外文翻譯--單片機(jī)歷史

1、<p><b>　　附錄一 英文文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　Monolithic integrated circuit history</p><p>　　The monolithic integrated circuit was born in the late-1970s, has experienced SCM, MCU, the SOC thr

2、ee big stages. </p><p>　　1. SCM namely monolithic microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) the stage, mainly seeks the best monolithic shape embedded system's best architecture. “the innovation pattern”

3、 obtains successfully, has established SCM and the general-purpose calculator completely different development path. In founds on the embedded system independent development path, Intel Corporation has lasting achievemen

4、ts. </p><p>　　2. MCU namely micro controller (Micro Controller Unit) the stage, the main technological development direction is: Expands unceasingly when satisfies the embedded application, the object system

5、 request's each kind of peripheral circuit and the interface circuit, underline its object intellectualization control. It involves the domain is related with the object system, therefore, develops the MCU heavy resp

6、onsibility to fall inevitably on electrical, the electronic technology factory. Looking fro</p><p>　　3. Monolithic integrated circuit is the embedded system's road of independent development, to the MCU

7、stage development's important attribute, seeks application system's on chip maximized solution; Therefore, the special-purpose monolithic integrated circuit's development has formed the SOC tendency naturally

8、. Along with the microelectronic technology, the IC design, the EDA tool's development, can have the big development based on the SOC monolithic integrated circuit application system desig</p><p>　　Mon

9、olithic integrated circuit's application domain</p><p>　　At present the monolithic integrated circuit seeps each domain which lives to us, which domain was nearly very difficult to find not to have monol

10、ithic integrated circuit's trail. Missile's navigation equipment, on the airplane each kind of measuring appliance's control, computer's network communication and the data transmission, the industrial aut

11、omation process's real-time control and the data processing, the widespread use's each kind of intelligent IC card, the civil luxury car's safety syst</p><p>　　Monolithic integrated circuit has t

12、he volume on smart instrument measuring appliance's application the to be small, the power loss is low, the control function is strong, the expansion is flexible, merits and so on microminiaturization and easy to ope

13、rate, widely apply in the instruments and meters, the union different type's sensor, may realize such as physical quantity and so on voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, current capacity, speed, thicknes

14、s, angle, length, degree of hardn</p><p>　　May constitute various control system, the data acquisition system in industrial control's application with the monolithic integrated circuit. For example facto

15、ry assembly line intellectualized management, elevator intellectualization control, each kind of alarm system, with computer networking constitution two-stage control system and so on.</p><p>　　May say like

16、this in domestic electric appliances' application , present's domestic electric appliances basically have used the monolithic integrated circuit control, praises, the washer, the electric refrigerator, the air co

17、nditioner, the color television, other acoustic video frequency equipment from the electricity food, to arrive at the electronic weighting equipment again, all kinds of gate, omnipresent. </p><p>　　Modern of

18、 monolithic integrated circuit has the correspondence connection generally in the computer network and correspondence domain's application the , may carry on the data communication very conveniently with the computer

19、, for provided the extremely good physical conditions application between the computer network and communication facility's, present's communication facility has basically realized the monolithic integrated circu

20、it intelligent control, from the handset, the telephone, the sm</p><p>　　Monolithic integrated circuit's monolithic integrated circuit's is also quite widespread in medical equipment domain applicati

21、on the in medical equipment use, for example medical life-support machine, each kind of analyzer, guardianship meter, ultrasound diagnosis equipment and hospital bed ringing system and so on.</p><p>　　Certai

22、n special-purpose monolithic integrated circuit design uses in each kind of large-scale electric appliance's modulation using the realizing the specific function, thus carries on the modular application in each kind

23、of electric circuit, but does not request to use the personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integration monolithic integrated circuit, looked that resembles the simple function, micro shrinks in the pur

24、e electronic chip (is different with magnetic tape unit's </p><p>　　The monolithic integrated circuit founded the modern electron system time</p><p>　　The monolithic integrated circuit and e

25、mbedded system the embedded system stems from computer's embedded application, the early embedded system for the general-purpose calculator after the re-equipping inserts to the object system's in each kind of el

26、ectronic system, like ships' autopilot, turbine observation system and so on. The embedded system first is a computer system, next it is inserted to the object system, realizes in the object system object functions a

27、nd so on request data acquisition</p><p>　　Monolithic integrated circuit constitutes the modern electron system will become mainstream electron system the monolithic integrated circuit will be the component

28、level computer system, it may insert to any object system, realizes the intellectualized control. Slightly to miniature machinery, like wristwatch, hearing aid. The integrated device level's low end, lowers to severa

29、l Yuan, several Yuan, causes the monolithic integrated circuit to popularize sufficiently to many civil electrical appli</p><p>　　The embedded system has led entire electronic industry the present electron p

30、rimary device industry besides the microprocessor, the embedded system component, mostly is revolves the modern electron systems assembly the primary device industry, for example satisfies the pressed key which the man-m

31、achine interaction uses, LED/LCD demonstrated that the actuation, the LED/LCD display unit, the pronunciation integrated device and so on, satisfies the data acquisition channel request the digital senso</p><p

32、>　　The monolithic integrated circuit will accomplish the new generation electron outstanding person</p><p>　　If the 50s, the radio world has accomplished several generation of outstanding people, then the

33、 now monolithic integrated circuit world will accomplish the new generation electron outstanding person.</p><p>　　The monolithic integrated circuit leads you to enter intellectualized electron domain , if tr

34、eats as the classical electron system a deathly stiff electronic system, then the intellectualized modern electron system has “the life” the electronic system. The monolithic integrated circuit application system's h

35、ardware architecture gives the electronic system “the stature”, the monolithic integrated circuit application system's application procedure entrusts with it “the life”. For example, when des</p><p>　　Th

36、e monolithic integrated circuit leads you to enter calculates the mechanic to control domain in the 21st century is the universe enters Computer Age the century, many people are not are making the computer are using the

37、computer. In uses in computer's people, is engaged in the embedded system application the talented person enters truly to computer system's internal software and hardware system, can comprehend computer's int

38、ellectualized essence truly and grasp the intellectualized design the </p><p>　　The monolithic integrated circuit leads you to enter most charming electronic world the alone charm the monolithic function to

39、cause you to realize computer's true meaning, you may use the monolithic integrated circuit to begin to design the intelligent toy personally, may design the different application procedure to realize the different f

40、unction. Both has the hardware to manufacture and has the software design, also moves the brain, to begin. The primary level potential intelligence toy, prog</p><p><b>　　附錄二 中文翻譯</b></p>&

41、lt;p><b>　　單片機(jī)歷史</b></p><p>　　單片機(jī)誕生于20世紀(jì)70年代末，經(jīng)歷了SCM、MCU、SOC三大階段。 </p><p>　　1.SCM即單片微型計算機(jī)（Single Chip Microcomputer）階段，主要是尋求最佳的單片形態(tài)嵌入式系統(tǒng)的最佳體系結(jié)構(gòu)?！皠?chuàng)新模式”獲得成功，奠定了SCM與通用計算機(jī)完全不同的發(fā)展道路。在開創(chuàng)

42、嵌入式系統(tǒng)獨立發(fā)展道路上，Intel公司功不可沒。 </p><p>　　2.MCU即微控制器（Micro Controller Unit）階段，主要的技術(shù)發(fā)展方向是：不斷擴(kuò)展?jié)M足嵌入式應(yīng)用時，對象系統(tǒng)要求的各種外圍電路與接口電路，突顯其對象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的領(lǐng)域都與對象系統(tǒng)相關(guān)，因此，發(fā)展MCU的重任不可避免地落在電氣、電子技術(shù)廠家。從這一角度來看，Intel逐漸淡出MCU的發(fā)展也有其客觀因素。在發(fā)展

43、MCU方面，最著名的廠家當(dāng)數(shù)Philips公司。 </p><p>　　Philips公司以其在嵌入式應(yīng)用方面的巨大優(yōu)勢，將MCS-51從單片微型計算機(jī)迅速發(fā)展到微控制器。因此，當(dāng)我們回顧嵌入式系統(tǒng)發(fā)展道路時，不要忘記Intel和Philips的歷史功績。 </p><p>　　3.單片機(jī)是嵌入式系統(tǒng)的獨立發(fā)展之路，向MCU階段發(fā)展的重要因素，就是尋求應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)在芯片上的最大化解決；因此，專

44、用單片機(jī)的發(fā)展自然形成了SOC化趨勢。隨著微電子技術(shù)、IC設(shè)計、EDA工具的發(fā)展，基于SOC的單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)設(shè)計會有較大的發(fā)展。因此，對單片機(jī)的理解可以從單片微型計算機(jī)、單片微控制器延伸到單片應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)。</p><p><b>　　單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域</b></p><p>　　目前單片機(jī)滲透到我們生活的各個領(lǐng)域，幾乎很難找到哪個領(lǐng)域沒有單片機(jī)的蹤跡。導(dǎo)彈的導(dǎo)航裝置，飛

45、機(jī)上各種儀表的控制，計算機(jī)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊與數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，工業(yè)自動化過程的實時控制和數(shù)據(jù)處理，廣泛使用的各種智能IC卡，民用豪華轎車的安全保障系統(tǒng)，錄像機(jī)、攝像機(jī)、全自動洗衣機(jī)的控制，以及程控玩具、電子寵物等等，這些都離不開單片機(jī)。更不用說自動控制領(lǐng)域的機(jī)器人、智能儀表、醫(yī)療器械了。因此，單片機(jī)的學(xué)習(xí)、開發(fā)與應(yīng)用將造就一批計算機(jī)應(yīng)用與智能化控制的科學(xué)家、工程師。</p><p>　　單片機(jī)廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表、家用電器、醫(yī)用

46、設(shè)備、航空航天、專用設(shè)備的智能化管理及過程控制等領(lǐng)域，大致可分如下幾個范疇：</p><p>　　1.在智能儀器儀表上的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　單片機(jī)具有體積小、功耗低、控制功能強、擴(kuò)展靈活、微型化和使用方便等優(yōu)點，廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表中，結(jié)合不同類型的傳感器，可實現(xiàn)諸如電壓、功率、頻率、濕度、溫度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、長度、硬度、元素、壓力等物理量的測量。采用單片機(jī)控制使得儀器儀表數(shù)

47、字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用電子或數(shù)字電路更加強大。例如精密的測量設(shè)備（功率計，示波器，各種分析儀）。</p><p>　　2.在工業(yè)控制中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　用單片機(jī)可以構(gòu)成形式多樣的控制系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)。例如工廠流水線的智能化管理，電梯智能化控制、各種報警系統(tǒng)，與計算機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng)構(gòu)成二級控制系統(tǒng)等。</p><p>　　3.在家用電器中的應(yīng)用<

48、/p><p>　　可以這樣說，現(xiàn)在的家用電器基本上都采用了單片機(jī)控制，從電飯褒、洗衣機(jī)、電冰箱、空調(diào)機(jī)、彩電、其他音響視頻器材、再到電子秤量設(shè)備，五花八門，無所不在。</p><p>　　4.在計算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代的單片機(jī)普遍具備通信接口，可以很方便地與計算機(jī)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)通信，為在計算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信設(shè)備間的應(yīng)用提供了極好的物質(zhì)條件，現(xiàn)在的通信

49、設(shè)備基本上都實現(xiàn)了單片機(jī)智能控制，從手機(jī)，電話機(jī)、小型程控交換機(jī)、樓宇自動通信呼叫系統(tǒng)、列車無線通信、再到日常工作中隨處可見的移動電話，集群移動通信，無線電對講機(jī)等。</p><p>　　5.單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備中的用途亦相當(dāng)廣泛，例如醫(yī)用呼吸機(jī)，各種分析儀，監(jiān)護(hù)儀，超聲診斷設(shè)備及病床呼叫系統(tǒng)等等。</p><p>　　

50、6.在各種大型電器中的模塊化應(yīng)用</p><p>　　某些專用單片機(jī)設(shè)計用于實現(xiàn)特定功能，從而在各種電路中進(jìn)行模塊化應(yīng)用，而不要求使用人員了解其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。如音樂集成單片機(jī)，看似簡單的功能，微縮在純電子芯片中（有別于磁帶機(jī)的原理），就需要復(fù)雜的類似于計算機(jī)的原理。如：音樂信號以數(shù)字的形式存于存儲器中（類似于ROM），由微控制器讀出，轉(zhuǎn)化為模擬音樂電信號（類似于聲卡）。</p><p>　　在

51、大型電路中，這種模塊化應(yīng)用極大地縮小了體積，簡化了電路，降低了損壞、錯誤率，也方便于更換。</p><p>　　此外，單片機(jī)在工商，金融，科研、教育，國防航空航天等領(lǐng)域都有著十分廣泛的用途。</p><p>　　單片機(jī)開創(chuàng)了現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)時代</p><p>　　1.單片機(jī)與嵌入式系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　嵌入式系統(tǒng)源于計算機(jī)的嵌入式應(yīng)用，早

52、期嵌入式系統(tǒng)為通用計算機(jī)經(jīng)改裝后嵌入到對象體系中的各種電子系統(tǒng)，如艦船的自動駕駛儀，輪機(jī)監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)等。嵌入式系統(tǒng)首先是一個計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，其次它被嵌入到對象體系中、在對象體系中實現(xiàn)對象要求的數(shù)據(jù)采集、處理、狀態(tài)顯示、輸出控制等功能，由于嵌入在對象體系中，嵌入式系統(tǒng)的計算機(jī)沒有計算機(jī)的獨立形式及功能。單片機(jī)完全是按照嵌入式系統(tǒng)要求設(shè)計的，因此單片機(jī)是最典型的嵌入式系統(tǒng)。早期的單片機(jī)只是按嵌入式應(yīng)用技術(shù)要求設(shè)計的計算機(jī)單芯片集成，故名單片機(jī)。隨后

53、，單片機(jī)為滿足嵌入式應(yīng)用要求不斷增強其控制功能與外圍接口功能，尤其是突出控制功能，因此國際上已將單片機(jī)正名為微控制器(MCU，Microcontroller Unit)。</p><p>　　2.單片機(jī)構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)將成為主流電子系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　單片機(jī)是器件級計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，它可以嵌入到任何對象體系中去，實現(xiàn)智能化控制。小到微型機(jī)械，如手表、助聽器。集成器件級的低價位，低到幾元

54、、十幾元，足以使單片機(jī)普及到許多民用家電、電子玩具中去。單片機(jī)構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)已深入到各家各戶，正改變我們的生活，如家庭中的音響、電視機(jī)、洗衣機(jī)、微波爐、電話、防盜系統(tǒng)、空調(diào)機(jī)等。單片機(jī)革新了原有電子系統(tǒng)，如微波爐采用單片機(jī)控制后，可方便地進(jìn)行時鐘設(shè)置、程序記憶、功率控制；空調(diào)機(jī)采用單片機(jī)后不但遙控參數(shù)設(shè)置方便，運行狀態(tài)自動變換，還可實現(xiàn)變頻控制。目前許多家用電器如VCD、DVD只有單片機(jī)出現(xiàn)后才可能實現(xiàn)其功能。</p>

55、<p>　　3. 嵌入式系統(tǒng)帶動了整個電子產(chǎn)業(yè)</p><p>　　目前電子元器件產(chǎn)業(yè)除了微處理器、嵌入式系統(tǒng)器件外，大多是圍繞現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)配套的元器件產(chǎn)業(yè)，例如滿足人機(jī)交互用的按鍵，LED/LCD顯示驅(qū)動、LED/LCD顯示單元、語音集成器件等，滿足數(shù)據(jù)采集通道要求的數(shù)字傳感器、ADC、數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊、信號調(diào)理模塊等，滿足伺服驅(qū)動控制的DAC、固體繼電器、步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制器、變頻控制單元等，滿足通信要求

56、的各種總線驅(qū)動器、電平轉(zhuǎn)換器等。</p><p>　　世界電子元器件在嵌入式系統(tǒng)帶動下，沿著充分滿足嵌入式應(yīng)用的現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)要求發(fā)展。這就使原來經(jīng)典電子系統(tǒng)的天地愈來愈小。電子系統(tǒng)中的各類從業(yè)人員應(yīng)盡早轉(zhuǎn)向現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)的康莊大道。</p><p>　　單片機(jī)將造就新一代電子精英</p><p>　　如果說五十年代起，無線電世界造就了幾代精英，那么當(dāng)今的單片機(jī)世界將會

57、造就出新一代電子精英。</p><p>　　1. 單片機(jī)帶你進(jìn)入智能化電子領(lǐng)域</p><p>　　若將經(jīng)典電子系統(tǒng)當(dāng)作一個僵死的電子系統(tǒng)，那么智能化的現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)則是一個具有“生命”的電子系統(tǒng)。單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的硬件結(jié)構(gòu)給予電子系統(tǒng)“身軀”，單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用程序賦予其“生命”。例如，在設(shè)計智能化儀器顯示器的顯示功能時，可在開機(jī)時顯示系統(tǒng)自檢結(jié)果，未進(jìn)入工作時顯示各種待機(jī)狀態(tài)，儀器運行

58、時顯示運行過程，工作結(jié)束后可顯示當(dāng)前結(jié)果、自檢結(jié)果、原始數(shù)據(jù)、各種處理報表等。在無人值守時，可給定各種自動運行功能。</p><p>　　電子系統(tǒng)的智能化為無止境境界，常常不需硬件資源的增添就能實現(xiàn)各種翻新功能。這也是當(dāng)前許多家用電器功能大量增設(shè)的因素之一。</p><p>　　2. 單片機(jī)帶你進(jìn)入計算機(jī)工控領(lǐng)域</p><p>　　21世紀(jì)是全人類進(jìn)入計算機(jī)時代

59、的世紀(jì)，許多人不是在制造計算機(jī)便是在使用計算機(jī)。在使用計算機(jī)的人們中，只有從事嵌入式系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用的人才真正地進(jìn)入到計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)部軟、硬件體系中，才能真正領(lǐng)會計算機(jī)的智能化本質(zhì)并掌握智能化設(shè)計的知識。從學(xué)習(xí)單片機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)入手是當(dāng)今培養(yǎng)計算機(jī)應(yīng)用軟、硬件技術(shù)人才的最佳道路之一。</p><p>　　3. 單片機(jī)帶你進(jìn)入最具魅力的電子世界</p><p>　　獨具魅力的單片機(jī)能使你體會到電腦的真

60、諦，你可以用單片機(jī)親自動手設(shè)計智能玩具，可以設(shè)計不同的應(yīng)用程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)不同的功能。既有硬件制作又有軟件設(shè)計，既動腦、又動手。初級水平可開發(fā)智能玩具，用宏指令編程。中級水平可開發(fā)一些智能控制器，如電腦鼠、智能車、各種遙控模型。高級水平可開發(fā)機(jī)器人，如機(jī)器人足球賽，開發(fā)工業(yè)控制單元，網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信等，并用匯編語言或高級語言設(shè)計應(yīng)用程序。圍繞單片機(jī)及嵌入式系統(tǒng)形成的電子產(chǎn)業(yè)的未來，將會為電子愛好者提供廣闊的天地，一個比當(dāng)年無線電世界更廣闊、更豐富、更持