建筑畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

1、<p>　　隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,建筑行業(yè)已經(jīng)朝著多元化方向發(fā)展,建筑行業(yè)在我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中起著非常重要的作用。而建筑工程管理工作直接關(guān)系到工程的質(zhì)量、成本管理、人員的安全、企業(yè)的經(jīng)營效益,甚至關(guān)系到企業(yè)的生死存亡,但是我國建筑工程管理在現(xiàn)階段存在許多的不足:管理體制不健全。我國大部分的建筑工程為了節(jié)約人員開支,減少了建筑工程管理機(jī)構(gòu)的人員數(shù)量和質(zhì)量。管理制度深入性不足。建筑行業(yè)的相關(guān)管理制度都是由一些著名的建筑行業(yè)專家等共同研究

2、制定的,但是在各建筑單位中就只是一張紙,他們也都只是為了應(yīng)付上級的檢查,并不能應(yīng)用到建筑工程管理上。</p><p>　　在我國建筑工程管理工作中,難以全面確立我國建筑工程管理思路體系,主要是因為我國缺乏管理理論和經(jīng)驗。建立建筑工程管理思路體系是專業(yè)性較強(qiáng)的問題,其實施必須由資深的建筑學(xué)科專家和具有豐富工作經(jīng)驗的管理人員來組織,只有這樣才能實現(xiàn)。國外建筑行業(yè)無論是技術(shù)還是理論都比較先進(jìn),因此我國在建筑工程管理思路

3、體系的建立過程中,必須借鑒國外的先進(jìn)理念,另外,還必須吸取先進(jìn)的建筑工程管理方法,并對各方面的資料加以綜合和整體。總之,要想確保我國建筑工程管理工作的有序進(jìn)行,必須以健全的工程管理思路體系作為建筑工程總體管理水平提升的基本保障。加強(qiáng)施工質(zhì)量管理,建立合理可行的質(zhì)量保證體系,將工程的質(zhì)量工作落到實處。工程施工企業(yè)要根據(jù)質(zhì)量保證體系,形成行之有效的質(zhì)量保證系統(tǒng),樹立質(zhì)量方針,從而讓其更加有指令性、系統(tǒng)性及可操作性。要將人、材料和機(jī)械各個要素

4、有效結(jié)合起來。</p><p>　　首先,人是質(zhì)量控制的核心,要把人作為控制的推動力,充分調(diào)動人的積極性,樹立工程質(zhì)量第一的觀念。其次,施工材料作為建筑產(chǎn)品的主體,對材料質(zhì)量的控制是工程質(zhì)量控制的關(guān)鍵。最后,工程施工的機(jī)械是進(jìn)行施工機(jī)械化的主要標(biāo)志,對現(xiàn)代化項目施工起到不可缺少的作用,它直接影響了施工項目的進(jìn)度和質(zhì)量,所以,選好用好工程機(jī)械設(shè)備非常重要。所以,應(yīng)該根據(jù)工程項目的具體特點,綜合考慮各種環(huán)境因素,實施

5、有效的施工現(xiàn)場控制,為保證施工質(zhì)量及安全創(chuàng)造良好的外部條件。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)階段建筑工程管理越來越受到人們的重視,項目成本管理是工程管理不可或缺的內(nèi)容。工程管理本質(zhì)特征可以由項目成本管理體現(xiàn)出來。首先,建立項目成本管理責(zé)任制。項目管理人員的成本責(zé)任,不同于工作責(zé)任,工作責(zé)任完成不等于成本責(zé)任完成。在完成工作責(zé)任的同時,還應(yīng)考慮成本責(zé)任的實施,進(jìn)一步明確成本管理責(zé)任,使每個管理者都有成本管理意識,做到精打細(xì)

6、算。其次,對施工隊實行分包成本控制。項目部與施工隊之間建立特定勞務(wù)合同關(guān)系,項目部有權(quán)對施工隊的進(jìn)度、質(zhì)量、安全和現(xiàn)場管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行監(jiān)督管理,同時按合同支付勞務(wù)費(fèi)用。再次,施工隊成本的控制,由施工隊自身管理,項目部不應(yīng)該過多干預(yù)。</p><p>　　為了保證政府監(jiān)督工作的有效性和權(quán)威性,應(yīng)該提高監(jiān)督隊伍的整體素質(zhì)。因此,加強(qiáng)建筑工程質(zhì)量監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)的質(zhì)量管理的學(xué)習(xí),從而使得監(jiān)督隊伍的業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)得以提高。另外,質(zhì)量監(jiān)督手

7、段也要不斷進(jìn)行完善,增加檢測設(shè)備,使得監(jiān)督工作具有較大科技的含量,實現(xiàn)監(jiān)督工作的現(xiàn)代化。從建設(shè)市場的整體來看,市場運(yùn)行的規(guī)則不夠完善。執(zhí)法不嚴(yán),違法不究的現(xiàn)象常常會出現(xiàn)。工程質(zhì)量受到危害在很大程度上都是由于建設(shè)市場的混亂所造成的。因此,政府必須建立健全的運(yùn)行規(guī)則,保證這些規(guī)則能夠真正落實處。</p><p>　　任何一個建設(shè)項目和其他建設(shè)項目比來，在規(guī)模大小，技術(shù)復(fù)雜程度，或者工程性質(zhì)上可能有許多不同之處，但是在

8、工程管理上有許多相同之處。在當(dāng)前激烈的市場競爭中，有的工程公司在保持發(fā)展原有的市場領(lǐng)域上還能夠不斷地開拓并適應(yīng)新的市場。在競爭中不斷發(fā)展壯大，而有的公司卻停滯下前，不斷萎縮，甚至退出市場走向衰亡，究其原因就是沒有建立起一套先進(jìn)、科學(xué)。靈活的工程管理機(jī)制。</p><p>　　影響施工項目質(zhì)量的因素很多，諸如建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的錯位、傾斜、倒塌、破壞、開裂、滲水、漏水、剛度差、強(qiáng)度不足、斷面尺寸不精確等，但究其原因，可以歸納

9、如下：</p><p>　?。?）違背建筑程序。如不經(jīng)可行性論證，不作調(diào)查分析就拍板定案；沒有搞清工程地質(zhì)、水文地質(zhì)就倉促開工；無證設(shè)計；無圖施工；任意修改設(shè)計，不按圖施工；工程竣工不進(jìn)行試車運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，不經(jīng)驗收就交付使用等若干現(xiàn)象，致使不少工程項目留有嚴(yán)重隱患，房屋倒塌事故也時有發(fā)生。</p><p>　?。?）工程地質(zhì)勘察原因。未認(rèn)真進(jìn)行地質(zhì)勘察，提供的地質(zhì)資料，數(shù)據(jù)有誤。地質(zhì)勘察時，鉆孔間

10、距太大，不能全面反映地基的實際情況，如當(dāng)基巖面起伏變化較大時，軟土層厚薄相差亦甚大；地質(zhì)勘察鉆孔深度不夠，沒有查地下軟土層、滑坡、墓穴、孔洞等地層構(gòu)造；地質(zhì)勘察報告不詳細(xì)、不準(zhǔn)確等，均會導(dǎo)致采用錯誤的基礎(chǔ)方案，造成地基不均勻沉降、失穩(wěn)，使上部結(jié)構(gòu)及墻體開裂、破壞、倒塌。</p><p>　　（3）未加固處理好地基。對軟弱土、沖填土、雜填土、濕陷性黃土、膨脹土、巖層出露、溶巖、土洞等不均勻地基未進(jìn)行加固處理或處理不

11、當(dāng)，均是導(dǎo)致重大質(zhì)量問題的原因。必須根據(jù)不同地基的工程特點，按照地基處理應(yīng)與上部結(jié)構(gòu)相結(jié)合，使其共同工作的原則，從地基處理、設(shè)計措施、結(jié)構(gòu)措施、防水措施、施工措施方面綜合考慮治理。</p><p>　?。?）設(shè)計計算問題。設(shè)計考慮不周，結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造不合理，計算簡圖不正確，計算荷載取值過小，內(nèi)力分析有誤，沉降縫及伸縮縫設(shè)置不當(dāng)，懸挑結(jié)構(gòu)未進(jìn)行抗傾覆驗等，都是誘發(fā)質(zhì)量問題的隱患。如某擋土墻工程由于設(shè)計時未了解清楚工程地質(zhì)

12、情況，施工時又未對現(xiàn)場情況進(jìn)行核實，加上施工隊伍在基礎(chǔ)開挖時未能及時將現(xiàn)場地質(zhì)情況反饋給設(shè)計人員，因此，盡管上部結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、施工質(zhì)量良好，但因基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計不合理，以至于使用荷載尚未達(dá)到設(shè)計值的一半，擋土墻就出現(xiàn)了滑移和倒塌。又如某圓筒倉開裂事故，也是由于設(shè)計人員疏忽，在試投產(chǎn)時就簡壁開裂，致使建筑物建成后不能滿足基本的使用要求。</p><p><b>　　工程項目管理措施：</b></p&

13、gt;<p>　　1.必須建立和完善工程管理責(zé)任體系，明確重點，落實責(zé)任</p><p>　　建立和完善工程管理責(zé)任體系，關(guān)系工程管理是否順暢、責(zé)任是否明確、運(yùn)作是否有效的問題，是加強(qiáng)工程管理必須首先解決的問題。受薪資質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的限制，象中鐵十七局這樣的大型建筑施工企業(yè)，在今后相當(dāng)一個時期，得把生存發(fā)展的領(lǐng)域定位于鐵路、公路、市政等工程建筑市場，這要求企業(yè)必須把企業(yè)做強(qiáng)，把工程干好，提高核心競爭力。企業(yè)

14、改制后，集團(tuán)公司和子公司同為市場主體。以資產(chǎn)為紐帶，不再是行政隸屬關(guān)系，通過建立和完善工程管理責(zé)任體系，把工程管理的各個環(huán)節(jié)有效形成一個整體，協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)作，更顯重要。</p><p>　　2.要建立和完善工程處（子公司）為主體的施工管理體制。</p><p>　　這種體制要求工程處亦即子公司必須對施工方案的制定、生產(chǎn)要素的配置、重難點工程的監(jiān)控負(fù)責(zé)。所屬工程項目部主要負(fù)責(zé)施工方案的落實，設(shè)計變

15、更、現(xiàn)場日常管理和通通內(nèi)外關(guān)系；集團(tuán)公司指揮部主要抓組織協(xié)調(diào)、重難點工程的突破和監(jiān)控保障，營造外部環(huán)境，注意處理好與業(yè)主、監(jiān)理、設(shè)計單位和當(dāng)?shù)卣年P(guān)系；集團(tuán)公司主要抓政策措施的制定、高難技術(shù)的咨詢服務(wù)、重點難點工程的監(jiān)督檢查。工程管理部門特別是調(diào)度，要隨時了解掌握現(xiàn)場情況，通暢信息反饋處理渠道，解決現(xiàn)場不能解決的問題。</p><p>　　With the development of our national

16、 economy, the construction industry has been moving in the direction of diversification development, the construction industry in China's economic development plays a very important role. Construction project managem

17、ent is directly related to the project quality, cost management, personnel security, business efficiency, matter to an enterprise even of vital importance, but our country architectural engineering management at present

18、there exist many deficiencie</p><p>　　In our construction management, to establish a comprehensive project of our country construction management system, mainly because of a lack of management theory and exp

19、erience in china. Establishment of construction project management system is a specialized and professional issues, its implementation must by the senior building subject experts and has extensive experience in managemen

20、t to organize, the only way to achieve. Foreign construction industry in both technology and theory are more ad</p><p>　　First of all, one is to control the quality of the core, take them as the control forc

21、e, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of people, establish quality first concept. Secondly, construction materials building as the main product, the material quality control is the key of project quality control. Finally, con

22、struction machinery and construction mechanization is the main mark of modernization, plays an indispensable role in project construction, which directly affects the construction project progres</p><p>　　At

23、this stage of construction project management has been paid more and more attention, project cost management is project management indispensable content. Project management essential characteristic can be reflected by th

24、e project cost management. First, establish project cost management responsibility system. Project management cost responsibility, unlike the responsibility, responsibility is not equal to the cost responsibility complet

25、e complete. At the completion of work responsibility at t</p><p>　　In order to ensure the government supervision effectiveness and authority, should improve the overall quality of the supervision team. There

26、fore, strengthening the construction of quality supervision of construction quality management study, so that the supervision and professional qualities. In addition, quality supervision means also to continue to improve

27、, increase the detection equipment, make supervision work has greatly the content of science and technology, to realize the modernization of</p><p>　　Any construction projects and other construction projects

28、 recently, in size, degree of technical complexity, or engineering properties may have many differences, but the project management has a lot in common. In the current fierce competition in the market, some engineering c

29、ompany in maintaining and developing the original market areas can also continue to develop and adapt to the new market. In the competition continue to grow and develop, while others stagnate before, continued to shrink,

30、 an</p><p>　　Effects of many factors on the quality of construction projects, such as building structure mismatch, tilt, collapse, destruction, crack, seepage, water leakage, poor rigidity, strength is insuf

31、ficient, section size is accurate, however, investigate its reason, can be summarized as follows:</p><p>　　( 1) against the building program. If not through feasibility argumentation, make investigation on d

32、ecided yet; not clear engineering geology, hydrology geology brash start; undocumented design; without any modifications to the design, construction; not according to the drawings; the completion of the project is to tes

33、t running, without acceptance on delivery of some phenomenon, cause many project save the serious hidden danger, house collapse accidents have also occurred.Engineering geological </p><p>　　( 2 ). Not seriou

34、s geological investigation, provide geological data, data error. Geological exploration, borehole spacing is too big, can not fully reflect the actual situation foundation, such as when the bedrock surface fluctuation is

35、 large, soft soil layer thickness is also very big; geological exploration drilling depth is not enough, did not find underground soft soil, landslide, grave, hole formation; geological survey report in detail, such as i

36、naccurate, will lead to the error based sch</p><p>　　( 3) without reinforcement treatment of foundation. On the weak soil, dredger fill, miscellaneous soil, collapsible loess, expansive soil, rock outcroppin

37、g, lava, soil hole uneven foundation reinforcement treatment or not handled properly, that led to the great cause of quality problems. According to different characteristics of foundation engineering, foundation treatmen

38、t should be in accordance with the superstructure and combination, make its work principle, from the foundation treatment meas</p><p>　　( 4 ) design calculation problem. Inadequate design, structure unreason

39、able, the calculation sketch is not correct, computational load is too small, internal force analysis is incorrect, settlement joint and the expansion joint is arranged properly, the overhanging structure without overtur

40、ning inspection, are induced by the quality problems. Such as a retaining wall engineering design without a clear understanding of the engineering geological conditions, construction and not on site verificati</p>

41、<p>　　Project management measures:</p><p>　　1. must be built and perfect engineering management responsibility system, make clear a key, fulfil responsibility.The establishment and improvement of proje

42、ct management responsibility system, engineering management is smooth, responsibility is clear, whether the operation is effective, is to strengthen project management must first solve the problem. Salaried qualification

43、 standard limit, such as seventeen bureau of China railway construction enterprises, in the future for quite a period, the </p><p>　　2 .to establish and improve the engineering department ( a subsidiary comp

44、any) as the main body of the construction management system.This kind of system requirement engineering department or subsidiaries must be to establish the construction scheme, the configuration of factor of production,