外文翻譯--現(xiàn)代模具制造技術(shù)工藝和發(fā)展前沿

1、<p><b>　　中文4411字</b></p><p><b>　　英文資料</b></p><p>　　Modern Mold Manufacture And Development Of Cutting-edge Technology</p><p>　　Materials based on

2、the role of mold in different ways, can be summed up modern processing methods for mold removal method, molding method and the cumulative three types of law. Removal Act - mold material was removed and the necessary form

3、s; forming method - the same total amount of material through the flow of materials and get the body; cumulative law - by the material continue to increase, the accumulated the necessary physical . </p><p>　

4、　1.1 Removal of Mold Processing </p><p>　　This is the largest mold maker for a class of methods, including machining, EDM (EDM, wire cutting, electrolytic, etc.), chemical processing, such as corrosion. Char

5、acterized by the shape-size components is removed from the blank material to be redundant. </p><p>　　1.1.1 Machining </p><p>　　About 90% of the mold by milling, turning, grinding and other machi

6、ning methods. They are mainly used to mold parts of the final processing aids, as well as working parts of the pre-mold processing and final processing. </p><p>　　(1) high-speed machining and milling technol

7、ogy </p><p>　　Because the mold cavity often with a large number of free-form surfaces, the traditional hand-made has been unable to meet the needs of the linkage of the three-axis or multi-axis CNC milling m

8、achine can solve the maximum extent of the problem in this regard. Therefore, CNC milling and programming tool also naturally become the focus of advanced manufacturing technology. </p><p>　　(2) die cutting

9、and multi-axis joint coordinate processing mode </p><p>　　Forming the work surface grinding is a traditional method of finishing with a high-precision, high-performance advantages of degrees. In the mold man

10、ufacture, die cut shape is mainly used Ruled Surface finishing punch, die pieces and EDM electrodes and other components used. </p><p>　　(3) The mold and polishing </p><p>　　After surface machin

11、ing, surface roughness, regardless of their size must be polished again. Mold Polishing Mold current research is still mainly manually or with electric or pneumatic equipment, manually polished, low efficiency, labor int

12、ensity, and the quality of instability. China has imported three-dimensional surface can be automatic die polishing of the NC Institute mold. Developed humanoid intelligent automatic polishing technology has also been ma

13、de, but fewer applications. Mold the fut</p><p>　　Mold processing technology of electricity mainly refers to wire cutting, EDM, piercing and electrolysis processing. </p><p><b>　　WEDM <

14、/b></p><p>　　Cutting EDM spark discharge using metal melting or vaporization, and melting or vaporization of the metal to get rid of in order to achieve a variety of shapes metal parts processing. Wire-cu

15、tting for processing small precision, complex shapes, materials, special die parts, the more complex shapes, small precision dies, carbide dies in particular, its economic effects has become more significant. Micro-EDM a

16、nd Wire Cutting walking is the main development of hot spots in recent years. </p><p>　　Cavity EDM </p><p>　　EDM cavity forming a replication process, it is the use of spark discharge method to

17、copy the shape of tool electrode in the blank mold cavity formed. EDM cavity mold in today's manufacturing industry has been to occupy the position can not be ignored, it can be sintered metal blocks and steel in the

18、 conventional methods of processing can not be processed or the shape of difficult processing complex, the size of the fine work, the right choice and the use of electrodes enables the cost of mold m</p><p>

19、　　Japan invented a new EDM method, that is, in the process of adding the right amount of liquid micro-silica powder, or aluminum powder, graphite powder may be, can make many times more than the surface of precision can

20、be improved, the current processing methods corresponding EDM has also been commercialized. EDM technology can not be separated from the next three trends, namely, high-speed and high precision and high automation. </

21、p><p>　　Electrochemical Machining </p><p>　　ECM is based on the principle of electrolysis (the electrochemical anodic dissolution) will be the shape of the cathode tool for copying onto blank in th

22、e mold cavity of mold processing. As soon as the anode and cathode parts of the forming tool insert electrolyte, the effect of current, between the anode and cathode exchange of charge and materials, the result of dissol

23、ution of workpiece. In this way, can also be part of the surface area covered by the protection layer, only to other parts of t</p><p>　　1.1.3 Die CAD / CAE / CAM </p><p>　　(1) mold software int

24、egration, intelligent </p><p>　　Mold software integrated software modules require relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve comprehensive management and in

25、formation sharing, to support the mold design, manufacturing, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. </p><p>　　Such as the United Kingdom&#

26、39;s Deleam series software includes surface / solid geometry modeling, complex physical engineering graphics, industrial design of high-level rendering, plastic mold design expert system, the complexity of physical CAM,

27、 modeling and carving art automatic programming system, reverse engineering system and Online measurement of complex physical systems. </p><p>　　(2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional

28、 </p><p>　　Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional and require a new generation of paperless software to three-dimensional mold, intuitive feel to the design of mold, using three-dimensional d

29、igital model can be easily used in the product structure of the CAE analysis, tooling manufacturing evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and the management and sharing of information. </p><

30、p>　　Cimatron company, such as injection mold expert software can automatically generate parting direction in accordance with sub-type line and sub-surface, generated with the products corresponding to the core and cav

31、ity, the realization of the whole mold-related parts, and BOM is automatically generated for NC drilling process of the form, and capable of intelligent processing parameters, such as processing the results of calibratio

32、n. </p><p>　　mold software applications networking trend </p><p>　　With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management of globalization, internationalization, and

33、 computer hardware and software technology, the rapid development of network industries in the mold allows the virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. The United States in its «21

34、 Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy" that by 2006 the automotive industry to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive </p><p>　　1.1.4 chemical etching process <

35、;/p><p>　　Chemical etching process is based on the principle of metal in acid, alkali, soluble in salt solution, that is, the material of metallic materials because of their micro-region of the energy differenc

36、e between the material and corrosion or the energy difference between the solvent and dissolution occurred. Metal atoms after the release of e-ion in the form of escape from the metal lattice, free ions and the existence

37、 of corrosion solution combined with anionic and cationic disappear. Removal of </p><p>　　1.2 Of the forming mold processing </p><p>　　In many cases, the need for the application of special stee

38、l, non-ferrous metal alloy or non-metallic materials, by forming various shapes to create the mold cavity. Forming method, including casting, plastic forming and so on, their common characteristic is the shape of parts f

39、rom billet size of the transfer of material obtained during processing, the amount of the material will remain basically unchanged. </p><p>　　1.2.1 Die Casting Process </p><p>　　Die casting proc

40、ess commonly used can be divided into three types, namely, sand casting, ceramics and foundry of EPC. Specific use depends on what kind of mold the size of type, precision, and a copy of the required to achieve the surfa

41、ce quality. Die casting manufacturers with the greatest advantage of almost immediately after casting the use of very small amount of follow-up processing. </p><p>　　1.2.2 the legal system of plastic extrusi

42、on die </p><p>　　(1) Hot stamping method </p><p>　　Hot stamping module is heated to forging temperature, the use of pre-prepared core module and the extrusion pressure of people out of the way t

43、o groove. Core parts can be used by itself or pre-processing core expertise. </p><p>　　(2) cold extrusion method </p><p>　　Extrusion die with the external parts to shape forming, after hardening

44、, polishing, and then increase in a row under pressure, 0.1 ~ 10mm/min speed forced to squeeze into the soft annealed steel block, this block in the steel to form the first copy of the extrusion die concave model. This p

45、rocess limited to the most die under pressure and by about 3000MPa annealed steel yield strength limit. </p><p>　　(3) Superplastic Extrusion </p><p>　　Superplastic extrusion method is the use of

46、 materials in the superplastic state to the cavity forming punch extrusion method. At a high state of material plastic extrusion cavity, smooth surface, size precision; material deformation resistance low, compared with

47、the cold extrusion can reduce the extrusion pressure of about one-tenth of a few; In addition, from design to machining molds have been simplified, material consumption reduction cost reduction die; die life high.</p&

48、gt;<p>　　1.3 cumulative mold processing method </p><p>　　Law of cumulative mold parts processing refers to the shape is continuously added by a certain instruction materials, have been accumulated, in

49、cluding spraying, electroforming, laser processing, such as rapid prototyping and manufacturing processes. </p><p>　　1.3.1 Metal Spraying </p><p>　　At high temperature and low temperature metal

50、spraying, can be used for small-scale experimental mold. High-temperature coating (to be added to the oxygen-curable metal - acetylene flame in the melt), low temperature spray (low melting point alloy to spray release,

51、in the electric components under the melting and spraying the surface of the model), the thickness of metal coating for the 1 -- 3mm. When the coating after cooling down, the "mother mold" is removed from the m

52、odel (model of at least </p><p>　　1.3.2 Electroforming method </p><p>　　Electroforming method, also known as electrolytic deposition, namely the use of electrochemical deposition of the principl

53、e of the cathode, in the model of the cathode electrolytic deposition of metal on the way to get the required cavity. When the model removed from the deposition layer, the sediment layer itself formed a shell; will add a

54、 layer of shell enhanced bush, you can Add a template, that is, forming an effective component. </p><p>　　The advantages of electroforming method is that it can accurately reproduce the surface (even the dee

55、p narrow cavity can also be completed copy) and its dimensional accuracy, and a model can be used to create a number of the same cavity. Its shortcomings are more time-consuming, high cost. </p><p>　　1.3.3 R

56、apid prototyping and rapid tooling (RP / RT) Technology </p><p>　　Rapid prototyping method is based on the principle of dispersion and accumulation of manufacturing technology. CAD model of parts of it by wa

57、y of a certain discrete and become discrete machinable surface, discrete lines and discrete points, then the use of physical or chemical means, the face of these discrete, and the point segments formed by the accumulatio

58、n of the overall shape of parts, the specific The method is: based on three-dimensional CAD model of parts, after the format conversion of </p><p>　　1.4 Die Surface Treatment Technology </p><p>

59、　　The main trends are: the infiltration of a single element to the multi-element co-diffusion, complex permeability (such as the TD method) development; by the general spread of the CVD, PVD, PCVD, ion infiltration, such

60、 as the direction of the development of ion implantation; the coating may have TiC, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, CrN, etc. At the same time, the atmosphere of heat treatment by means of heat treatment to the development of vacuum h

61、eat treatment. </p><p>　　In addition, the current of the laser enhanced glow plasma nitriding technology and electroplating (plating) and other anti-corrosion technology to strengthen more and more attention

62、. </p><p>　　1.5 Mold detection equipment and reverse engineering </p><p>　　With the sophisticated, complex, large-scale mold the development of testing equipment have become increasingly demandi

63、ng. The accuracy of precision molds now has up to 2 ~ 3μm, the use of more domestic manufacturers are Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries of the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, with digital s

64、canning. Such as Dongfeng Motor Die factory in Italy has a 3250mm × 3250mm coordinate measuring machine and digital photography optical scanners, the first in th</p><p>　　1.6 Modern Mold Industry trends

65、 </p><p>　　(1) Die CAD/CAE/CAM are integrated, three-dimensional, intelligence and network direction. </p><p>　　Die CAD/CAE/CAM technology is the mold design, manufacturing technology developmen

66、t direction of the detection of mold and the workpiece digitalization and integration of software functions mold, mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional, and die industry, as well as reverse engineeri

67、ng tool for software applications network is the main trend. (2) to the precision mold manufacturing, high efficiency, complex and multi-direction </p><p>　　Precision CNC EDM machine <electric spark

68、forming machine tools, thread cutting and walking speed WEDM wire services) have been in the processing efficiency, accuracy and complex processing to achieve a breakthrough in electric discharge milling has been abroad

69、for mold processing. </p><p>　　(3) rapid economic modeling techniques are applied </p><p>　　Rapid tooling, mainly from the following four areas to accelerate the speed of modeling: First, improv

70、e the processing speed (such as high-speed mirror cut); II is based on rapid prototyping rapid tooling technology; Third, choose Free-cutting mold material (such as aluminum alloy) to speed up speed tooling; Fourth, the

71、use of composite processing, multi-processing to improve processing efficiency. </p><p>　　(4) special processing techniques have been developed further </p><p>　　Toward precision EDM, and micro-

72、oriented direction. Electrode in the simplified preparation, simplifying the programming and operation, improve the processing speed as well as equipment manufacturers continue to reduce costs have also done a considerab

73、le amount of research and practice. </p><p>　　automatic processing tool and development system </p><p>　　With the rapid development of new technologies, there has been a tool of foreign auto-pro

74、cessing system. This is what China's long-term development goals. Automatic processing system should die the following characteristics: more than the rational combination of machine tools; with accompanying plate pos

75、itioning fixture or positioning; a complete machinery, CNC tool library; a complete synchronization of flexible CNC system; quality monitoring control system. </p><p>　　mold materials and surface treatment t

76、echnology has developed rapidly </p><p>　　In the mold material, a large number of dedicated to the mold forming process of different materials have come out in succession and put into use. In the mold surfac

77、e treatment is concerned, the trend is: by the infiltration of a single element to the multi-element co-diffusion, complex permeability (such as the TD method) development; by the general spread of the CVD, PVD, PCVD, io

78、n infiltration, such as the direction of the development of ion implantation; At the same time atmospheric heat tre</p><p><b>　　資料翻譯</b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)代模具制造技術(shù)工藝和發(fā)展前沿</p><p>

79、　　根據(jù)對模具材料的作用方式不同，可把現(xiàn)代模具加工方法歸納為去除法、成型法和累加法三種類型。去除法——模具材料被去除而得到所需形體;成形法——材料總量不變，通過材料的流動而得到所需形體;累加法——由材料不斷地增多，累積得到所需形體。 </p><p>　　1.1 模具的去除法加工 </p><p>　　這是最大的一類模具制造方法，包括機(jī)械加工、電加工(電火花成形、線切割、電解等)、化學(xué)腐蝕

80、加工等。特征是，零件的形狀尺寸是通過從坯料中去除多余材料而得到。</p><p>　　1.1.1 機(jī)械加工 </p><p>　　大約有90%左右的模具主要由銑削、車削、磨削等機(jī)加工方法完成。它們主要用于模具輔助零件的最終加工以及模具工作零件的預(yù)加工和最終加工。</p><p>　　（1）切削加工及高速銑削技術(shù) </p><p>　　因?yàn)?/p>

81、型腔模具往往帶有大量的自由曲面，傳統(tǒng)的手工制作已經(jīng)無法滿足需要，而三軸或多軸聯(lián)動的數(shù)控銑床卻可以最大程度上解決這方面的難題。所以，數(shù)控銑削加工及其編程技術(shù)也自然成為模具先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的重點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　（2）模削加工及多軸聯(lián)動坐標(biāo)模 </p><p>　　成形磨削是工作型面精加工的一種傳統(tǒng)方法，具有高精度、高效度的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。在模具制造中，成形模削主要用于精加工直紋曲面凸模、拼塊凹模

82、及 電火花加工用的電極等零件。</p><p>　?。?）研模及拋光 </p><p>　　經(jīng)機(jī)加工的工件表面，無論其表面粗糙度大小如何都必須進(jìn)行再次拋光。模具的研模拋光目前仍以手動為主或借助電動或氣動設(shè)備手動拋光，效率低、勞動強(qiáng)度大、質(zhì)量不穩(wěn)定。中國已經(jīng)進(jìn)口可實(shí)現(xiàn) 三維曲面模具自動研拋的數(shù)控研模機(jī)。自行研制仿人智能自動拋光技術(shù)也取得了成果，但應(yīng)用較少。今后模具研模將向著特種化、復(fù)合化、

83、自動化、智能化方向發(fā)展。如擠壓 研模、激光研模和研拋、電火花拋光、電化學(xué)拋光、超聲拋光以及復(fù)合拋光技術(shù)與工藝 裝備。 </p><p>　　1.1.2 電加工 </p><p>　　模具的電加工技術(shù)主要指線切割、電火花成形、穿孔和電解加工等。 </p><p>　?。?）電火花線切割加工 </p><p>　　電火花切割加工是利用火花放電

84、使金屬熔化或汽化，并把熔化或汽化了的金屬去除掉，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)各種形狀金屬零件的加工。線切割用于加工精密細(xì)小、形狀復(fù)雜、材料特殊的沖模零件，愈是形狀復(fù)雜、精密細(xì)小的沖模，特別是硬質(zhì)合金模具，其經(jīng)濟(jì)效果愈顯著。 微細(xì)電火花加工和慢走絲線切割加工是近年來的主要發(fā)展熱點(diǎn)。</p><p>　?。?）型腔電火花加工 </p><p>　　型腔電火花加工是一種復(fù)制成形加工工藝，它是利用火花放電方法，將

85、工具電極的形狀復(fù)印在模具坯件上而形成型腔。型腔電火花加工工藝在當(dāng)今模具制造業(yè)中已占據(jù)不容忽視的位置，用它可以在鋼塊及燒結(jié)金屬中加工出用常規(guī)方法無法加工或難以加工的形狀復(fù)雜、尺寸精細(xì)的工件，正確選擇和使用電極可使模具制造費(fèi)用比常規(guī)方法低40%。 </p><p>　　日本發(fā)明了一種新的電火花成形加工方法，即在加工液中加入適量的微細(xì)硅粉末，或者鋁粉、石墨粉均可，可以使表面精度提高數(shù)倍以上，目前這種加工方法對應(yīng)的電火花

86、機(jī)床也已經(jīng)商品化。今后電火花加工技術(shù)離不開三種趨勢，即高速度化、高精度化和高自 動化。</p><p>　　（3）電解加工 </p><p>　　電解加工是基于電解作用原理(電化學(xué)陽極溶解)將工具陰極的形狀復(fù)印在模具坯件上來加工模具型腔的。即將作為陽極的工件和作為陰極的成形工具插入電解 液，在電流的作用下，陽極和陰極之間發(fā)生電荷和材料的交換，其結(jié)果使工件溶解。利用這種方法，還可將工件表

87、面的部分區(qū)域覆蓋保護(hù)層，只對另外部分進(jìn)行氧化而去處該部分的材料。</p><p>　　1.1.3 模具CAD/CAE/CAM </p><p>　?。?）模具軟件功能集成化、智能化 </p><p>　　模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全，同時(shí)各功能模塊采用同一數(shù)據(jù)模型，以實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的綜合管理與共享，從而支持模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造、裝配、檢驗(yàn)、測試及生產(chǎn)管理的

88、全過程，達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳效益的目的。</p><p>　　如英國 Deleam公司的系列化軟件就包括了曲面/實(shí)體幾何造型、復(fù)雜形體工程制圖、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)高級 渲染、塑料模設(shè)計(jì)專家系統(tǒng)、復(fù)雜形體CAM、藝術(shù)造型及雕刻自動編程系統(tǒng)、逆向工程系 統(tǒng)及復(fù)雜形體在線測量系統(tǒng)等。</p><p>　?。?）模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析及制造的三維化 </p><p>　　模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析、制造的三

89、維化、無紙化要求新一代模具軟件以立體的、直觀的感覺來設(shè)計(jì)模具，所采用的三維數(shù)字化模型能方便地用于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的CAE分析、模具可制造性評價(jià)和數(shù)控加工、成形過程模擬及信息的管理與共享。</p><p>　　如Cimatron公司的注塑模專家軟件能根據(jù)脫模方向自動產(chǎn)生分型線和分型面，生成與制品相對應(yīng)的型芯和型腔，實(shí)現(xiàn)模架零件的全相關(guān)，自動產(chǎn)生材料明細(xì)表和供NC加工的鉆孔表格，并能進(jìn)行智能化加工參數(shù)設(shè)定、加工結(jié)果校驗(yàn)等。&

90、lt;/p><p>　　（3）模具軟件應(yīng)用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化趨勢 </p><p>　　隨著模具在企業(yè)競爭、合作、生產(chǎn)和管理等方面的全 球化、國際化，以及計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，網(wǎng)絡(luò)使得在模具行業(yè)應(yīng)用虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、敏 捷制造技術(shù)既有必要，也有可能。美國在其«21世紀(jì)制造企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略》中指出，到2006年要 實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車工業(yè)敏捷生產(chǎn)/虛擬工程方案，使汽車開發(fā)周期從40個(gè)月縮短到4個(gè)月。 </p

91、><p>　　1.1.4 化學(xué)腐蝕加工 </p><p>　　化學(xué)腐蝕加工的原理是基于金屬在酸、堿、鹽溶液中的可溶性，即金屬材料由于其材料微觀區(qū)域之間的能差或材料與腐蝕溶劑之間的能差而發(fā)生溶解。金屬原子釋放電子后以離子形式從金屬晶格中逸出，自由離子和腐蝕溶液中存在的陰離子及陽離子結(jié)合而消失。去除的金屬離子與陰離子結(jié)合成為不溶性金屬鹽，這種不溶性金屬鹽必須用過濾或離心的辦法從腐 蝕溶液中分離出來

92、。 例如，蝕刻。 </p><p>　　1.2模具的成形法加工</p><p>　　在很多情況下，需要應(yīng)用特種鋼、有色金屬合金或非金屬材料，由成形法來制造各種形狀的模具型腔。成形法包括鑄造、塑性成形等，它們的共同特征是零件的形狀尺寸由坯件材料的轉(zhuǎn)移而獲得，在加工過程中，材料的量基本不變。 </p><p>　　1.2.1 鑄造法制模</p><p

93、>　　模具常用鑄造工藝可分為三種類型，即砂型鑄造、陶瓷鑄造及實(shí)型鑄造。具體使用哪一種類型取決于模具的尺寸、精度、所需的復(fù)制性以及要達(dá)到的表面質(zhì)量。用澆注法制造模具的最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是澆鑄完后幾乎可以馬上使用，后續(xù)加工量很少。</p><p>　　1.2.2 塑性擠壓法制模 </p><p><b>　?。?）熱壓印法 </b></p><p>

94、　　熱壓印法是將模塊加熱到鍛造溫度后，用預(yù)先準(zhǔn)備好的模芯壓人模塊而擠壓出型槽的方法。模芯可用零件本身或事先專門加工的模芯。</p><p><b>　?。?）冷擠壓法 </b></p><p>　　擠壓模頭具有要成形零件的外部形狀，經(jīng)過淬火、拋光，然后在連續(xù)增 加的壓力作用下，0.1～10mm/min的速度強(qiáng)行擠入較軟的退火鋼塊，這樣在鋼塊中就形成了擠壓模頭復(fù)制的凹模

95、型。這種工藝限于模頭最大承受壓力約3000MPa并受到退火后鋼塊屈服強(qiáng)度的限制。</p><p><b>　?。?）超塑性擠壓法</b></p><p>　　超塑性擠壓法是利用材料在超塑性狀態(tài)下，以成形沖頭將型腔擠壓成形的方法。處于高塑性狀態(tài)的材料擠壓成型腔，表面光潔、尺寸精確;材料變形抗力低，與冷擠壓相比可降低擠壓力約幾十分之一;此外，模具從設(shè)計(jì)到加工都得到簡化，材

96、料消耗 減少，模具成本降低;模具壽命高。</p><p>　　1.3模具的累加法加工 </p><p>　　模具的累加法加工指零件形狀是由不斷地按一定指令添加材料、累計(jì)而得到，主要包括噴涂、電鑄、激光快速原型制造等加工工藝。 </p><p>　　1.3.1 金屬噴涂 </p><p>　　在高溫及低溫下的金屬噴涂，可用于小型實(shí)驗(yàn)性模具。高溫

97、噴涂（將固化金屬加入到氧-乙炔火焰中熔融），低溫噴涂（將低熔點(diǎn)合金放人噴槍，在電熱元件作用下熔化，并噴涂在模型表面），金屬涂層的厚度為1－3mm。當(dāng)涂層冷卻下來后， 將“母?！睆哪Ｐ蜕先∠?模型至少有2°的斜度)鑲嵌到模架上的襯墊材料中，襯墊可以是低熔點(diǎn)合金，也可以是和鋁粉混合在一起的環(huán)氧樹脂，在結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)泡模具中，有時(shí)也將水泥用作襯墊材料。</p><p>　　1.3.2 電鑄法 </p>

98、<p>　　電鑄法也稱電解沉積，即利用電化學(xué)陰極沉積原理，在模型陰極上電解沉積金屬的辦法來得到所要求的型腔。當(dāng)將模型從沉積層上取出后，沉積層本身就形成了一個(gè)殼體;將殼體加一層襯套增強(qiáng)后，就可以放入模板，即形成一個(gè)有效的成形元件。 </p><p>　　電鑄法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它可準(zhǔn)確的復(fù)制表面(即便是深窄型腔也可完成復(fù)制)及其尺寸精度，并可用一個(gè)模型制作成幾個(gè)相同的型腔。其缺點(diǎn)是較費(fèi)時(shí)間，成本也較高。 </

99、p><p>　　1.3.3 快速原型法和快速制模(RP/RT)技術(shù) </p><p>　　快速原型法是一種基于離散和堆積原理的制造技術(shù)。它將零件的CAD模型按一定的方式離散，成為可加工的離散面、離散線和離散點(diǎn)，而后采用物理或化學(xué)手段，將這些離散的面、線段和點(diǎn)堆積而形成零件的整體形狀，具體的方法是:依據(jù)零件的三維CAD模型，經(jīng)過格式轉(zhuǎn)換后，對其分層切片，得到各層截面的輪廓形狀，然后用激光束選擇性

100、地固化一層層的液態(tài)光敏樹脂，或切割一層層的紙或金屬箔片，或燒結(jié)一層層的粉末材料，以及 用噴射源選擇性地噴射一層層的蒙古結(jié)劑或熱熔性材料，形成各截面的輪廓形狀，再逐步疊加 成三維立體零件。</p><p>　　1.4 模具材料表面處理技術(shù)</p><p>　　主要趨勢是:由滲入單一元素向多元素共滲、復(fù)合滲(如TD法)發(fā)展;由一般擴(kuò)散向CVD、PVD、PCVD、離子滲入、離子注入等方向發(fā)展;可