外文翻譯--工業(yè)工程的介紹

1、<p><b>　　中文5560字</b></p><p><b>　　附錄A 譯文</b></p><p><b>　　工業(yè)工程的介紹</b></p><p>　　工業(yè)工程（Industrial Engineering﹐簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)I.E.）是一門(mén)新興的工程科學(xué)。早在1881年左右，泰勒（Fred

2、erick W. Taylor）就已具有工業(yè)工程的觀念，但實(shí)際上工業(yè)工程這門(mén)學(xué)問(wèn)卻在1920年代才開(kāi)始，到二次大戰(zhàn)后才略具雛型。在國(guó)外，泰勒首先提倡「時(shí)學(xué)研究」，而紀(jì)爾布雷斯夫婦（F.B & Gilbreths）則為「工學(xué)研究」的創(chuàng)始人。（編注：有關(guān)時(shí)學(xué)工學(xué)的起源，可看另頁(yè)「工業(yè)工程的兩個(gè)小故事」一文。）直到1930年代他們的研究才受到大眾的重視，而正式成為工時(shí)學(xué)（motion and time study），如今工時(shí)學(xué)可說(shuō)是工

3、業(yè)工程的領(lǐng)域中最基本的一部分，也是傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)工程的基本觀念。</p><p>　　當(dāng)初，工時(shí)學(xué)的定義是指對(duì)于完成一項(xiàng)工作的操作方法、材料、工具與設(shè)備，及其所需的時(shí)間，加以研究。而其目的在1.尋求最經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的工作方法；2.進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)并規(guī)定因此所選定的工作方法、材料標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、工具規(guī)格及設(shè)備要求的理想標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；3.研究并制定工人完工所需的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間；4.訓(xùn)練并切實(shí)實(shí)行新方法。</p><p><b&g

4、t;　　一、工業(yè)工程的定義</b></p><p>　　美國(guó)工業(yè)工程師學(xué)會(huì)（AIIE）對(duì)工業(yè)工程的定義是：工業(yè)工程是對(duì)人員、物料及設(shè)備等，從事整個(gè)系統(tǒng)之設(shè)計(jì)改進(jìn)及運(yùn)用的一門(mén)科學(xué)。它利用數(shù)學(xué)、自然科學(xué)與社會(huì)科學(xué)的專(zhuān)門(mén)知識(shí)及技巧，并利用工程分析與設(shè)計(jì)的原理和方法，來(lái)規(guī)劃、預(yù)測(cè)，并評(píng)估由此及其有關(guān)系統(tǒng)中所獲得的效果。</p><p>　　從上述的定義，讀者或許可獲知一個(gè)大概。概括而言

5、，所有人類(lèi)及非人類(lèi)參與的活動(dòng)，只要有動(dòng)作出現(xiàn)的，都可應(yīng)用工業(yè)工程的原理原則，以及工業(yè)工程的一套系統(tǒng)化的技術(shù)，經(jīng)由最佳途徑達(dá)到目的。譬如工業(yè)工程中的動(dòng)作連貫性分析（operation sequence），由于人類(lèi)的任何一種動(dòng)作都有連貫性，因此把各動(dòng)作經(jīng)仔細(xì)分析，分成一個(gè)個(gè)微細(xì)單元，刪掉不必要的動(dòng)作，合并可連接的動(dòng)作，以達(dá)到工作簡(jiǎn)化、動(dòng)作經(jīng)濟(jì)、省時(shí)省工之目的。</p><p><b>　　二、工業(yè)工程的意識(shí)

6、</b></p><p>　　工業(yè)工程意識(shí)大體分為五個(gè)意識(shí)。成本效率意識(shí)，系統(tǒng)意識(shí)，成功環(huán)境意識(shí)，簡(jiǎn)化和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化意識(shí)，人本意識(shí)。</p><p>　　關(guān)于成本和浪費(fèi)的意識(shí)，但當(dāng)我們到一個(gè)企業(yè)真實(shí)去看的時(shí)候，我們經(jīng)常會(huì)聽(tīng)到車(chē)間有人說(shuō)，看我們車(chē)間所有的人都在忙，他認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)環(huán)境很好的局面，但你仔細(xì)觀察就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，忙與忙不一樣。例如，一個(gè)企業(yè)研發(fā)部，他們每年要開(kāi)發(fā)幾十個(gè)產(chǎn)品，每個(gè)人都很

7、忙。當(dāng)你看到一些現(xiàn)象，你會(huì)問(wèn)這些是浪費(fèi)嗎？舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，加工過(guò)剩的浪費(fèi)，明明要求的加工精度是一毫米，你要加工到0.5毫米，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)認(rèn)為工人干的比他要求的還好，但是從工業(yè)工程的角度來(lái)講，這就是一種浪費(fèi)，因?yàn)椴恍枰?。還有如我們看到在車(chē)間現(xiàn)場(chǎng)有各種各樣的搬運(yùn)，如果從工業(yè)工程的角度來(lái)講，所有的搬運(yùn)都應(yīng)該取消，因?yàn)榘徇\(yùn)不產(chǎn)生任何的價(jià)值。還有很多種浪費(fèi)，如動(dòng)作浪費(fèi)、等待浪費(fèi)等。當(dāng)你簡(jiǎn)單到車(chē)間走走就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些浪費(fèi)的地方到處都是，而浪費(fèi)掉的都是效益。不能使原

8、料變?yōu)楫a(chǎn)品的支作都是浪費(fèi)</p><p>　　工業(yè)工程另一個(gè)重要的意識(shí)是系統(tǒng)意識(shí)，工業(yè)工程永遠(yuǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)你不要只關(guān)注單個(gè)的元素，你要關(guān)注整個(gè)系統(tǒng)。工業(yè)工程研究從泰勒時(shí)代我們研究的動(dòng)作經(jīng)濟(jì)性和流程經(jīng)濟(jì)性，到五六十年代，我們研究的是作業(yè)管理，是整個(gè)作業(yè)系統(tǒng)如何更好的優(yōu)化，而到了今天工業(yè)工程視野更加廣泛，不僅優(yōu)化自己還要優(yōu)化別人，研究做整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈上怎樣運(yùn)作是成本最低效率最高，所以工業(yè)工程是一個(gè)不斷進(jìn)化的學(xué)科，是個(gè)系統(tǒng)越來(lái)越大

9、的學(xué)科，我們總是希望在一個(gè)大系統(tǒng)中達(dá)到最優(yōu)的效果。從技術(shù)發(fā)展的角度來(lái)講，供應(yīng)鏈管理是作業(yè)方法和作業(yè)系統(tǒng)的高級(jí)階段，但是如果沒(méi)有前兩個(gè)的基礎(chǔ)，你是爬不上去的。就好象我們現(xiàn)在很多企業(yè)做ERP，MRP，要做生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃，可是連作業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都沒(méi)有，實(shí)際上做了不可能有好效果，大家想想，每個(gè)作業(yè)都不確定，每個(gè)作業(yè)的時(shí)間有可能兩分鐘，有可能兩個(gè)小時(shí)，你的生產(chǎn)作業(yè)計(jì)劃能排的很好嗎？所以90%的企業(yè)在用MRP、ERP的時(shí)候都遇到這個(gè)問(wèn)題。所以工業(yè)工程的三個(gè)階段，

10、盡管是一個(gè)比一個(gè)更高的階段，但又是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的階段，是互為基礎(chǔ)的。</p><p>　　工業(yè)工程的另一個(gè)系統(tǒng)意識(shí)是指營(yíng)造一個(gè)成功的系統(tǒng)。要在一個(gè)企業(yè)里獲得成功是需要一個(gè)努力。成功包含三個(gè)方面，一個(gè)叫戰(zhàn)略，定位的戰(zhàn)略要很準(zhǔn)確；第二是你的作業(yè)，你的系統(tǒng)要正確，我們稱(chēng)之為作業(yè)改進(jìn)。第三我們稱(chēng)為實(shí)現(xiàn)成功的環(huán)境。假如你的目標(biāo)正確，你的系統(tǒng)也很好，但是大家不與你同心協(xié)力，你還是不能成功，或是企業(yè)外部環(huán)境不好，如公眾認(rèn)為你有污染

11、，也不能成功。所以一個(gè)企業(yè)要做成功，要有三個(gè)方面。傳統(tǒng)的工業(yè)工程的作用是第二個(gè)方面，是作業(yè)改進(jìn)，是工業(yè)工程最經(jīng)典的功能。但今天工業(yè)工程師要在大系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮作用，就要在三個(gè)方面都要發(fā)揮作用。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，一個(gè)叫“做正確的事”，一個(gè)叫“正確的做事”工業(yè)工程傳統(tǒng)的功能是講正確的做事，我們總是發(fā)明更好的辦法，做事做的更漂亮，成本更低。今天工業(yè)工程也要放一只眼盯住不要做錯(cuò)誤的事情，兩個(gè)方面都要關(guān)注，這是問(wèn)題的辨證意識(shí)。</p>&

12、lt;p>　　工作簡(jiǎn)化和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化意識(shí)。簡(jiǎn)化是是消除浪費(fèi)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化是說(shuō)大家要有一個(gè)群體習(xí)慣，才能使系統(tǒng)達(dá)到最佳。</p><p>　　人本意識(shí)就是安全、愉悅。筆者看到一個(gè)事情不合理，所有的工廠機(jī)床邊都有一個(gè)工人站的木版，工人要站在木版上操作，大概所有的機(jī)床廠商在設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)床是，不會(huì)考慮你的木版有多高，所以工人操作的時(shí)候腰彎的很低很難受，這就是人本意識(shí)。你在設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)機(jī)床是就要考慮到這個(gè)問(wèn)題，如果設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)床是沒(méi)有考慮，那么

13、在設(shè)計(jì)木版時(shí)就要考慮，你不能讓工人很勞累。我們?cè)谀抢镒鲗?shí)驗(yàn)工人的效率很低，他要來(lái)來(lái)回回的腰彎，工人會(huì)更加辛苦。傳統(tǒng)的工業(yè)工程給人一個(gè)壞名聲，把人看作機(jī)器，就象剛才的電影片段一樣。但是現(xiàn)代工業(yè)工程我們非常強(qiáng)調(diào)人本，所以，我們有時(shí)把工業(yè)工程中的人因工效學(xué)，也稱(chēng)為人本科技。</p><p><b>　　三、工業(yè)工程的方法</b></p><p>　　我們講過(guò)意識(shí)之后來(lái)談工業(yè)

14、工程的方法，它主要的學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)是兩類(lèi)，一個(gè)是運(yùn)籌學(xué)，是廣義的運(yùn)籌學(xué)，包括規(guī)劃論、決策論、統(tǒng)計(jì)等，我們都稱(chēng)為運(yùn)籌學(xué)。另外一個(gè)領(lǐng)域是人類(lèi)工效學(xué)，基礎(chǔ)是工業(yè)生理學(xué)和工業(yè)心理學(xué)，主要研究人在環(huán)境中怎樣更好發(fā)揮作用。中間還有一部分叫信息工程?？傊\(yùn)籌學(xué)和人類(lèi)工效學(xué)是我們工業(yè)工程兩大基礎(chǔ)，一個(gè)是說(shuō)系統(tǒng)怎樣優(yōu)化，一個(gè)是說(shuō)人怎樣更好的發(fā)揮作用。</p><p>　　應(yīng)用的問(wèn)題，我們應(yīng)用在兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)上，一個(gè)是制造系統(tǒng)，一個(gè)是服務(wù)系統(tǒng)。

15、服務(wù)系統(tǒng)含義很廣，比如物流、運(yùn)輸?shù)?，制造系統(tǒng)包括生產(chǎn)流水線等。應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域也很廣，在亞洲多在制造業(yè)系統(tǒng)，在北美，更多的應(yīng)用在如醫(yī)院、銀行、物流等領(lǐng)域。</p><p>　　我們?cè)诮榻B一些基本工具分別在工業(yè)系統(tǒng)上，供應(yīng)鏈層次上，我們針對(duì)制造業(yè)來(lái)談，講一下，生產(chǎn)管理的十大戰(zhàn)略決策，還有一些生產(chǎn)管理的思潮。這些思潮有些人搞不清楚，覺(jué)得有很多新名詞，其實(shí)當(dāng)大家學(xué)了工業(yè)工程的基本工具就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些新名詞，無(wú)非是這些基本工具的應(yīng)

16、用，不過(guò)是著重點(diǎn)在不同的方面，基本的原理是一樣的。</p><p>　　一個(gè)就是工作研究，表示對(duì)你的工作，對(duì)你作業(yè)的流程及作業(yè)本身、作業(yè)的動(dòng)作進(jìn)行分析，來(lái)判斷你的方法是否可以改進(jìn)，如泰勒的“鐵鍬實(shí)驗(yàn)”，吉爾布雷斯著名的砌轉(zhuǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)，他通過(guò)對(duì)動(dòng)作進(jìn)行分析，結(jié)果是使工人砌轉(zhuǎn)從每小時(shí)砌轉(zhuǎn)150塊提高到350塊。這些都是方法改進(jìn)研究；隨后我們要做時(shí)間研究，確定工作的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間，讓所有的工人都按這樣的時(shí)間和方法工作?？梢钥闯觯?/p>

17、作研究是非常局部化的研究。從研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)，工作改進(jìn)的余地是很大的，，由于產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)造成的廢品，工作方法不正確產(chǎn)生的無(wú)效工作時(shí)間，管理的缺失造成工人的等待，工人不按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工作等等造成大量的浪費(fèi)，真正在有用工作的時(shí)間其實(shí)很短。事實(shí)上我們?nèi)スS，隨便做一些研究工作，使工廠效率提高20%-30%，是非常簡(jiǎn)單一件事，而且不需要做很多培訓(xùn)。</p><p>　　工作研究有很多工具，包括探索工具，分析和表達(dá)工具，如魚(yú)刺圖、直方圖、網(wǎng)

18、絡(luò)圖等，典型的記錄分析工具-流程圖。面條圖可以發(fā)現(xiàn)擺放是否合理。還有仿真工具。我們知道，實(shí)際的生產(chǎn)不可能是完全確定性的，經(jīng)常是隨機(jī)的因素起重要作用，對(duì)于隨機(jī)因素而言，我們需要用比較復(fù)雜的仿真工具來(lái)看看在隨機(jī)情況下的表現(xiàn)。除了做方法研究以外還要做工作測(cè)量，就是制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間先要有一個(gè)觀察時(shí)間，還要有一套評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)，就是要做一個(gè)矯正，如果觀察的工人很強(qiáng)壯，矯正就要放長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。寬放時(shí)間是要確定寬放率，因?yàn)槿水吘共皇菣C(jī)器，寬放包括三類(lèi)，個(gè)人

19、寬放，疲勞寬放（有些工作很容易疲勞），不可避免的延遲?？赡墚a(chǎn)生的等待，如流水線不可能保證每個(gè)工位100%的一樣。對(duì)于作業(yè)我們關(guān)注兩個(gè)問(wèn)題，一是作業(yè)的方法怎樣改進(jìn)，一個(gè)是作業(yè)時(shí)間怎樣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。</p><p>　　我們進(jìn)入更上一個(gè)層次，是作業(yè)系統(tǒng)的問(wèn)題，整個(gè)生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)有很多人在工作，你怎樣保證效益。效益的目標(biāo)是要滿足市場(chǎng)需求，設(shè)備利用能力，合理庫(kù)存，整體成本最低（勞動(dòng)力成本要低、設(shè)備成本要低、庫(kù)存成本要低）這就是生產(chǎn)計(jì)

20、劃與控制的目標(biāo)。生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃包括計(jì)劃階段、庫(kù)存管理階段、能力平衡階段和生產(chǎn)控制階段。從生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃策略來(lái)講，有兩種可能，一是需要改變能力，另一種是改變需求。生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃第一階段是制定生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃大綱，第二個(gè)階段，庫(kù)存計(jì)劃階段，有兩個(gè)主要概念，獨(dú)立需求控制和非獨(dú)立需求控制，獨(dú)立需求控制指庫(kù)存的產(chǎn)品獨(dú)立與其他產(chǎn)品無(wú)關(guān)，非獨(dú)立需求產(chǎn)品是與其他庫(kù)存產(chǎn)品有關(guān)，舉例在汽車(chē)廠中輪胎就是與其他庫(kù)存有關(guān)，每輛車(chē)都要有4個(gè)輪胎和6塊玻璃加一個(gè)備胎，所以每備六塊玻璃一定備5

21、個(gè)輪胎，這就是相關(guān)需求。這兩個(gè)需求就構(gòu)成了我們庫(kù)存管理的兩個(gè)最重要的理論，一個(gè)是經(jīng)濟(jì)批量的理論，存貨越多庫(kù)存持有成本越大，你的定貨批量越大，單件價(jià)格越低，綜合兩點(diǎn)，我們會(huì)得到一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)定貨批量，總有一個(gè)最小點(diǎn)權(quán)衡了持有成本和定貨成本。這一理論已被廣泛應(yīng)用。相關(guān)庫(kù)存管理的原理就是著名的MRP的原理。一個(gè)產(chǎn)品有多個(gè)部件組成，每個(gè)部件又由多個(gè)零件組成，每個(gè)零件</p><p>　　今天我們更關(guān)注供應(yīng)鏈系統(tǒng)，供應(yīng)鏈管理的基

22、本模型是：供應(yīng)商開(kāi)始到制造商到批發(fā)商到顧客，通過(guò)這樣一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，目標(biāo)是怎樣把顧客需要的產(chǎn)品以最低的成本在合適的時(shí)間送到顧客手上。看起來(lái)簡(jiǎn)單的問(wèn)題，做起來(lái)十分復(fù)雜。供應(yīng)鏈管理的問(wèn)題分成三塊，一塊是網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃，對(duì)于一個(gè)制造企業(yè)來(lái)講，你的制造廠設(shè)在哪里，你的物流中心設(shè)在哪里，你的零售商會(huì)在哪個(gè)地點(diǎn)，這是需要設(shè)計(jì)的。第二個(gè)稱(chēng)為倉(cāng)庫(kù)規(guī)劃。你的倉(cāng)庫(kù)建成什么形式，你的庫(kù)存怎樣進(jìn)行管理，要確定你的最低庫(kù)存和最高庫(kù)存到底應(yīng)該是多少？第三個(gè)稱(chēng)為運(yùn)輸規(guī)劃，如在運(yùn)

23、輸中是大車(chē)大批量運(yùn)還是小車(chē)小批量遠(yuǎn)？是從一個(gè)點(diǎn)出發(fā)再返回，還是走一個(gè)環(huán)形的路線？送貨和取貨應(yīng)該在兩個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中還是在一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中？等等。很多我們要做決策。上述構(gòu)成了供應(yīng)鏈管理三各主要內(nèi)容。</p><p>　　以上，我們簡(jiǎn)單的回顧了工業(yè)工程最基本的方法，我們從一個(gè)很小的系統(tǒng)到一個(gè)很大的系統(tǒng)。對(duì)于工業(yè)工程在制造上的應(yīng)用，從工業(yè)工程的視角上主要解決這樣幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：一是研究質(zhì)量管理；一個(gè)是研究產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)題，工藝能力設(shè)計(jì)

24、問(wèn)題，我們需要什么樣的工藝，需要多大的廠，就能滿足需求。工廠放在什么地方？配送的供應(yīng)鏈放在什么地方，工廠內(nèi)布局應(yīng)該如何，設(shè)備怎樣擺放，人力資源和工作設(shè)計(jì)，如何建立一個(gè)合理的工作環(huán)境，供應(yīng)鏈管理，那些需要購(gòu)買(mǎi)，那些可以自己做，如何同供應(yīng)商建立好關(guān)系，庫(kù)存管理，設(shè)備維護(hù)等等。</p><p><b>　　四、工業(yè)工程的實(shí)踐</b></p><p>　　大家常聽(tīng)到一些名詞不

25、是工業(yè)工程的原理，而是工業(yè)工程的實(shí)踐。如持續(xù)改進(jìn)；全面質(zhì)量保證和六西格瑪，是質(zhì)量工程的實(shí)踐；流程重組和精益制造，是從流程的角度看怎樣減少浪費(fèi)；準(zhǔn)時(shí)制生產(chǎn)（JIT），也是一種實(shí)踐的方法，就是零庫(kù)存，它的原理在于，庫(kù)存很多時(shí)，很多問(wèn)題被隱藏，你不能發(fā)現(xiàn)，庫(kù)存減少時(shí)，問(wèn)題被發(fā)現(xiàn)，如不可靠的供應(yīng)商或廢品問(wèn)題，你就要去改進(jìn)。當(dāng)庫(kù)存再減少時(shí)你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的問(wèn)題，通過(guò)改善這些問(wèn)題，來(lái)改善企業(yè)的系統(tǒng)。實(shí)踐的問(wèn)題說(shuō)明工業(yè)工業(yè)工程的理論不是簡(jiǎn)單的應(yīng)用，在實(shí)際

26、中通過(guò)很多的方法，來(lái)保證工業(yè)工程理論實(shí)施的效果。</p><p>　　我們今天面臨很多的挑戰(zhàn)，如服務(wù)業(yè)變得越來(lái)越重要，國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和全球化，效益不能只看在國(guó)內(nèi)的效益標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，環(huán)境和資源問(wèn)題越來(lái)越重要，我們需要跨供應(yīng)鏈的管理而不是只管理好自己，所以對(duì)工業(yè)工程來(lái)說(shuō)，盡管在美國(guó)應(yīng)用很廣，但是在中國(guó)，我們還要做很多工作，因?yàn)槲覀兤髽I(yè)中工業(yè)工程的基礎(chǔ)確實(shí)太低，有大量的基礎(chǔ)的工作要做。另外工業(yè)工程本身也要發(fā)展，畢竟技術(shù)環(huán)境改變。計(jì)算

27、機(jī)的應(yīng)用，到今天MRP、ERP非常普及。我們?nèi)绾稳プ?，需要新的方法。同時(shí)工業(yè)工程需要更系統(tǒng)的視野，包括你要系統(tǒng)的看作業(yè)系統(tǒng)，也包括你要系統(tǒng)的看工業(yè)工程與其他學(xué)科的關(guān)系，這對(duì)工業(yè)工程非常重要。</p><p><b>　　五、工業(yè)工程的未來(lái)</b></p><p>　　從上面種種的說(shuō)明，工業(yè)工程師只能在工廠中工作嗎？實(shí)際上，在已開(kāi)發(fā)國(guó)家中，工業(yè)工程早已應(yīng)用于工廠以外的地

28、方了。像醫(yī)院、農(nóng)場(chǎng)、餐廳、旅社、郵局、銀行、交通事業(yè)、建設(shè)業(yè)、軍事機(jī)構(gòu)以及各政府部門(mén)，都有用到工業(yè)工程之處。</p><p>　　國(guó)內(nèi)，一些醫(yī)院也已聘用學(xué)工業(yè)工程的人員，負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)備配置、人員運(yùn)用、藥品存量管制、數(shù)據(jù)流等工作（像馬偕醫(yī)院即屬此例）。這種應(yīng)用可說(shuō)是工業(yè)工程的延伸。目前工業(yè)工程的領(lǐng)域已不限于工業(yè)界，為此，工業(yè)工程的名稱(chēng)已不能涵蓋它的范圍了。</p><p>　　在國(guó)內(nèi)，工業(yè)工程雖有

29、軍方事業(yè)和國(guó)民事業(yè)率先實(shí)施，但是真正使它開(kāi)花的，還是那些外資工廠。由于他們令人艷羨的成效，也說(shuō)服了許多國(guó)資工廠開(kāi)始注意這個(gè)新的玩意兒，多年來(lái)工業(yè)工程師的求才廣告增多了，這正是工業(yè)工程開(kāi)始在我國(guó)普遍被接受的一個(gè)明確證明。</p><p>　　最近幾年來(lái)，由于能源缺乏、原料上漲、工人短缺，國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日趨劇烈，公害問(wèn)題普遍受到注意，工業(yè)工程師在國(guó)內(nèi)必然將成時(shí)代的寵兒，殆無(wú)疑問(wèn)。</p><p>

30、;　　在另外一方面，電子計(jì)算器的發(fā)展，工業(yè)工程這個(gè)學(xué)門(mén)也正在迅速的擴(kuò)張它的領(lǐng)域，在國(guó)外，系統(tǒng)工程（System Engineering）、作業(yè)研究（Operaions Research）已經(jīng)成為工業(yè)工程的延伸。利用它們來(lái)解決那些存在于企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)的大而復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題。這個(gè)趨勢(shì)無(wú)疑的將是我國(guó)的工業(yè)工程發(fā)展的方向。</p><p><b>　　附錄B 外文文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p&

31、gt;　　Industrial Engineering Introduction</p><p>　　Industrial Engineering (Industrial Engineering, referred to as I.E.) is a new engineering science. As early as 1881, Taylor (Frederick W. Taylor) has been wi

32、th industrial engineering concepts, but in fact the industrial engineering this knowledge is in the 1920's began after World War Two, to only a prototype. In foreign countries, Taylor first advocated "when scien

33、ce research", and Ki M Blaise's couple (F.B & Gilbreths) is the founder of engineering research. ". (editor's note: the origin of Sc</p><p>　　At the outset, working definitions refers t

34、o the method of operation, complete a work of materials, tools and equipment, and the time required, to study. The aim in 1 to seek work method is the most economic and effective; 2 confirmed and working methods, so the

35、material standard, ideal standard and equipment requirements; 3 study and formulate standard time workers completed the required; 4 training and implement new methods.</p><p>　　The definition of a, industria

36、l engineering</p><p>　　American Institute of Industrial Engineers (AIIE) on the definition of industrial engineering is: "industrial engineering is the personnel, materials and equipment, a science in t

37、he whole system design improvement and application. It uses the specialized knowledge and skills in mathematics, natural science and social science, and use the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design,

38、planning, forecasting, and evaluate the obtained thereby and related system in effect. "</p><p>　　From the above definition, the reader may know a general. Generally speaking, all human and non human ac

39、tivities, as long as there is movement, can the principles of application of industrial engineering, technical and industrial engineering a system, the best way to achieve the purpose of. For example, in industrial engin

40、eering motion coherence analysis (operation sequence), as a result of any kind of human actions are consistent, so the action after careful analysis, into a fine unit, eliminat</p><p>　　Two, industrial engin

41、eering consciousness</p><p>　　Industrial engineering consciousness can be roughly divided into five consciousness. Cost efficiency consciousness, awareness of system, the success of environmental awareness,

42、simplification and standardization awareness, the awareness of the people.</p><p>　　I just pick some talk, about the cost and waste of consciousness. But when we get to a real business to see, we often hear

43、the workshop director said proudly, we see the workshop all the people in the busy, he thinks this is a very good situation, but careful observation you will find, is not the same as the busy and busy. For example, last

44、month we went to the R & D Department of an enterprise, each of them to the development of dozens of products, everyone is busy. The director told me: he lik</p><p>　　Industrial engineering is another im

45、portant consciousness is the awareness of industrial engineering system, always emphasized that you do not only focus on a single element, you must pay attention to the whole system. Industrial engineering research we Ta

46、ylor from the era of economy and process of economic operation, to the fifty or sixty's, we study the operation management, optimizing the operating system how to better, but today the industrial engineering field mo

47、re and more widely, not only</p><p>　　Another sense of system of industrial engineering is to create a successful system. To be in a business where success is need an effort. Success consists of three aspect

48、s, one is called strategy, positioning strategy should be very accurate; the second is your homework, to correct your system, which we call the improvement of operation. Third we are called to achieve successful environm

49、ent. If your goal is correct, your system is also very good, but we do not and you unite in a concerted effort,</p><p>　　Work simplification and standardization. Simplification is to eliminate waste, standar

50、dization is that you have a group of habits, in order to make the system achieve the best</p><p>　　The awareness of the people is safe, pleasant. I just came back from a factory in Shanghai, see a thing is n

51、ot reasonable, all factory machine side a worker stands woodblock, workers should stand on the board operation, probably all of the machine tool manufacturers in the design of machine tool, will not consider your wood is

52、 high, waist bent, so when the workers the operation of people is very low very uncomfortable. I think, this is the awareness of the people. In the design of this machine i</p><p>　　Methods three, industrial

53、 engineering</p><p>　　Then we talked about consciousness of industrial engineering methods, it is the main subject foundation of two types, one is the operations research, is generalized to operations resear

54、ch, including the planning theory, decision theory, statistics and so on, we are called operations research. Another area is ergonomics, is based on the physiology of industry and industrial psychology, the main research

55、 people play a role in how to better the environment. There is a section called the information</p><p>　　Application of the problem, we used in the two systems, one is the manufacturing system, is a service

56、system. Service system is a very broad meaning, such as logistics, transportation, manufacturing system includes production line etc.. Application field is very wide, in Asia in the manufacturing system, in North America

57、, more and more applications in such as hospitals, banks, logistics and other fields.</p><p>　　We introduce some basic tools in industrial system, the supply chain level, we focus on the manufacturing indust

58、ry to talk about, talk about, production management ten big strategic decision, and some production management thoughts. These thoughts are not clear, think there are a lot of new words, in fact, when we learn the basic

59、industrial engineering tools will be found, these new terms, it is the application of these basic tools, but is focused on different aspects, the basic principle is the</p><p>　　One is the research, said tha

60、t working for you, for your work flow and work itself, work movement analysis, to determine whether you can be improved, such as Taylor's "shovel experiment", Gilbreth's famous stone to experiment, he p

61、assed on to carry on the analysis, result is to make workers build turns per hour from 150 blocks built up to 350 block. These are the improvement of the method; then we have to do research to determine the standard work

62、 time, time, let all the workers according to the</p><p>　　Research work has many tools, including exploration tool, analysis and expression tool, fishbone diagram, histogram, network diagram, analysis tools

63、 - flow chart of typical records. Noodles can be found display are reasonable. And simulation tools. As we know, the actual production is not completely deterministic, is often random factors play an important role, for

64、the stochastic factors, we need to have a look at the performance by simulation tools more complex. In addition to do research and w</p><p>　　We enter the last level, the operating system is the problem, the

65、 entire production process there are a lot of people at work, how do you ensure that benefits. Benefit goal is to meet the needs of the market, equipment utilization ability, reasonable inventory, the lowest overall cost

66、 (lower labor costs, equipment costs, inventory costs low to low) this is the production plan and control target. Production plan including the planning stage, inventory management stage, stage of production capacit</

67、p><p>　　Four, the practice of Industrial Engineering</p><p>　　Often hear some nouns not principle of industrial engineering, industrial engineering practice but. As the continuous improvement; tota

68、l quality assurance and six sigma, is the practice of quality engineering; process reengineering and lean manufacturing, is how to reduce the waste from the process point of view; the JIT production system (JIT), is a pr

69、actical, zero inventory, lies in its principle, inventory a lot, a lot of problems to be hide, you can't find, inventory reduction, problems are </p><p>　　We face many challenges today, such as the servi

70、ce industry becomes more and more important, international competition and globalization, benefits not only in the benefit the domestic standards, environmental and resource problems are becoming more and more important,

71、 we need to supply chain management not only to manage their own, so the industrial engineering, although in the United States is widely used however, in China, we still need to do a lot of work, because the basic indust

72、rial enginee</p><p>　　Five, the future of Industrial Engineering</p><p>　　From the above description, industrial engineers can only work in the factory? In fact, in developed countries, industri

73、al engineering has been used to outside the workplace. Like hospitals, farms, restaurants, hotel, post offices, banks, transportation, construction, military institutions and government departments, are useful to the ind

74、ustrial engineering.</p><p>　　At home, some hospitals have also employed chemical industry engineering personnel, responsible for the equipment, personnel to use, drug inventory control, data flow and work (

75、like the Mackay Memorial Hospital is in this case). This application is extension of industrial engineering. At present, the field of industrial engineering is not confined to the industry, therefore, the name of industr

76、ial engineering has been unable to cover its scope.</p><p>　　In the domestic, industrial engineering has military career and take the lead in the implementation of national institutions, but really make it b

77、lossom, or those foreign factories. Because of their enviable achievements, has convinced many state-owned factories started to pay attention to the new things, for many years the industrial engineer ads increased, this

78、is a clear proof of industrial engineering in China began to be widely accepted</p><p>　　In recent years, due to the lack of energy, raw material prices, a shortage of workers, the international market compe

79、tition is becoming increasingly fierce, pollution problems for attention, industrial engineers in China will inevitably become the darling of the era, there is no doubt</p><p>　　On the other hand, the develo

80、pment of electronic calculator, industrial engineering field, this study also is rapidly expanding its overseas, system engineering, operations research (System Engineering) (Operaions Research) has become an extension o

81、f industrial engineering. Use them to solve those existing in the management of large and complex problems. This trend will undoubtedly will be the development of China's industrial engineering direction.</p>