數控專業(yè)外文翻譯----數控技術發(fā)展趨勢

1、<p><b>　　附錄1</b></p><p>　　The development trend of the numerical control technology</p><p>　　Summary : Have introduced numerical control technology and the development trend of

2、the equipment and the current situations of the technical development of numerical control equipment and industrialization of our country of our times briefly , have discussed under the new environment further deepened i

3、n our country's accession to the WTO and opening to the outside world on this basis, develop technology of numerical control of our country and the importance of the information-based level of man</p><p>

4、;　　The engineering level of equipment industry and modernized intensity are determining the level of the whole national economy and modernized intensity , numerical control technology and equip , develop new developing n

5、ew high-tech industry and most advanced industry To can make technology and basic equipment most (national defense industry industries , such as information technology and their industry , biotechnology , industry , avia

6、tion , spaceflight ,etc. ). Marx has ever said " the difference</p><p>　　Numerical control technology to go on technology that control with digital information to mechanical movement and working course,

7、 numerical control equipment whether represented by technology of numerical control new technology make industry and new developing infiltration electromechanics integrated product that form of manufacturing industry to

8、tradition, i.e. what is called digitization equip, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Informati</p><p>　　Development trend of a numerical control techn

9、ology</p><p>　　The application of the technology of numerical control has not only brought the revolutionary change to traditional manufacturing industry, make the manufacturing industry become the industria

10、lized symbol , and with the constant development of the technology of numerical control and enlargement of application, the development of he some important trades (IT , car , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) t

11、o the national economy and the people's livelihood plays a more and more important role,</p><p>　　A high-speed , high finish machining technology and new trend equipped</p><p>　　Efficiency ,

12、 quality are subjects of the advanced manufacturing technology. At a high speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly, quality and grade to raise product, shorten production cycle and improve

13、 the competitive power of market. Japan carry technological research association classify their as one of the 5 loud modern manufacturing technologies first for this reason, learn (CIRP ) to confirm it as the centre in t

14、he 21st century to study one of the directions i</p><p>　　According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, the high-speed machining center enters for the pace to can reach 80m/min , even high, air transport compet

15、ent pace can reach 100m/min about. A lot of car factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, adopt , substitute and make the lathe up with high-speed machining center p

16、roduction line part that make up already. HyperMach lathe of Company , CINCINNATI of U.S.A. , enter , give pace to be most loud to </p><p>　　In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression acc

17、use of machining accuracy of lathe raise to 5μm , from 3- 5μm accurate grades of machining center from 10μm already, improve to 1- 1.5μm, and the ultraprecision machining accuracy has already begun to enter nanometer (0.

18、01μm )ly. In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability . For realiz</p

19、><p>　　5 axles link and process and compound and process the lathe to develop fast</p><p>　　Adopt 5 axle link , to three-dimensional curved surface processing of part , can cut with the best geomet

20、irc form of the cutter, not only highly polished, but also efficiency is improved by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged , a 5 axle gear beds of efficiency can equal 2 3 axle gear beds , use cubic nitrogen boro

21、n wait ultra hard material milling cutter go on at a high speed milling , sharpening , quenching hard steel at the part, 5 axle link , process constant 3 axle link , process ,</p><p>　　At EMO2001 exhibition,

22、 new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt compound main shaft hair, can realize 4 processing and arbitrary processing of angle of vertical plane, make 5 process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized a

23、t the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls . Company , DMG of Germany , exhibit DMUVoution series machining center , can put , insert , down 5 process and 5 axes lin

24、k and process in one, can be controlle</p><p>　　intellectualizations, open style, the network turns into for the contemporary numerical control system development mainly hastens</p><p>　　The 21s

25、t century numerical control equipments will be has certain intellectualized the system, the intellectualized content including in numerical control system each aspect: In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the

26、 processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; In order to enhance the actuation performance and the use connection convenient intellectual

27、ization, like the feed-forward control, the electrica</p><p>　　In order to solve the traditional numerical control system seal and the numerical control application software industry production existence que

28、stion. At present many countries conduct the research to the open style numerical control system, like US'S NGC (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), European Economic Community's OSACA (Open System

29、 Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), Japan's OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller), China's ONC (Open Numerical Control</p><p>　　The network numerical control equipment is a

30、nearly two year international famous engine beds expositions new luminescent spot. The numerical control equipment network enormously will satisfy the production line, the manufacture system, the manufacture enterprise t

31、o the information integration demand, also will be realizes new manufacture pattern like agile manufacture, hypothesized enterprise, the global manufacture foundation unit. The domestic and foreign some famous numerical

32、controls engine</p><p>　　1.4 takes the new technical standard, the standard establishment</p><p>　　1.4.1 about numerical control system design development gauge</p><p>　　As noted pr

33、eviously, there are better commonability , flexibility , adaptability , expanding in the open numerical control system, countries such as U.S.A. , European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development pl

34、an one after another , carry on research and formulation of the systematic norm of structural numerical control of the open system (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ), 3 of world heavy economy carry on the same science plan and stand

35、ardize formulation nearly in a short time most, h</p><p>　　1.4.2 About the numerical control standard</p><p>　　The numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development

36、of manufacturing industry. Numerical control technology information exchange of 50 year born , to based on ISO6983 standard, adopt G , M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing cou

37、rse, obviously, he can't meet demands of high-speed development of the technology of modern numerical control more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system st</p><p&g

38、t;　　The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technical field of the numerical control, on development and even the whole manufacturing industry of the technology of numerical control , will exert a far-reachi

39、ng influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea , in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on single computer. Under the new standard, NC p

40、rocedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a directi</p><p>　　At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1- 2001.12.3

41、 ) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users , manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufac

42、turing industry in the global range, he has already developed and accused of the super model (Super Model ) of information exchange of machine tool</p><p>　　pairs of basic estimations of technology and indus

43、try development of numerical control of our country</p><p>　　The technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stag

44、es: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, i.e. closed developing stage. In this stages, technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of the technology of numeric

45、al control is comparatively slow. During " Sixth Five-Year Plan Period " , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the country in sec</p><p>　　Review the development course in the past 5

46、0 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially pass the brainstorm of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements.</p><p>　　a. Have establish the foundation of the te

47、chnical development of numerical control, has basically mastered the technology of modern numerical control. Our country know from numerical control system , servo urge , numerical control host computer , special plane a

48、nd their basic of fittings basically already now, among them most technology have already possessed the foundation that is commercialized and developed , some technology has already, industrialization commercialized.<

49、/p><p>　　a.Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize , set up the systematic factories of n

50、umerical control with production capacity of batch such as numerical control of Central China , spaceflight numerical control etc.. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, a batch of servo systems and first machine tool p

51、lant , first machine tool plant of Jinan of servo electrical machinery factory </p><p>　　b.Have set up research of a numerical control, development , managerial talent's basic team . Though has made cons

52、iderable progress in research and development and industrialization of the technology of numerical control, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our

53、 country, there is greater disparity between current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level especially in industrialization. Though very fas</p><p>　　a.On the engineering level, in

54、probably backward 10- 1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology.</p><p>　　b.At the industrialization level, the market share is

55、 low, the variety coverage rate is low, have not formed the large-scale production yet; Function part specialized level of production and form a complete set ability to be lower; Appearance quality is relatively poor; De

56、pendability is not high, the commercialized intensity is insufficient; Not setting up one's own brand effect yet in domestic numerical control system, users have insufficient confidence. </p><p>　　c.At t

57、he ability of sustainable development, to competition numerical control research and development of technology, engineered ability weaker; Numerical control technological application expand efforts to be better; The rese

58、arch , formulation that relevant standards are normal lags behind.</p><p>　　It is analyzed that the main reason for having disparity described above has the following several respect.</p><p>　　a

59、.Realize the respect. Know to domestic numerical control industry process arduousness , complexity and long-term characteristic insufficiently; One that is to market unstandard, foreign blockade add strangle , system ,et

60、c. underestimate while being difficult; It is not enough to analyze to technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country. </p><p>　　b.System. Pay close attention to numerical co

61、ntrol industrialization many in the issue , consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one , industry chain in terms of technology; Set up intact related sys

62、tem , complete training , service network ,etc. of high quality support the system.</p><p>　　c.Mechanism. The bad mechanism causes the brain drain , restraining technology and technological route from innova

63、ting again , products innovation, and has restricted the effective implementation of planning , has often planned the ideal , implement the difficulty. d.Technology. Enterprises are indifferent in autonomous innovation i

64、n technology, key technology is engineered and indifferent. Lathe standard lag behind, level relatively low, numerical control system new standard study enoughly.</p><p>　　3 strategic thinking until technolo

65、gy and industrialization of numerical control of our country develop</p><p>　　3.1 Strategic consideration</p><p>　　Our country of strategic consideration makes the big country , should try hard

66、to accept the front instead of the back transformation in the world industry shifts , should master and make key technology advancedly , otherwise in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, of our c

67、ountry manufacturing industry step forward " the empty core ". We regard resource , environment , market as cost, possibility got to exchange " assemble the centre ", but not master the status of the

68、m</p><p>　　We should stand in the height of national security strategy paying attention to the technology of numerical control and industry's question , at first seen from social safety, because manufact

69、uring industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the people's living standard but also can relieve the pressure of employment of

70、 our country , ensure the stability of the society; Secondly seen from security of national </p><p>　　3.2 Development tactics</p><p>　　Proceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the

71、 country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of the national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equipping ind

72、ustry and industrialization level as the goal, use the systematic method , be able to choose the support technology that the initial our country makes the key technology upgraded in development of equipping industry and

73、s</p><p>　　Emphasize market demand is a direction, take terminal products of numerical control as the core , with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide

74、range, milling machine , high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe , model digitized machinery , key industry key equipment ,etc. ) drive numerical control development of industry. Solve the numeri

75、cal control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability in (digi</p><p>　　In equipping researching and developing high-grade , precision and advancedly , should emphasize the production,

76、learning and research and close combination of end user, regard " obtaining, using, selling " as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country.

77、 The technology of numerical control, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing technology and products with independent intellectual property right befo</p><p><b>　　附錄2</b&g

78、t;</p><p><b>　　數控技術發(fā)展趨勢</b></p><p>　　1　國內外數控系統發(fā)展概況</p><p>　　隨著計算機技術的高速發(fā)展，傳統的制造業(yè)開始了根本性變革，各工業(yè)發(fā)達國家投入巨資，對現代制造技術進行研究開發(fā)，提出了全新的制造模式。在現代制造系統中，數控技術是關鍵技術，它集微電子、計算機、信息處理、自動檢測、自動控制等

79、高新技術于一體，具有高精度、高效率、柔性自動化等特點，對制造業(yè)實現柔性自動化、集成化、智能化起著舉足輕重的作用。目前，數控技術正在發(fā)生根本性變革，由專用型封閉式開環(huán)控制模式向通用型開放式實時動態(tài)全閉環(huán)控制模式發(fā)展。在集成化基礎上，數控系統實現了超薄型、超小型化；在智能化基礎上，綜合了計算機、多媒體、模糊控制、神經網絡等多學科技術，數控系統實現了高速、高精、高效控制，加工過程中可以自動修正、調節(jié)與補償各項參數，實現了在線診斷和智能化故障處

80、理；在網絡化基礎上，CAD/CAM與數控系統集成為一體，機床聯網，實現了中央集中控制的群控加工。</p><p>　　長期以來，我國的數控系統為傳統的封閉式體系結構，CNC只能作為非智能的機床運動控制器。加工過程變量根據經驗以固定參數形式事先設定，加工程序在實際加工前用手工方式或通過CAD/CAM及自動編程系統進行編制。CAD/CAM和CNC之間沒有反饋控制環(huán)節(jié)，整個制造過程中CNC只是一個封閉式的開環(huán)執(zhí)行機構。

81、在復雜環(huán)境以及多變條件下，加工過程中的刀具組合、工件材料、主軸轉速、進給速率、刀具軌跡、切削深度、步長、加工余量等加工參數，無法在現場環(huán)境下根據外部干擾和隨機因素實時動態(tài)調整，更無法通過反饋控制環(huán)節(jié)隨機修正CAD/CAM中的設定量，因而影響CNC的工作效率和產品加工質量。由此可見，傳統CNC系統的這種固定程序控制模式和封閉式體系結構，限制了CNC向多變量智能化控制發(fā)展，已不適應日益復雜的制造過程，因此，對數控技術實行變革勢在必行。<

82、;/p><p>　　2　數控技術發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　2.1　性能發(fā)展方向</p><p>　　(1)高速高精高效化　速度、精度和效率是機械制造技術的關鍵性能指標。由于采用了高速CPU芯片、RISC芯片、多CPU控制系統以及帶高分辨率絕對式檢測元件的交流數字伺服系統，同時采取了改善機床動態(tài)、靜態(tài)特性等有效措施，機床的高速高精高效化已大大提高。</p>

83、<p>　　(2)柔性化　包含兩方面：數控系統本身的柔性，數控系統采用模塊化設計，功能覆蓋面大，可裁剪性強，便于滿足不同用戶的需求；群控系統的柔性，同一群控系統能依據不同生產流程的要求，使物料流和信息流自動進行動態(tài)調整，從而最大限度地發(fā)揮群控系統的效能。</p><p>　　(3)工藝復合性和多軸化　以減少工序、輔助時間為主要目的的復合加工，正朝著多軸、多系列控制功能方向發(fā)展。數控機床的工藝復合化是

84、指工件在一臺機床上一次裝夾后，通過自動換刀、旋轉主軸頭或轉臺等各種措施，完成多工序、多表面的復合加工。數控技術軸，西門子880系統控制軸數可達24軸。</p><p>　　(4)實時智能化　早期的實時系統通常針對相對簡單的理想環(huán)境，其作用是如何調度任務，以確保任務在規(guī)定期限內完成。而人工智能則試圖用計算模型實現人類的各種智能行為?？茖W技術發(fā)展到今天，實時系統和人工智能相互結合，人工智能正向著具有實時響應的、更現實

85、的領域發(fā)展，而實時系統也朝著具有智能行為的、更加復雜的應用發(fā)展，由此產生了實時智能控制這一新的領域。在數控技術領域，實時智能控制的研究和應用正沿著幾個主要分支發(fā)展：自適應控制、模糊控制、神經網絡控制、專家控制、學習控制、前饋控制等。例如在數控系統中配備編程專家系統、故障診斷專家系統、參數自動設定和刀具自動管理及補償等自適應調節(jié)系統，在高速加工時的綜合運動控制中引入提前預測和預算功能、動態(tài)前饋功能，在壓力、溫度、位置、速度控制等方面采用模

86、糊控制，使數控系統的控制性能大大提高，從而達到最佳控制的目的。</p><p>　　2.2　功能發(fā)展方向</p><p>　　(1)用戶界面圖形化　用戶界面是數控系統與使用者之間的對話接口。由于不同用戶對界面的要求不同，因而開發(fā)用戶界面的工作量極大，用戶界面成為計算機軟件研制中最困難的部分之一。當前INTERNET、虛擬現實、科學計算可視化及多媒體等技術也對用戶界面提出了更高要求。圖形用戶

87、界面極大地方便了非專業(yè)用戶的使用，人們可以通過窗口和菜單進行操作，便于藍圖編程和快速編程、三維彩色立體動態(tài)圖形顯示、圖形模擬、圖形動態(tài)跟蹤和仿真、不同方向的視圖和局部顯示比例縮放功能的實現。</p><p>　　(2)科學計算可視化　科學計算可視化可用于高效處理數據和解釋數據，使信息交流不再局限于用文字和語言表達，而可以直接使用圖形、圖像、動畫等可視信息?？梢暬夹g與虛擬環(huán)境技術相結合，進一步拓寬了應用領域，如無

88、圖紙設計、虛擬樣機技術等，這對縮短產品設計周期、提高產品質量、降低產品成本具有重要意義。在數控技術領域，可視化技術可用于CAD/CAM，如自動編程設計、參數自動設定、刀具補償和刀具管理數據的動態(tài)處理和顯示以及加工過程的可視化仿真演示等。</p><p>　　(3)插補和補償方式多樣化　多種插補方式如直線插補、圓弧插補、圓柱插補、空間橢圓曲面插補、螺紋插補、極坐標插補、2D+2螺旋插補、NANO插補、NURBS插補

89、(非均勻有理B樣條插補)、樣條插補(A、B、C樣條)、多項式插補等。多種補償功能如間隙補償、垂直度補償、象限誤差補償、螺距和測量系統誤差補償、與速度相關的前饋補償、溫度補償、帶平滑接近和退出以及相反點計算的刀具半徑補償等。</p><p>　　(4)內裝高性能PLC　數控系統內裝高性能PLC控制模塊，可直接用梯形圖或高級語言編程，具有直觀的在線調試和在線幫助功能。編程工具中包含用于車床銑床的標準PLC用戶程序實例

90、，用戶可在標準PLC用戶程序基礎上進行編輯修改，從而方便地建立自己的應用程序。</p><p>　　(5)多媒體技術應用　多媒體技術集計算機、聲像和通信技術于一體，使計算機具有綜合處理聲音、文字、圖像和視頻信息的能力。在數控技術領域，應用多媒體技術可以做到信息處理綜合化、智能化，在實時監(jiān)控系統和生產現場設備的故障診斷、生產過程參數監(jiān)測等方面有著重大的應用價值。</p><p>　　2.3　

91、體系結構的發(fā)展</p><p>　　(1)集成化　采用高度集成化CPU、RISC芯片和大規(guī)?？删幊碳呻娐稦PGA、EPLD、CPLD以及專用集成電路ASIC芯片，可提高數控系統的集成度和軟硬件運行速度。應用FPD平板顯示技術，可提高顯示器性能。平板顯示器具有科技含量高、重量輕、體積小、功耗低、便于攜帶等優(yōu)點，可實現超大尺寸顯示，成為和CRT抗衡的新興顯示技術，是21世紀顯示技術的主流。應用先進封裝和互連技術，將

92、半導體和表面安裝技術融為一體。通過提高集成電路密度、減少互連長度和數量來降低產品價格，改進性能，減小組件尺寸，提高系統的可靠性。</p><p>　　(2)模塊化　硬件模塊化易于實現數控系統的集成化和標準化。根據不同的功能需求，將基本模塊，如CPU、存儲器、位置伺服、PLC、輸入輸出接口、通訊等模塊，作成標準的系列化產品，通過積木方式進行功能裁剪和模塊數量的增減，構成不同檔次的數控系統。</p>&

93、lt;p>　　(3)網絡化　機床聯網可進行遠程控制和無人化操作。通過機床聯網，可在任何一臺機床上對其它機床進行編程、設定、操作、運行，不同機床的畫面可同時顯示在每一臺機床的屏幕上。</p><p>　　(4)通用型開放式閉環(huán)控制模式　采用通用計算機組成總線式、模塊化、開放式、嵌入式體系結構，便于裁剪、擴展和升級，可組成不同檔次、不同類型、不同集成程度的數控系統。閉環(huán)控制模式是針對傳統的數控系統僅有的專用型單

94、機封閉式開環(huán)控制模式提出的。由于制造過程是一個具有多變量控制和加工工藝綜合作用的復雜過程，包含諸如加工尺寸、形狀、振動、噪聲、溫度和熱變形等各種變化因素，因此，要實現加工過程的多目標優(yōu)化，必須采用多變量的閉環(huán)控制，在實時加工過程中動態(tài)調整加工過程變量。加工過程中采用開放式通用型實時動態(tài)全閉環(huán)控制模式，易于將計算機實時智能技術、網絡技術、多媒體技術、CAD/CAM、伺服控制、自適應控制、動態(tài)數據管理及動態(tài)刀具補償、動態(tài)仿真等高新技術融于一

95、體，構成嚴密的制造過程閉環(huán)控制體系，從而實現集成化、智能化、網絡化。</p><p>　　3　智能化新一代PCNC數控系統</p><p>　　當前開發(fā)研究適應于復雜制造過程的、具有閉環(huán)控制體系結構的、智能化新一代PCNC數控系統已成為可能。智能化新一代PCNC數控系統將計算機智能技術、網絡技術、CAD/CAM、伺服控制、自適應控制、動態(tài)數據管理及動態(tài)刀具補償、動態(tài)仿真等高新技術融于一體，