了影響公司的杠桿因素。在本節(jié)中,我們將發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告中確定的根據(jù)不同的理

77、論在研究期間所確立的框架因素。 </p><p>  3.1.杠桿“不相干”的框架</p><p>  該研究在該地區(qū)的起源始于莫迪利亞尼和米勒(1958)的論文。莫迪利亞尼和米勒(1958)在他們的論文“資本成本,公司財(cái)務(wù)及投資”理論表明,在交易成本的情況下,對(duì)支付利息沒有稅收補(bǔ)貼和對(duì)個(gè)人和企業(yè)借款利率同樣的速度,公司的價(jià)值是它的杠桿作用,是由獨(dú)立的資本比率在適合于該資產(chǎn)類

78、別的預(yù)期收益率給予。</p><p>  莫迪利亞尼和米勒(1958)認(rèn)為,一個(gè)企業(yè)可以不增加使用作為其資本結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分,利用它的價(jià)值。傳統(tǒng)的信念是,該公司的資本結(jié)構(gòu)是由債券的利率決定,因此該公司將推動(dòng)投資,以至于在對(duì)有形資產(chǎn)的邊際收益率等于市場(chǎng)利率。</p><p>  因此,一個(gè)企業(yè)可以增加資產(chǎn)超過了市場(chǎng)利率收益率的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。莫迪利亞尼和米勒(1958)挑戰(zhàn)傳統(tǒng)觀念,一個(gè)企業(yè)可以通過使

79、用負(fù)債作為增加其資本結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分企業(yè)價(jià)值。戈什基地(1996)調(diào)查了債務(wù)交換對(duì)匯價(jià)變動(dòng)的影響,它是調(diào)用可交換債券公司的股東的財(cái)富不會(huì)遇到任何重大變化。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),由于在杠桿的效應(yīng)下減少負(fù)面影響是由調(diào)用公司的資產(chǎn)組成的變化所抵消。目前的實(shí)證研究表明在股票價(jià)格大幅下跌都圍繞著一個(gè)新的股票發(fā)行,這些都驗(yàn)證了莫迪利安尼和米勒的說法。</p><p>  3.2靜態(tài)權(quán)衡框架:破產(chǎn)成本和稅收優(yōu)惠</p><

80、p>  正如我們上面的討論,關(guān)于債務(wù)利息是對(duì)企業(yè),這是可以作為費(fèi)用之稅務(wù)業(yè)務(wù)強(qiáng)制收費(fèi)。因此,破產(chǎn)企業(yè)存在和支付利息優(yōu)惠稅收待遇導(dǎo)致了框架靜態(tài)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。該框架是第一個(gè)突出其1984年(邁爾斯和麥吉羅夫,1984年)。</p><p>  靜態(tài)權(quán)衡模型的支持者認(rèn)為,企業(yè)資產(chǎn)債務(wù)和股本的立場(chǎng)之間作出了利息稅收的價(jià)值權(quán)衡,以及破產(chǎn)或財(cái)務(wù)困境成本。換句話說,保持其他條件不變,更高的破產(chǎn)成本能降低債務(wù),反之亦然。第二

81、,保持其他條件不變,最高稅率越高,債務(wù)和較高的邊際稅率呈負(fù)增長(zhǎng),反之亦然。</p><p>  因此,他們建議,在商品生產(chǎn)行業(yè)的企業(yè)將有較高的債務(wù)權(quán)益比將在服務(wù)行業(yè)的企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。拉詹和津加萊斯(1995)建議,不能輕易排除有企業(yè)利用稅收影響力的總和。關(guān)閉模式,支持靜態(tài)貿(mào)易及其他成果包括Farrino魏茲巴赫(1999),</p><p>  卡薩爾與霍姆斯(2003),莫雷萊克和史密斯(20

82、03年)。莫雷萊克(2004年),Parrino說道&魏茲巴赫(2005年)。研究人員還觀察到的結(jié)果與理論上的靜態(tài)貿(mào)易預(yù)測(cè)不一致。 Fama和French(1998),盡管廣泛的統(tǒng)計(jì)研究,能找到?jīng)]有跡象表明債務(wù)凈收益。巴格利基. (1998)評(píng)論了它的靜態(tài)權(quán)衡理論并沒有明確處理的交易成本的影響,并沒有解釋之間頻繁的小債務(wù)交易和股權(quán)交易的罕見大不對(duì)稱政策沒有解釋為何負(fù)債率是一個(gè)可以漫步從指稱的靜態(tài)優(yōu)化,或有多少是距離相當(dāng)遠(yuǎn)的距離應(yīng)該是不能

83、容忍的。</p><p>  總之,理論上的貿(mào)易提供了一個(gè)靜態(tài)的決定公司的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿的選擇因素的部分原因。</p><p>  3.3信息不對(duì)稱信號(hào)框架</p><p>  信息的信號(hào)傳遞模型的支持者認(rèn)為,該公司之間的信息和可能存在的資金提供者不對(duì)稱導(dǎo)致的金融之間的相對(duì)成本,以不同的資金的不同來源。例如,一個(gè)內(nèi)部的資金來源,其中的資金提供者是堅(jiān)定的,將有更多的新公司股

84、權(quán)持有人資本,因此新的股票持有人將在他們的預(yù)期,這意味著該公司將花費(fèi)更多的問題比使用內(nèi)部資金新鮮的股權(quán)投資回報(bào)率較高。結(jié)論從信息不對(duì)稱理論得出的是,有一個(gè)堅(jiān)定的關(guān)于他們的投資(邁爾斯和麥吉羅夫,1984)融資偏好的層次結(jié)構(gòu)。黃清霞(1999)調(diào)查了物業(yè)公司的企業(yè)債務(wù)期限結(jié)構(gòu),在英國(guó)期間1989-95報(bào)價(jià),并表明為了區(qū)別于其他類別公司的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),減輕自己的信息不對(duì)稱的影響,與潛在的好消息,物業(yè)公司聘用他們的資本結(jié)構(gòu),這是與信號(hào)假說相關(guān)的債務(wù)。

85、貝利斯和Chaplinsky(1996年)發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)有信息不對(duì)稱(即熱點(diǎn)市場(chǎng),低級(jí)別)宣布,期間收益顯著高于在寒冷的市場(chǎng)高。他們的結(jié)論是,公司嘗試以利用這些“窗口優(yōu)勢(shì)”,因?yàn)樗麄儧Q定何時(shí)安排一個(gè)新的股本或債務(wù)問題。弗蘭克和戈亞爾(2003)認(rèn)為,大企業(yè)通常更多樣化,在債券市場(chǎng)有更好的聲譽(yù),面臨信息成本較低時(shí)借款,因此大型企業(yè)預(yù)計(jì)將有更多的債務(wù)的資本結(jié)構(gòu)。 海格里及</p><p>  邦塞爾和Mittoo(2004

86、)發(fā)現(xiàn),在他們抽樣調(diào)查的管理人員從16個(gè)歐洲國(guó)家,有超過40%的經(jīng)理人發(fā)行債券利率較低時(shí),或當(dāng)該公司的股票是由市場(chǎng)低估。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)顯示了管理人員使用的機(jī)會(huì)籌集資金的窗口。作者們進(jìn)一步的理由是發(fā)行可轉(zhuǎn)換債券經(jīng)理,因?yàn)樗切∮趥鶆?wù),或吸引投資者誰是對(duì)貴公司的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性的不確定。哈比卜和約翰森(2000)表明,債券和外部股權(quán)可以用來征求對(duì)在其他用途的企業(yè)價(jià)值的準(zhǔn)確信息。他們認(rèn)為,發(fā)行證券的公司以外的投資者透露,通過對(duì)他們的股權(quán)收購(gòu)和價(jià)格,他們?yōu)榇酥?/p>

87、付的假設(shè)外部投資者觀察一個(gè)信號(hào),傳達(dá)到公司的規(guī)模預(yù)期收益的知識(shí)。</p><p>  德維斯(1996)解釋說,資金是優(yōu)先選擇的重要信息不對(duì)稱時(shí),管理和外部投資者之間存在。馬克Garmaise(2001)表明,企業(yè)為了最大限度地利用發(fā)行股票等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)證券的意見的多樣性。筆者建議,研究國(guó)家的信念和選擇的投資者在這些信念,有最佳的設(shè)計(jì)可以為公司創(chuàng)造的原業(yè)主重大價(jià)值。麥克勞克林等。基地。 (1998年)審議通過分析公共機(jī)構(gòu)

88、之間的信息不對(duì)稱與公司長(zhǎng)期變化的關(guān)系,經(jīng)營(yíng)圍繞產(chǎn)品性能的債務(wù)和股票發(fā)行的信息內(nèi)容。</p><p>  他們的研究結(jié)果都對(duì)決定發(fā)行證券的信息模型是一致的。迪特馬爾(2000)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),該公司回購(gòu)股票,以利用潛在的低估平均年齡。 Michaelas, (1999)實(shí)證研究在英國(guó)的資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論上建議小企業(yè)部門信息不對(duì)稱成本,可以減少對(duì)小公司的債務(wù)水平的影響。研究人員還觀察到在信息不對(duì)稱的不足信號(hào)模型來解釋資本結(jié)構(gòu)的決

89、定。伯德基地, (1996年)審查股價(jià)反應(yīng)兌換可換股債券及優(yōu)先股強(qiáng)制要求,并發(fā)現(xiàn),分析師盈利預(yù)測(cè),從短期和長(zhǎng)期來看,被向上修正后,可轉(zhuǎn)換債券和優(yōu)先股呼吁公布了他們的研究結(jié)果,使人對(duì),這種資本結(jié)構(gòu)決定公司價(jià)值的信號(hào)有關(guān)的負(fù)面信息的既定的信念產(chǎn)生了懷疑。</p><p>  4.查明差距和未來的研究方向</p><p>  在過去的五十年中,研究人員試圖找出 是什么決定了公司的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿。從而

90、像和杠桿有關(guān)的所有觀點(diǎn),靜態(tài)權(quán)衡,優(yōu)序融資,非對(duì)稱信息框架,在慢慢的向前演變。</p><p>  雖然這些框架有部分有助于了解確定該公司的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿我們的根本因素,但沒有共識(shí),也沒有普遍的因素決定企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)杠桿,這將創(chuàng)建一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的差距理解的現(xiàn)象。我們用一個(gè)審慎的方式來解決這個(gè)差距,就是整合不同的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿決定因素來分析其框架;我們看到一個(gè)關(guān)于公司架構(gòu)的共同假設(shè)是,公司作為一個(gè)孤立的,獨(dú)立的實(shí)體。今天,商業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和企

91、業(yè)相互依存的現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)十分普遍,企業(yè)不能在孤立了解財(cái)務(wù)結(jié)構(gòu)看。相反,它是企業(yè)的,其目的是理解和解釋這個(gè)問題的商業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。因此,這些框架的相關(guān)限制了其相關(guān)內(nèi)容。雖然這種現(xiàn)象是在戰(zhàn)略管理文獻(xiàn)研究的重點(diǎn)和概念已被接受其中,資金是任何學(xué)術(shù)研究領(lǐng)域都缺乏的。因此,今后研究的兩個(gè)在這方面的挑戰(zhàn)是確定的:一是如何確定整合成一個(gè)共同的框架;二是什么決定影響公司的財(cái)務(wù)杠桿因素。</p><p><b>  參考文獻(xiàn)::<

92、;/b></p><p>  1.阿伯,約書亞(2005年);'資本結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)盈利能力的影響:對(duì)上市公司的實(shí)證分析加納',財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),碩士論文。 阿赫塔爾,Shumi(2005),'澳大利亞跨國(guó)公司與國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)',澳大利亞管理雜志,第資本結(jié)構(gòu)的決定因素。 30,第2號(hào),磷321-341 3. Allayannis喬治,格雷戈里W ·布朗,和萊拉樓克拉珀(2003)資本結(jié)構(gòu)

93、和財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn):從東亞地區(qū)的外債使用的證據(jù),大學(xué)財(cái)務(wù)金融,卷。 58,第6號(hào),p2667 - 2710 4.安德魯溫頓(2003),'體制需要的流動(dòng)資金和財(cái)務(wù)的監(jiān)控'結(jié)構(gòu),金融學(xué),碩士論文。 16,第4號(hào),頁數(shù), 1273 5.巴格利C.N.,D.K. Ghosh和美國(guó)Yaarp(1998),作為一個(gè)充滿活力的杠桿原理',歐洲金融雜志, 42號(hào),p157 - 183 6.貝克,馬爾科姆;杰弗里,(2002),&

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