數(shù)控專業(yè)外文翻譯----數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展

1、<p><b>　　附錄A</b></p><p><b>　　數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展</b></p><p>　　數(shù)控技術(shù)和數(shù)控裝備是制造工業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的重要基礎(chǔ)。這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)是否牢固直接影響到一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和綜合國(guó)力，關(guān)系到一個(gè)國(guó)家的戰(zhàn)略地位。因此，世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家均采取重大措施來(lái)發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)。 </p><

2、p>　　在我國(guó)，數(shù)控技術(shù)與裝備的發(fā)展亦得到了高度重視，近年來(lái)取得了相當(dāng)大的進(jìn)步。特別是在通用微機(jī)數(shù)控領(lǐng)域，以PC平臺(tái)為基礎(chǔ)的國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，已經(jīng)走在了世界前列。但是，我國(guó)在數(shù)控技術(shù)研究和產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展方面亦存在不少問(wèn)題，特別是在技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力、商品化進(jìn)程、市場(chǎng)占有率等方面情況尤為突出。在新世紀(jì)到來(lái)時(shí)，如何有效解決這些問(wèn)題，使我國(guó)數(shù)控領(lǐng)域沿著可持續(xù)發(fā)展的道路，從整體上全面邁入世界先進(jìn)行列，使我們?cè)趪?guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中有舉足輕重的地位，將是數(shù)控研究開(kāi)發(fā)部

3、門(mén)和生產(chǎn)廠家所面臨的重要任務(wù)。為完成此任務(wù)，首先必須確立符合中國(guó)國(guó)情的發(fā)展道路。為此，本文從總體戰(zhàn)略和技術(shù)路線兩個(gè)層次及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、功能部件、數(shù)控整機(jī)等幾個(gè)具體方面探討了新世紀(jì)的發(fā)展途徑。</p><p><b>　　1 總體戰(zhàn)略</b></p><p>　　制定符合中國(guó)國(guó)情的總體發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，對(duì)21世紀(jì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)與產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。通過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)的分析

4、和對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控領(lǐng)域存在問(wèn)題的研究，我們認(rèn)為以科技創(chuàng)新為先導(dǎo)，以商品化為主干，以管理和營(yíng)銷為重點(diǎn)，以技術(shù)支持和服務(wù)為后盾，堅(jiān)持可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路將是一種符合我國(guó)國(guó)情的發(fā)展數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)的總體戰(zhàn)略。</p><p>　　1.1 以科技創(chuàng)新為先導(dǎo)</p><p>　　中國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)過(guò)40多年的發(fā)展，從無(wú)到有，從引進(jìn)消化到擁有自己獨(dú)立的自主版權(quán)，取得了相當(dāng)大的進(jìn)步。但回顧這幾十年的發(fā)展，可以看到

5、我們?cè)跀?shù)控領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)步主要還是按國(guó)外一些模式，按部就班地發(fā)展，真正創(chuàng)新的成分不多。這種局面在發(fā)展初期的起步階段，是無(wú)可非議的。但到了世界數(shù)控強(qiáng)手如林的今天和知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)即將登上舞臺(tái)的新世紀(jì)，這一常規(guī)途徑就很難行通了。例如，在國(guó)外模擬伺服快過(guò)時(shí)時(shí)，我們開(kāi)始搞模擬伺服，還沒(méi)等我們占穩(wěn)市場(chǎng)，技術(shù)上就已經(jīng)落后了；在國(guó)外將脈沖驅(qū)動(dòng)的數(shù)字式伺服打入我國(guó)市場(chǎng)時(shí)，我們就跟著搞這類所謂的數(shù)字伺服，但至今沒(méi)形成大的市場(chǎng)規(guī)模；近來(lái)國(guó)外將數(shù)字式伺服發(fā)展到用網(wǎng)絡(luò)（通過(guò)

6、光纜等）與數(shù)控裝置連接時(shí)，我們又跟著發(fā)展此類系統(tǒng)，前途仍不樂(lè)觀。這種老是跟在別人后面走，按國(guó)外已有控制和驅(qū)動(dòng)模式來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，在技術(shù)上難免要滯后，再加上國(guó)外公司在我國(guó)境內(nèi)設(shè)立研究所和生產(chǎn)廠，實(shí)行就地開(kāi)發(fā)、就地生產(chǎn)和就地銷售，使我們的產(chǎn)品在性能價(jià)格比上已越來(lái)越無(wú)多大優(yōu)勢(shì)，因此要進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)占有率，難度自然就很大了。</p><p>　　為改變這種現(xiàn)狀，我們必須深刻理解和認(rèn)真落實(shí)“科學(xué)技術(shù)是第一生產(chǎn)力”的偉大

7、論斷，大力加強(qiáng)數(shù)控領(lǐng)域的科技創(chuàng)新，努力研究具有中國(guó)特色的實(shí)用的先進(jìn)數(shù)控技術(shù)，逐步建立自己獨(dú)立的、先進(jìn)的技術(shù)體系。在此基礎(chǔ)上大力發(fā)展符合中國(guó)國(guó)情的數(shù)控產(chǎn)品，從而形成從數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、數(shù)控功能部件到種類齊全的數(shù)控機(jī)床整機(jī)的完整的產(chǎn)業(yè)體系。這樣，才不會(huì)被國(guó)外牽著鼻子，永遠(yuǎn)受別人的制約，才有可能用先進(jìn)、實(shí)用的數(shù)控產(chǎn)品去收復(fù)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)，打開(kāi)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)，使中國(guó)的數(shù)控技術(shù)和數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)在21世紀(jì)走在世界的前列。</p><p>　　1.2

8、 在商品化上狠下工夫近幾年我國(guó)數(shù)控產(chǎn)品雖然發(fā)展很快，但真正在市場(chǎng)上站住腳的卻不多。就數(shù)控系統(tǒng)而言，國(guó)產(chǎn)貨仍未真正被廣大機(jī)床廠所接受，因此出現(xiàn)國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)用于舊機(jī)床改造的例子較多，而裝備新機(jī)床的卻很少，機(jī)床廠出產(chǎn)的國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床大多數(shù)用的都是國(guó)外的系統(tǒng)。這當(dāng)然不是說(shuō)舊機(jī)床的數(shù)控化改造不重要，而是說(shuō)明從商品的角度看，我們的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)與國(guó)外相比還存在相當(dāng)大的差距。</p><p>　　影響數(shù)控系統(tǒng)和數(shù)控機(jī)床商品化的主要因

9、素除技術(shù)性能和功能外，更重要的就是可靠性、穩(wěn)定性和實(shí)用性。以往，一些數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品的研究、開(kāi)發(fā)部門(mén)，所追求的往往是一些體現(xiàn)技術(shù)水平的指標(biāo)（如多少通道、多少軸聯(lián)動(dòng)、每分鐘多少米的進(jìn)給速度等等），而對(duì)影響實(shí)用性的一些指標(biāo)和一些小問(wèn)題卻不太重視，在產(chǎn)品的穩(wěn)定性、魯棒性、可靠性、實(shí)用性方面花的精力相對(duì)較少。從而出現(xiàn)某些產(chǎn)品鑒定時(shí)的水平都很高，甚至也獲各種大獎(jiǎng)。但這些高指標(biāo)、高性能的產(chǎn)品到用戶哪兒卻由于一些小問(wèn)題而表現(xiàn)不盡人意，最后喪失了信譽(yù)，打

10、不開(kāi)市場(chǎng)。這說(shuō)明，高指標(biāo)、高性能的樣機(jī)型的產(chǎn)品離用戶真正需要的實(shí)用、可靠的商品是有相當(dāng)大的距離的，將一個(gè)高指標(biāo)、高性能的產(chǎn)品變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)有市場(chǎng)的商品還需作出大量艱苦的努力。</p><p>　　1.4 強(qiáng)技術(shù)支持和服務(wù)</p><p>　　數(shù)控系統(tǒng)和數(shù)控機(jī)床作為典型的高技術(shù)產(chǎn)品，對(duì)用戶的技術(shù)支持和服務(wù)是相當(dāng)重要的。以前國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控產(chǎn)品喪失信譽(yù)的原因，除可靠性問(wèn)題外，另一大問(wèn)題就是缺乏有力的技術(shù)支

11、持和服務(wù)。用戶花了很多錢(qián)買(mǎi)的數(shù)控機(jī)床或數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，一旦出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題卻叫天天不應(yīng)，叫地地不靈，以后誰(shuí)還敢買(mǎi)我們的產(chǎn)品。因此，應(yīng)將對(duì)用戶的技術(shù)支持和服務(wù)當(dāng)成重要的日常工作來(lái)抓，使我們?cè)谑袌?chǎng)上向縱深挺進(jìn)時(shí)，有一個(gè)強(qiáng)大后方。因此，為了取得數(shù)控產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的全面勝利，必須建立以技術(shù)支持和服務(wù)為核心的強(qiáng)大后方。當(dāng)然，為贏得主動(dòng)，后方也須主動(dòng)出擊。目前，利用先進(jìn)的信息技術(shù)手段（如網(wǎng)絡(luò)和多媒體），將為建立新一代立體化的技術(shù)支持和服務(wù)體系開(kāi)辟新的途徑。<

12、/p><p>　　1.5 持續(xù)發(fā)展道路</p><p>　　可持續(xù)發(fā)展是下一世紀(jì)企業(yè)發(fā)展的重要戰(zhàn)略，我國(guó)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)要有大的發(fā)展也必須堅(jiān)持走可持續(xù)發(fā)展的道路。綠色是實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要途徑，其主要思想是清潔和節(jié)約。為此應(yīng)大力加強(qiáng)綠色數(shù)控產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)，加速促進(jìn)數(shù)控產(chǎn)品、數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)以及整個(gè)制造業(yè)的綠色化，主要戰(zhàn)略措施應(yīng)考慮以下幾方面：①有效減少產(chǎn)品制造及使用過(guò)程中的環(huán)境污染。如減少數(shù)控機(jī)床的鑄件結(jié)構(gòu)，消

13、除鑄造對(duì)環(huán)境的污染；將數(shù)控機(jī)床主軸的潤(rùn)滑以油氣潤(rùn)滑、噴油潤(rùn)滑等取代油霧潤(rùn)滑，減少對(duì)生產(chǎn)環(huán)境的污染；在精密數(shù)控機(jī)床及其運(yùn)行環(huán)境的溫度控制中取消氟利昂制冷的恒溫技術(shù)；以電傳動(dòng)代替機(jī)械傳動(dòng)，減少噪聲污染。②大幅度降低資源消耗和能源消耗。如以軟件代替硬件，從而減少硬件制造的資源和能源消耗及污染，并減少產(chǎn)品壽命結(jié)束后硬件裝置的拆卸回收問(wèn)題；以永磁驅(qū)動(dòng)代替感應(yīng)驅(qū)動(dòng)，提高效率和功率因數(shù)，節(jié)約能源；以電傳動(dòng)代替機(jī)械傳動(dòng)，提高效率，減少能源消耗。③加強(qiáng)用

14、數(shù)控技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床。這既符合運(yùn)用信息技術(shù)和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，使傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和裝備現(xiàn)代化這一產(chǎn)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目標(biāo)得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，又可取得巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。我國(guó)擁有普通機(jī)床數(shù)百萬(wàn)臺(tái)，加強(qiáng)用數(shù)控技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床將成為下世紀(jì)我國(guó)數(shù)</p><p><b>　　2 技術(shù)途徑</b></p><p>　　2.1 發(fā)展具有中國(guó)特色的新一代PC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)</p>

15、<p>　　數(shù)控系統(tǒng)是各類數(shù)控裝備的核心，因此通過(guò)科技創(chuàng)新首先發(fā)展具有中國(guó)特色的新型數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，將是推動(dòng)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化進(jìn)程的有效技術(shù)途徑。實(shí)踐證明，10年來(lái)我們所走的PC數(shù)控道路是完全正確的。PC機(jī)（包括工業(yè)PC）產(chǎn)量大、價(jià)格便宜，技術(shù)進(jìn)步和性能提高很快，且可靠性高（工業(yè)PC主機(jī)的MTBF已達(dá)30年［3］）。因此，以其作為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的軟硬件平臺(tái)不但可以大幅度提高數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的性能價(jià)格比，而且還可充分利用通用微機(jī)已有軟硬件資源和分享計(jì)算機(jī)領(lǐng)

16、域的最新成果，如大容量存儲(chǔ)器、高分辨率彩色顯示器、多媒體信息交換、聯(lián)網(wǎng)通訊等。此外，以通用微機(jī)作為數(shù)控平臺(tái)還可獲得快速的技術(shù)進(jìn)步，當(dāng)PC機(jī)升級(jí)換代時(shí)，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)也可相應(yīng)升級(jí)換代，從而長(zhǎng)期保持技術(shù)上的優(yōu)勢(shì)，在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中立于不敗之地。</p><p>　　目前，PC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)有2種主要形式：（1）專用數(shù)控加PC前端的復(fù)合式結(jié)構(gòu)；（2）通用PC加位控卡的遞階式結(jié)構(gòu)。另外還有一種正在發(fā)展的數(shù)字化分布式結(jié)構(gòu)。其方案是將由

17、DSP等組成的數(shù)字式伺服通過(guò)以光纜等為介質(zhì)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)與數(shù)控裝置連接起來(lái)，組成一完整的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)雖然性能很好，但由于開(kāi)發(fā)和生產(chǎn)成本太高，近期難以被國(guó)內(nèi)廣大用戶所接受。我們認(rèn)為，上述結(jié)構(gòu)并不是符合中國(guó)國(guó)情的最好方案，適合中國(guó)國(guó)情的應(yīng)是將所有數(shù)控功能全軟件化的集成式結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)檫@種結(jié)構(gòu)的硬件規(guī)模最小，不但有利于降低系統(tǒng)成本，而且更重要的是可以有效提高系統(tǒng)的可靠性。</p><p>　　幾十年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，可靠性好壞是國(guó)

18、產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)能否發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。雖然影響數(shù)控系統(tǒng)可靠性的因素很多，但過(guò)大的硬件規(guī)模和較低的硬件制造工藝水平往往對(duì)可靠性造成最大的威脅。以往，國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)在總體設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)由于種種原因的限制，不得不選用技術(shù)指標(biāo)不太高的普通CPU，這樣，為完成數(shù)控的復(fù)雜功能往往需要由多個(gè)CPU來(lái)組成系統(tǒng)，有時(shí)還需另加一些專用或通用硬件電路來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的一些高實(shí)時(shí)性功能（如細(xì)插補(bǔ)、位置伺服控制等），從而造成系統(tǒng)硬件規(guī)模龐大。對(duì)于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)這種批量不大的產(chǎn)品，在國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)有工

19、藝條件下，很難從硬件制造的角度保證系統(tǒng)的可靠性，因而使得國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)在生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的表現(xiàn)不佳，對(duì)國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的形象和聲譽(yù)造成嚴(yán)重影響，使得不少用戶現(xiàn)在還心有余悸。</p><p>　　因此，我們?cè)陂_(kāi)發(fā)新型數(shù)控系統(tǒng)時(shí)，應(yīng)優(yōu)先選用新型高性能CPU（如高主頻的Pentium II、Pentium III等）作為系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)算和控制核心，并盡量用軟件來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)控的所有功能。這樣，可大幅度減小系統(tǒng)硬件的規(guī)模。此外，還應(yīng)在軟件設(shè)計(jì)、電

20、源設(shè)計(jì)、接插件設(shè)計(jì)與選用、接地與屏蔽設(shè)計(jì)和施工等方面采用強(qiáng)抗擾高可靠性設(shè)計(jì)與制造技術(shù)，從而全面提高系統(tǒng)的可靠性。</p><p>　　由于一個(gè)新型高性能CPU可以代替數(shù)十個(gè)普通CPU（如80286、80386等），因此，在基于高性能CPU的PC平臺(tái)上不僅可以完成數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的基本功能（如信息處理、刀補(bǔ)計(jì)算、插補(bǔ)計(jì)算、加減速控制等）和開(kāi)關(guān)量控制功能（內(nèi)裝PLC），而且還可以完成伺服控制功能。這樣，以前由DSP完成的數(shù)字

21、化伺服控制功能（如位置控制、速度控制、矢量變換控制等）均可由PC中的CPU完成，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)內(nèi)裝式伺服控制，這不僅有效縮小了數(shù)控部分的硬件規(guī)模，而且還大幅度縮小了伺服控制部分硬件規(guī)模.這種具有內(nèi)裝PLC和內(nèi)裝伺服控制的全軟件化集成式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，其硬件規(guī)模將達(dá)到最小化，整個(gè)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)除一個(gè)PC平臺(tái)外，剩下的只有驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)床運(yùn)動(dòng)的功率接口和反饋接口。這既有效提高了系統(tǒng)可靠性，又消除了信息傳遞瓶頸，提高了系統(tǒng)性能，同時(shí)還可顯著降低系統(tǒng)成本，使系統(tǒng)（包括電

22、機(jī)）售價(jià)將可降至現(xiàn)有數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的一半左右。顯然，這種高性能、高可靠性、低成本的新型數(shù)控系統(tǒng)將具有極強(qiáng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，有望為開(kāi)創(chuàng)中國(guó)數(shù)控的新局面作出貢獻(xiàn)。</p><p>　　此外，集成化PC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)還有一大優(yōu)點(diǎn)，就是容易實(shí)現(xiàn)開(kāi)放式結(jié)構(gòu)。這是因?yàn)?，這種系統(tǒng)的硬件本身已經(jīng)是完全開(kāi)放的，構(gòu)成開(kāi)放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的工作完全在軟件上，只要制定好標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和協(xié)議，從信息處理、軌跡插補(bǔ)、加減速控制、開(kāi)關(guān)量控制到伺服控制都可以實(shí)現(xiàn)開(kāi)放，從而可大大方

23、便用戶的使用。</p><p>　　2.2 推進(jìn)數(shù)控功能部件的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)</p><p>　　解決數(shù)控系統(tǒng)問(wèn)題后，如何實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)控機(jī)床的模塊化設(shè)計(jì)與制造便是我國(guó)機(jī)床制造企業(yè)快速響應(yīng)市場(chǎng)需求，在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中獲勝的另一關(guān)鍵。要實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)控機(jī)床的模塊化設(shè)計(jì)制造，必須解決數(shù)控機(jī)床功能部件的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)問(wèn)題。目前我國(guó)在這方面離實(shí)際需求還有相當(dāng)大的差距。因此，在今后的若干年內(nèi)，我們必須大力促進(jìn)數(shù)控機(jī)床功能部件的開(kāi)發(fā)

24、和專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。其要點(diǎn)如下：</p><p>　　(1)新型永磁電主軸單元　 電主軸已成為國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上最熱門(mén)的數(shù)控機(jī)床功能部件。但目前這類產(chǎn)品幾乎都為感應(yīng)異步型，存在以下突出問(wèn)題：①轉(zhuǎn)子上存在繞組，有大電流流過(guò)，因此轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)熱嚴(yán)重，直接影響主軸精度；②低速出力小且轉(zhuǎn)矩脈動(dòng)大，難以滿足寬范圍切削要求；③效率和功率因素低，不僅電機(jī)體積和重量大而且要求逆變器容量大、耗能多；④控制系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜、成本高.因此，利用我國(guó)稀土永磁材料的

25、優(yōu)勢(shì)，開(kāi)發(fā)新型大功率、高效率、寬調(diào)速范圍永磁同步型交流電主軸單元，將可有效解決現(xiàn)有電主軸存在的問(wèn)題，形成具有中國(guó)特色的新一代電主軸產(chǎn)品。由于永磁電主軸的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)和控制系統(tǒng)都較感應(yīng)異步型電主軸簡(jiǎn)單，因此易于進(jìn)行專業(yè)化大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)。當(dāng)然，這還要攻克主軸支承（陶瓷軸承、流體動(dòng)靜壓軸承、磁懸浮軸承）技術(shù)、高精度高速動(dòng)平衡技術(shù)、高速驅(qū)動(dòng)、檢測(cè)與控制技術(shù)、高可靠性安全保證技術(shù)等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。</p><p>　　(2)廉價(jià)的高性能

26、伺服系統(tǒng)　目前，一套進(jìn)給交流伺服系統(tǒng)（驅(qū)動(dòng)器+電機(jī)）的價(jià)格一般都在萬(wàn)元以上，主軸伺服系統(tǒng)的價(jià)格高達(dá)數(shù)萬(wàn)元，已成為降低國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床成本的一大障礙。因此，應(yīng)配合新型集成化國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，大力開(kāi)發(fā)廉價(jià)的高性能內(nèi)裝式伺服系統(tǒng)。由于內(nèi)裝式伺服的硬件部分只有電機(jī)和功率接口，充分利用我國(guó)的永磁資源優(yōu)勢(shì)，通過(guò)專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)可以把電機(jī)的造價(jià)降下來(lái)，而采用智能化的IPM模塊作為功率接口也很便宜，因此將內(nèi)裝式進(jìn)給伺服的價(jià)格控制在數(shù)千元以內(nèi)，將內(nèi)裝式主軸伺服的

27、價(jià)格控制在2萬(wàn)元以內(nèi)，將是完全可能的。</p><p>　　(3)直線交流伺服系統(tǒng)　 直線交流伺服系統(tǒng)是下一世紀(jì)數(shù)控機(jī)床不可缺少的功能部件，目前我國(guó)還沒(méi)有成熟產(chǎn)品，因此應(yīng)加強(qiáng)研究、開(kāi)發(fā)和推廣應(yīng)用?？紤]到常規(guī)機(jī)床的防磁問(wèn)題較難解決，而并聯(lián)機(jī)床的防磁相對(duì)容易，因此可為常規(guī)結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)床開(kāi)發(fā)感應(yīng)異步型直線電機(jī)，為并聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)床開(kāi)發(fā)永磁同步型直線電機(jī)，從而揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短，構(gòu)成符合實(shí)際應(yīng)用要求的新型高速高精度進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，可進(jìn)一

28、步開(kāi)發(fā)將驅(qū)動(dòng)與支承合二為一的磁懸浮工作臺(tái)。</p><p>　　(4)零傳動(dòng)數(shù)控轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)與擺頭　 數(shù)控轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)與擺頭是多坐標(biāo)數(shù)控機(jī)床的關(guān)鍵部件，傳統(tǒng)的采用高精度蝸桿蝸輪等傳動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)與擺頭不僅制造難度大、成本高，而且難以達(dá)到高速加工所需的速度和精度，因而必須另辟蹊徑開(kāi)發(fā)新型零傳動(dòng)（無(wú)機(jī)械傳動(dòng)鏈）數(shù)控轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)和擺頭，以促進(jìn)我國(guó)高速高精度多坐標(biāo)數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　(5)高速高精度檢測(cè)裝置　

29、 高速高精度是下世紀(jì)數(shù)控機(jī)床發(fā)展的主題，這不但需要高性能的控制和驅(qū)動(dòng)，同時(shí)還需要高品質(zhì)的檢測(cè)環(huán)節(jié)，因此應(yīng)在現(xiàn)有技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā)0.1 μm以上精度的高速(60 m/min以上)線位移傳感器和100萬(wàn)脈沖/r的角位移傳感器，此類技術(shù)國(guó)外對(duì)我國(guó)是封鎖的。</p><p>　　2.3 加速數(shù)控機(jī)床的全國(guó)產(chǎn)化，打好市場(chǎng)翻身仗</p><p>　　數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化的最終成功將體現(xiàn)在數(shù)控機(jī)床的全國(guó)產(chǎn)

30、化和市場(chǎng)占有率上。在上述總體戰(zhàn)略指導(dǎo)下，采取抓兩頭（低價(jià)位數(shù)控機(jī)床和高速高效數(shù)控機(jī)床）、帶中間（普通數(shù)控機(jī)床）、促重型（重型關(guān)鍵裝備）的方針，將是在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上快速收復(fù)失地，在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上穩(wěn)步進(jìn)軍，最終打贏國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床市場(chǎng)翻身仗的一種有效戰(zhàn)術(shù)和策略。關(guān)于普通數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展已有許多文章作了專門(mén)論述，因此下面僅就低價(jià)位數(shù)控機(jī)床、高速高效數(shù)控機(jī)床和重型數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展問(wèn)題作一討論。</p><p><b>　　附錄

31、B</b></p><p>　　The Numerical control’s development</p><p>　　The Numerical Control technical and the equipmentis important for the foundation of the modern industry.Whether this foundation

32、affects an economy of nation to develop directly and comprehensive national strength, relate to a strategic position of nation.Therefore, theflourishing nation of each industry all adopts the important measure in the wor

33、ld to develop own number to control technique and its industries.</p><p>　　In our country, the number controled the development of technique and material to also get the high value, obtaining the very big pr

34、ogress in recent years.Count to control the realm in the in general use and tiny machine especially, take terrace of PC as basal domestic the number controls the system, have already walk at ex- row in world.But, the our

35、 country is counting to control the technique research and the industry developments to also exist not a few problems, especially creative ability i</p><p>　　1.total strategy</p><p>　　The establ

36、ishment matches the total development of the Chinese state of the nation strategy, to 21 centuries our country count control the technique and industries to develop to go to close the importance.Control the analysis that

37、 the technique and industries develop the trend through a logarithms and to the research that the our country number control the realm existence problem, we think to take science and technology innovation as to lead firs

38、t, changing into the lord stem with the merchandis</p><p>　　1.1Take science and technology innovation as to lead first</p><p>　　The number in China control technique and industry through more th

39、an 40 years of development, from did not have from ushering in to digest to own the independent independent copyright of oneself, obtain the very big progress.But look back this several decades of development, can see us

40、 at count to control the progress of the realm to mainly still press a little bit foreign mode, press department a ground development, the real creative composition is not much.This kind of situation is developping</p

41、><p>　　In order to change this kind of present condition, we must get it deeply and the great theory of the earnest implementation" science technique is the first productivity"s break, strengthenning

42、the number to control the science and technology innovation of the realm strongly, diligent the research has the practical forerunner of Chinese special features to count to control the technique, building up the oneself

43、 gradually independent, the forerunner's technique system.Develop the number of match t</p><p>　　1.2 malicious contrive in commercialize</p><p>　　In the last few years the our country number

44、 controls the product although the development is very quick, real at stop the feet on the market of not much.In regard to number control system, domestic goods not yet real were accept by the large tool machine factory,

45、 so appear the domestic number to control the example that the system useds for the old tool machine reformation more, but new tool machine of material of but few, the tool machine factory produce domestic the number con

46、trols the tool m</p><p>　　In addition to the technique function and functions, the main factor that affects the number to control the system and numbers to control the tool machine to commercialize is more i

47、mportant is a credibility, stability and function.Before, some numbers control the research, the development section of technique and product, pursue of is usually some bodies the index sign( such as how much passage, ho

48、w much stalk tit move, every minute how much rice enter to the speed etc.) of the technique level n</p><p>　　1.4 persistences can keep on to develop the road</p><p>　　The development is a next c

49、entury the importance that business enterprise development strategy, our country the number controls the industry to want to have the big development and also musts insist to walk and can keep on the road of the developm

50、ent.The green is a realization and can keep on the important path of the development, its main thought is to sweep and economize.For this development that should strengthen the green number to control the product strongl

51、y, the acceleration promotes the </p><p>　　2 technique paths</p><p>　　2.1 developments have the new generation PC number of Chinese special features to control the system.</p><p>　　

52、The number controls the core that the system is each kind of number to control the material, so control the system through the new number that science and technology innovation develops to have the Chinese special featur

53、es first, will be valid technique path that pushes number to control the industry to turn the progress.Practice the certificate,10 in the last yearses the PC that we walk the number controls the road is completely right.

54、The PC machine( include the industry PC) yield is big, the p</p><p>　　Currently, the PC number control the system structure of the system contain 2 kinds of main forms:(1)The appropriation number controls co

55、mpound type structure of add the head of PC;(2)The in general use PC add a controls the card of pass the rank type structure.Still have moreover a kind of just the numeral that develop turns the distribute type structure

56、.Its project is to will be is servo by the numerical type that etc. constitute of DSP to pass with fiber optic cable etc. for lie the quality o</p><p>　　Several decades of experience enunciation, dependable

57、sex quality is the domestic number control can system develop of key.Although affect the number to control the factor of the system credibility a lot of, lead the big hardware scale and the lower hardware manufacturing

58、craft levels to usually result in the biggest threat to the credibility.Before, the domestic number controls the system at total design because of the restrict of various reason, have to choose with the not that high and

59、 commo</p><p>　　Therefore, we while developping the new number to control the system, should have the initiative to choose to be the operation and the control cores of the system with the new high performanc

60、e CPU( such as the Pentium II, III etc. of Pentium of the high and main frequency), and use the software as far as possible to carry out all function that the number control.Thus, it is significant to let up the scale of

61、 the system hardware.In addition, should design still in the software, the power supply d</p><p>　　Because a new high performance CPU can replace the several tens and common CPU( such as 80286 and 80386 etc.

62、s), therefore, at according to the terrace of PC of the high performance CPU up not only can complete the basic function( if the information processing, knife repairs the calculation and puts to repair the calculation an

63、d add and subtract to control etc. soon) and switches that the number controls the system to measure the control function( inside pack the PLC), and can but also complete t</p><p>　　In addition, gather turn

64、the PC number to control the system to still have one big advantage, is to carry out the open type structure easily.This is because of, the hardware of this kind of system is already complete open of, work that constitut

65、es the open type number to control the system completely on the software, only good standard of establishment harmoniously argument, handle from the information, the track put to repair, add and subtract to control soon,

66、 the amount of switch control the s</p><p>　　2.2 push forward the profession that the number controls the function parts to turn the production</p><p>　　Resolve after number control the system p

67、roblem, how carry out number to control the mold piece of the tool machine to turn the design and manufacturings to would be the our country tool machine manufacturing business enterprise to respond to the market need q

68、uickly, win in the competition of another one key.The mold piece that toes carry out the number to control the tool machine turns the design manufacturing, must resolve the profession that the number controls the tool ma

69、chine function part</p><p>　　(1)The new magnetoelectricity principal axis unit electricity principal axis always has become international on the market the most popular number controls the tool machine fun

70、ction parts.But this product is almost currently in order to respond a type of difference, existence following outstanding problem:The ① turns the son to round the set up the existence, have the big electric current to f

71、low through, so turn the son to have fever the severity, direct influence the principal axis accuracy;</p><p>　　Therefore, make use of the sparse soil of our country the advantage of the material of always,

72、develop the new big power, high-efficiency, the breadth adjust soon scope always synchronous an alternate current principal axis unit, will be able to resolve the problem of the existing electricity principal axis exis

73、tence effectively, become to have the new generation of Chinese special features electricity principal axis product.Because always the machine structure of the magnetoelectricity princ</p><p>　　(2)Servo sys

74、tem of cheap high performance currently, a set of enter to communicate servo system( actuator+ electrical engineering) of price generally all above ten thousand dollars, the principal axis price of the servo system is u

75、p to few ten thousand dollarses, having become to lower the domestic number to control a big obstacle of the cost of tool machine.Therefore, should match with new gather turn the development that the domestic number cont

76、rols the system, develop the servo system of che</p><p>　　(3)Communicate that the servo system communicates that servo system is the function parts that the next century counts to control the tool machine in

77、dispensability straightly straightly, currently our country return without mature product, so should strengthen the research, development and expansion application.In consideration of the normal regulations tool machine

78、defends the problem of it more difficult resolve, but merge the tool machine to defend the opposite easy, so can develop to respond</p><p>　　(4)Zero spread to move the number controls to turn the pedestal wi

79、th put the number to control to turn the pedestal with put the head to sit to mark the number to control the tool machine much of key parts, etc. of the high accuracy the pole to spread to move traditionally of turn the

80、pedestal with put the head not only make the difficulty big, the cost is high, and hard attain the high speed process need of speed and accuracy, as a result must open up another path ofit to develop new zero sprea</p

81、><p>　　(5)The high-speed high accuracy examination equip high-speed high accuracy is the next century counts to control the tool machine development of topic, this need the control of the high performance and d

82、rive not only, still need the high-quality examination link at the same time, so should further develop 0.1 μ m high-speed(60 ms/ min above) line of the above accuracies on the existing technique foundation the Cape th

83、at moves to spread the feeling machine and 1,000,000 pulses/ rs move to sprea</p><p>　　2.3 accelerate the whole country that the number controls the tool machine to produce to turn, beat the good market to t

84、urn over the body battle</p><p>　　The number controls the whole country that the industry turns end to succeed to count body now to control the tool machine to produce to turn and market share up.Guide in th

85、e above-mentioned total strategy under, adopt to grasp two and take the middle( common the number controls the tool machine), the policy of the heavy type( a key material), will is at local recover to lose the ground qui