外文翻譯--淺析郵政服務(wù)與快遞服務(wù)的異同

1、<p><b>　　中文2642字</b></p><p>　　淺析郵政服務(wù)與快遞服務(wù)的異同</p><p>　　Michael G. Plummer</p><p><b>　　1引言 </b></p><p>　　在發(fā)達國家服務(wù)業(yè)占國民經(jīng)濟的份額很大。例如在歐盟和美國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展過程中大約

2、百分之七十、百分之八十都開展了服務(wù)專欄。貿(mào)易增加了服務(wù)的重要性在2000年大約28和22的服務(wù)來自于歐盟、美國的出口總占整個經(jīng)合組織的19左右。在發(fā)展中國家同樣呈現(xiàn)這種趨勢農(nóng)業(yè)占GDP的比重下降制造業(yè)首次上升但隨著經(jīng)濟的日趨成熟又下降在整個開發(fā)過程中服務(wù)業(yè)水平不斷提高發(fā)展中國家的服務(wù)出口貿(mào)易的比例已從1980年的9大約是發(fā)達國家一半的份額上升到2000年的18。 </p><p>　　鑒于貿(mào)易的復(fù)

3、雜性和多樣化的特點全球貿(mào)易自由化更加細膩。服務(wù)是提供高科技或低科技投入的產(chǎn)品私人或公開提供密切相關(guān)的其他產(chǎn)品如外國直接投資“FDI”。然而很多服務(wù)領(lǐng)域還包括政府的參與或是某些領(lǐng)域的國家特權(quán)由“服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定”確認。此外在貨物貿(mào)易方面往往是外國直接投資顯然存在著貿(mào)易和外國直接投資之間不直接的聯(lián)系。在服務(wù)領(lǐng)域貿(mào)易可以直接投資在某些行業(yè)但是服務(wù)貿(mào)易是不可能由外國直接投資的。</p><p>　　本文將專注于全球經(jīng)濟的貿(mào)

4、易自由化以發(fā)展中國家為研究重點以快遞服務(wù)自由化作為研究對象?？爝f服務(wù)領(lǐng)域特別有趣因為它是（1）一個高度國際化的產(chǎn)業(yè)；（2）已成為各種新興產(chǎn)業(yè)并是企業(yè)和國家競爭力的關(guān)鍵因素；（3）自由化的特點有可能影響私營部門和公共服務(wù)行業(yè)；（4）這種行業(yè)類型可以通過全球協(xié)議可以對發(fā)達國家和發(fā)展中國家產(chǎn)生重大的影響創(chuàng)造更大的國際接入點。 </p><p>　　2服務(wù)貿(mào)易自由化與經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的關(guān)系</p><p>

5、;　　一系列關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定在世貿(mào)組織的主持下各國的多邊談判已經(jīng)非常成功從而降低了制成品的貿(mào)易壁壘。在一般情況下發(fā)展中國家的關(guān)稅比發(fā)達國家高得多但絕大多數(shù)的發(fā)展中國家在過去十五年開始大幅減少制成品貿(mào)易。事實上全球自由貿(mào)易會給發(fā)展中國家?guī)砀蟮睦娓鶕?jù)各種計算和一般均衡模型已可以估算出這種影響。</p><p>　　發(fā)展中國家的農(nóng)業(yè)在一般貿(mào)易中繼續(xù)發(fā)揮著重要的作用特別是在最不發(fā)達國家和許多中等收入國家中。為了要取得農(nóng)業(yè)

6、的進步發(fā)展中國家要同意任何協(xié)議多哈回合談 7 判有至少包括一項農(nóng)業(yè)自由化的政策。不過隨著發(fā)展進程的不斷深入生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)將變得越來越重要。如上所述服務(wù)的重要性已容易提升并已構(gòu)成對發(fā)展中國家出口份額的18。經(jīng)濟的快速增長和服務(wù)貿(mào)易的快速增長之間的存在著一定的關(guān)聯(lián)卻并不意味著后者導致前者。事實上這種估計比較復(fù)雜存在著雞和蛋的同時性問題。然而無論其中原因是什么服務(wù)業(yè)已經(jīng)成為發(fā)展過程中的重要組成部分。 </p><p>　　

7、經(jīng)濟改革和貿(mào)易自由化已逐步深入國家存在可持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟繁榮一些沒有繁榮的國家由于缺乏外向型經(jīng)濟政策的支持無法取得經(jīng)濟上的繁榮更不用說加產(chǎn)生惡性通貨膨脹或內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的風氣。若把世界上人口最多的國家打造成一個外向型的經(jīng)濟強國從最不發(fā)達的自給自足的國家轉(zhuǎn)為一個外向型的經(jīng)濟強國是存在很大難度的。越南改革使貧困率總?cè)丝诘膹亩种豢s減到五分之一經(jīng)歷了漫長的15年可見經(jīng)濟改革是不能一蹴而就的。發(fā)展中國家的經(jīng)濟自由化發(fā)展到最后一般留下的是服務(wù)業(yè)。</p&

8、gt;<p>　　3郵政服務(wù)與快遞服務(wù)的不同 </p><p>　　快遞服務(wù)的自由化成為文章的主要研究對象。郵政服務(wù)與快遞服務(wù)在公司日常活動中的重要性已大幅增加在過去的十五年中見證了行業(yè)的快速增長。事實上快遞服務(wù)已成為一個重要的“基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施”許多公司的業(yè)務(wù)已經(jīng)為個人提供日益重要的服務(wù)。此外由于容易獲得通過快遞供應(yīng)商的市場特別是在發(fā)展中國家并且能吸引外國直接投資的流入故此快遞服務(wù)對跨國公司來說尤為必要。

9、 </p><p><b>　　A、一般問題 </b></p><p>　　這是困難所在通常被認為是快遞服務(wù)郵政服務(wù)供應(yīng)商幾乎都是國有的競爭對手。因此在這一領(lǐng)域的自由化一直是棘手的限制競爭在發(fā)展中國家的利益的基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生混淆基本的郵政服務(wù)快遞服務(wù)市場的誤解。它將在這一章可以說目前的現(xiàn)實強調(diào)必須分開郵政活動快遞服務(wù)?？爝f服務(wù)需要徹底從傳統(tǒng)的郵政服務(wù)分化一方面是因為兩者之間

10、的“服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定”的定義范圍明確的實質(zhì)性分歧。如果不這樣做將導致?lián)p害成員國的混合蘋果和桔子無論是發(fā)達國家還是發(fā)展中國家。它也可以阻止在多哈議程談判的進展情況。</p><p><b>　　B、當前分類 </b></p><p>　　快遞服務(wù)目前分類WTO服務(wù)分類表W/120的同時根據(jù)“郵政”和“快遞”服務(wù)。郵政及速遞服務(wù)之間唯一的區(qū)別是前者是指公共部門提供的服務(wù)而后

11、者則是私人的。因此它這樣做不是產(chǎn)品在國際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域而是不尋常的所有權(quán)。這種類型的分類導致很大的混亂的問題以及有關(guān)競爭政策的并發(fā)癥。 </p><p>　　美國郵政服務(wù)公司是一個獨立的政府組織基本上有一個交付的信件和其他活動的壟斷。像其他國家一樣在美國郵政服務(wù)區(qū)為主而不是國際的國內(nèi)問題。但是美國 8 和歐盟的利益攸關(guān)的不能分開明確普遍服務(wù)義務(wù)的相關(guān)快遞送貨服務(wù)將更加對發(fā)展中國家不利。因此在許多方面包括快遞服務(wù)作為一個

12、單獨的項目在多哈貿(mào)易議程的郵政服務(wù)自由化將是更重要的是發(fā)展中國家而不是發(fā)達國家。</p><p>　　C、關(guān)于自由化的現(xiàn)有職位 </p><p>　　由于世貿(mào)組織多哈貿(mào)易議程開始的籌備工作快遞服務(wù)可能比以往任何時候會發(fā)揮更大的作用。該行業(yè)已迅速增長已成為非常國際化即使沒有“服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定”有關(guān)的幫助也可以促進它的自由化。目前的情況并不適合過于樂觀作為建議已提交迄今是保守的可能會做小的數(shù)目。

13、</p><p>　　到目前為止已經(jīng)有一個在郵政及速遞服務(wù)的一般發(fā)展南錐體共同市場玻利維亞和香港和發(fā)達國家歐盟美國新西蘭經(jīng)濟區(qū)提交提案的數(shù)量。一種方法涉及消除郵政服務(wù)和快遞服務(wù)之間的區(qū)別。另一種方法定義快遞服務(wù)特別是作為獨立的快遞和郵政服務(wù)一個有單一的航向。然后根據(jù)這一辦法成員國將能夠直接提出快遞服務(wù)自由化。本項就可以成為一個全球化的供應(yīng)鏈管理中的運輸活動范圍更廣的一部分。 </p><p&g

14、t;<b>　　4總結(jié) </b></p><p>　　這項研究的突出成果可以概括如下：在貿(mào)易自由化的服務(wù)已經(jīng)成為越來越重要的發(fā)達國家和發(fā)展中國家無論是作為最終產(chǎn)品或是其他生產(chǎn)活動的投入服務(wù)和外國直接投資之間的關(guān)系逐漸加強。因此服務(wù)貿(mào)易自由化的重要手段吸引外國直接投資這已成為發(fā)展中國家在發(fā)展過程中的關(guān)鍵催化劑。對于發(fā)展中國家特別是在全球服務(wù)自由化的當今世界,高效的服務(wù)是必要的,幫助這些國家提升

15、國際競爭力和吸引外國企業(yè)來投資,建立長久的合作伙伴關(guān)系。在21 世紀"服 貿(mào)總協(xié)定",特別是對發(fā)展中國家,具有十分重要的意義,多哈貿(mào)易議程將在未來的課程重新設(shè)置,這是極其重要的議程。</p><p>　　作為一個例子,如何在這個過程中扮演復(fù)雜的關(guān)系,呈 現(xiàn)服務(wù)貿(mào)易自由化的快遞服務(wù)。我們一直強調(diào),郵政服務(wù)與快遞服務(wù)是截然不同的,是兩 個獨立的個體,因為它們是獨立的部門和后續(xù)的改革,實際上可以通過

16、它們的互補和效率 來提升效率。然而,如果沒有明確分離,在多哈回合談判取得進展是不可能的,提供特定 的政治現(xiàn)實,可能會產(chǎn)生一定的誤解。</p><p><b>　　附件2：外文原文 </b></p><p>　　SERVICES: THE CASE OF POSTAL VERSUS EXPRESS DELIVERY SERVICES </p><p&

17、gt;　　Michael G. Plummer</p><p>　　1 Introduction </p><p>　　In developed countries services continue to constitute by far the largest share of national economies. For example in the EU and the Uni

18、ted States approximately seventy and eighty percent respectively of the economy falls under the general rubric of services. Services have also increased in importance in trade: in the year 2000 the share of services in t

19、otal exports came to approximately 28 percent in the United States and 22 percent in the EU with an average for the entire OECD coming to about </p><p>　　The same trend is observable in developing countries.

20、 During the development process it is typical that: 1 agriculture falls as a percentage of GDP 2 manufacturing first rises and then falls as the economy matures but 3 services continue to grow throughout the development

21、process. As a percentage of trade services exports of developing countries have risen from nine percent in 1980 approximately half the share of developed countries to about eighteen percent in 2000 on a par with that of

22、the dev</p><p>　　Given the complicated and diverse nature of trade in services liberalization at the global level can be more delicate and in many ways more difficult than trade in goods. Services can be hig

23、h tech or low tech inputs and/or final products privately-provided or publicly-provided and closely related to other areas such as foreign direct investment “FDI”. Many services areas however still include government inv

24、olvement and state prerogatives in certain areas are recognized by the GATS. Moreover trad</p><p>　　In this chapter we will focus on the need for services liberalization in the global economy with a focus on

25、 developing countries. Moreover we will use the process and complications associated with the liberalization of express delivery services as a case study. This area is particularly interesting because: a it is an industr

26、y that has become highly international b it has become an important input to a variety of emerging industries and a key ingredient in the competitiveness of firms and countr</p><p>　　2 Services Liberalizatio

27、n and the Stakes for Economic Development </p><p>　　A series of multilateral negotiations under the auspices of the GATT/WTO have been very successful in bringing down barriers to trade in manufactured goods

28、. Developing country tariffs are in general much higher than in the developed world but a large majority of developing countries has liberalized substantially trade in manufactures over the past fifteen years. In fact mo

29、st of the benefits that would accrue to global free trade would go to developing countries according to various computational</p><p>　　The developing world is a different story. Agriculture continues to play

30、 an important role in the economy in general and in trade in particular in the least-developed countries and in many middle-income countries. In order to be successful the Doha Round will have to include at least some ag

31、ricultural liberalization if the developing countries are going to agree to any accord. Still as the development process unfolds manufactures and especially services will become increasingly important. As not</p>

32、<p>　　An association between rapid real economic growth and rapid growth in services trade does not mean that the latter caused the former. Such estimation is much more complicated indeed there exists a chicken-and-

33、egg simultaneity problem here. However regardless of which causes which the development of the services sector is clearly an important part of the development process.</p><p>　　The case for economic reform a

34、nd liberalization is just too strong. Countries that have sustained economic liberalization have prospered the ones that have not prospered generally do not have outward-oriented policies to blame but rather other econom

35、ic-contextual problems. It is hard to promote growth—let alone long-term development—in an atmosphere of hyper-inflation or civil war. China has used economic reform to transform the world’s most populous country from a

36、least-developed autarkic econo</p><p>　　3 The Case for Separating Postal from Express Delivery Services in GATS</p><p>　　Express delivery services constitute an interesting case study in service

37、-sector liberalization. Their importance in the day-to-day activities of firms has increased substantially over the past fifteen years as evidenced by rapid growth in the industry. Indeed express delivery services have n

38、ow become an essential “infrastructure” to doing business for many companies as well as being an increasingly important service for individuals. Moreover express delivery services are particularly necessary </p>&

39、lt;p>　　The General Problem </p><p>　　This is where the difficulty lies: express delivery services are often considered a competitor to postal-service providers which are almost invariably state-owned. Hen

40、ce liberalization in this area has been tricky constrained by competing interests from bothdeveloped and developing countries and based on a misunderstanding of the market in which basic postal services are confused with

41、 express delivery services we argue below that they are related but distinct. It will be argued in this chapter t</p><p>　　Express delivery services need to be thoroughly differentiated from traditional post

42、al services both because of the clear substantive differences between the two and the defined purview of GATS. Failure to do so will lead to mixing apples and oranges to the detriment of member states be they developed o

43、r developing countries. It could also thwart progress in Doha Agenda negotiations. </p><p>　　Current Classifications </p><p>　　Express delivery services are currently classified by theWTOService

44、s Classification List W/120 under both “postal” and “courier” services. The only distinction between postal and courier services is that the former refer to public-sector offered services whereas the latter are private.

45、Hence it has to do with ownership rather than product which is unusual in the area of international trade. This type of classification leads to a great deal of confusion of the issues as well as complications rega</p&

46、gt;<p>　　The US Postal Service is an independent government organization that essentially has a monopoly on delivery of letters and other activities. In the United States like other countries the postal service ar

47、ea is dominated by domestic issues rather than international ones. But while the United States and EU have much at stake failure to separate clearly USO-related from express-delivery services would be even more to the di

48、sadvantage of developing countries. Thus in many ways inclusion of express d</p><p>　　Existing Positions Regarding Liberalization </p><p>　　As the WTO begins its preparations for the Doha Trade

49、Agenda express delivery services will likely play a greater role than they ever have in the past. The industry has been growing rapidly and has become very international even without GATS-related liberalization helping t

50、o foster it. At present the situation does not lend itself to too much optimism as a number of proposals that have been tabled thus far are conservative and will probably do little. </p><p>　　Thus far there

51、have been a number of proposals tabled in the general area of postal and courier services made by developing MERCOSUR Bolivia and Hong Kong and developed EU US New Zealand economies. One approach19 involves eliminating a

52、 distinction between postal services and courier services. Another approach defines express delivery services specifically as being separate from courier and postal services and having a single heading. Under this approa

53、ch then member-states would be able to propos</p><p>　　4 Summary </p><p>　　The salient results of this study can be summarized as follows: Services in general and trade in services in particular

54、 have become increasingly important to developed and developing countries both as final products and as inputs to other productive activities. The relationship between services and FDI (under mode 3 )is extremely strong

55、hence services liberalization is important as a means of attracting FDI which has proven to be a key catalyst in the development process. Developing-country stak</p><p>　　We have used the express delivery se

56、rvices case as an example of how this process plays out in the complicated political economy of services liberalization. We have stressed that it is imperative to separate postal services from express delivery services a

57、s they are separate sectors and reform of the latter can actually help promote the former through its complementarity and general enhancement of efficiency. It is in the interest of all parties to do this. However if a s