時(shí)間和頻率的基本原理外文翻譯

1、<p>　　蒅袂芄蒞螄袁羄薁蝕袀肆莃薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螀羈羈膅蚆羇肅莀薂羆芅膃薈羅羅蒈蒄羅肇芁螃羄腿蕆蠆羃節(jié)艿薅肂羈蒅蒁肁肄羋螀肀膆蒃蚆聿莈芆螞聿肈薂薈蚅膀莄蒄蚄芃薀螂蚃羂莃蚈螞肅薈薄螂膇莁蒀螁艿膄蝿螀聿荿螅蝿膁節(jié)蟻螈芃蒈薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅蒆螁螆膈艿蚇裊芀蒄薃襖羀芇葿袃膂蒂蒅袂芄蒞螄袁羄薁蝕袀肆莃薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螀羈羈膅蚆羇肅莀薂羆芅膃薈羅羅蒈蒄羅肇芁螃羄腿蕆蠆羃節(jié)艿薅肂羈蒅蒁肁肄羋螀肀膆蒃蚆聿莈芆螞聿肈薂薈蚅膀莄蒄蚄芃薀螂蚃羂莃蚈

2、螞肅薈薄螂膇莁蒀螁艿膄蝿螀聿荿螅蝿膁節(jié)蟻螈芃蒈薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅蒆螁螆膈艿蚇裊芀蒄薃襖羀芇葿袃膂蒂蒅袂芄蒞螄袁羄薁蝕袀肆莃薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螀羈羈膅蚆羇肅莀薂羆芅膃薈羅羅蒈蒄羅肇芁螃羄腿蕆蠆羃節(jié)艿薅肂羈蒅蒁肁肄羋螀肀膆蒃蚆聿莈芆螞聿肈薂薈蚅膀莄蒄蚄芃薀螂蚃羂莃蚈螞肅薈薄螂膇莁蒀螁艿膄蝿螀聿荿螅蝿膁節(jié)蟻螈芃蒈薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅蒆螁螆膈艿蚇裊芀蒄薃襖羀芇葿袃膂蒂蒅袂芄蒞螄袁羄薁蝕袀肆莃薆袀腿蕿蒂衿芁莂螀羈羈膅蚆羇肅莀薂羆芅膃薈羅羅蒈蒄羅肇芁螃羄腿蕆蠆

3、羃節(jié)艿薅肂羈蒅蒁肁肄羋螀肀膆蒃蚆聿莈芆螞聿肈薂薈蚅膀莄蒄蚄芃薀螂蚃羂莃蚈螞肅薈薄螂膇莁蒀螁艿膄蝿螀聿荿螅蝿膁節(jié)蟻螈芃蒈薇螇羃芀蒃螆肅蒆螁螆膈艿</p><p><b>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書</b></p><p><b>　　英文文獻(xiàn)及中文翻譯</b></p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名： 李敬陽(yáng) 學(xué)號(hào)： 070501414

4、1 </p><p>　　學(xué) 院： 信息與通信工程 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 電子信息科學(xué)與技術(shù) </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： 李建民 </p><p><b>　　2011年 6月</b></p&g

5、t;<p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)原文</b></p><p>　　Fundamentals of Time and Frequency</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Time and frequency standards supply three basic types of informat

6、ion： time-of-day， time interval， and frequency. Time-of-day information is provided in hours， minutes， and seconds， but often also includes the date (month， day， and year). A device that displays or records time-of-day i

7、nformation is called a clock. If a clock is used to label when an event happened， this label is sometimes called a time tag or time stamp. Date and time-of-day can also be used to ensure that events are synchronized</

8、p><p>　　Time interval is the duration or elapsed time between two events. The standard unit of time interval is the second(s). However， many engineering applications require the measurement of shorter time inte

9、rvals， such as milliseconds (1 ms = 10 -3 s) ， microseconds (1 μs = 10 -6 s) ， nanoseconds (1 ns = 10 -9 s) ， and picoseconds (1 ps = 10 -12 s). Time is one of the seven base physical quantities， and the second is one of

10、 seven base units defined in the International System of Units (SI). The defin</p><p>　　Frequency is the rate of a repetitive event. If T is the period of a repetitive event， then the frequency f is its reci

11、procal， 1/T. Conversely， the period is the reciprocal of the frequency， T = 1/f. Since the period is a time interval expressed in seconds (s) ， it is easy to see the close relationship between time interval and frequency

12、. The standard unit for frequency is the hertz (Hz) ， defined as events or cycles per second. The frequency of electrical signals is often measured in multiples </p><p>　　Of course， the three types of time a

13、nd frequency information are closely related. As mentioned， the standard unit of time interval is the second. By counting seconds， we can determine the date and the time-of-day. And by counting events or cycles per secon

14、d， we can measure frequency. </p><p>　　Time interval and frequency can now be measured with less uncertainty and more resolution than any other physical quantity. Today， the best time and frequency standards

15、 can realize the SI second with uncertainties of ≈1×10-15.Physical realizations of the other base SI units have much larger uncertainties.</p><p>　　Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) </p><p>

16、　　The world’s major metrology laboratories routinely measure their time and frequency standards and send the measurement data to the Bureau International des Poids et Measures (BIPM) in Sevres， France. The BIPM averages

17、data collected from more than 200 atomic time and frequency standards located at more than 40 laboratories， including the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). As a result of this averaging， the BIPM gen

18、erates two time scales， International Atomic Time (TAI)， and C</p><p>　　UTC runs at the same frequency as TAI. However， it differs from TAI by an integral number of seconds. This difference increases when le

19、ap seconds occur. When necessary， leap seconds are added to UTC on either June 30 or December 31. The purpose of adding leap seconds is to keep atomic time (UTC) within ±0.9 s of an older time scale called UT1， whic

20、h is based on the rotational rate of the earth. Leap seconds have been added to UTC at a rate of slightly less than once per year， beginning in 1972. </p><p>　　Keep in mind that the BIPM maintains TAI and UT

21、C as ‘‘paper’’ time scales. The major metrology laboratories use the published data from the BIPM to steer their clocks and oscillators and generate real-time versions of UTC. Many of these laboratories distribute their

22、versions of UTC via radio signals which section 17.4 are discussed in.</p><p>　　You can think of UTC as the ultimate standard for time-of-day， time interval， and frequency. Clocks synchronized to UTC display

23、 the same hour minute， and second all over the world (and remain within one second of UT1). Oscillators simonized to UTC generate signals that serve as reference standards for time interval and frequency. </p><

24、;p>　　Time and Frequency Measurement</p><p>　　Time and frequency measurements follow the conventions used in other areas of metrology. The frequency standard or clock being measured is called the device un

25、der test (DUT). A measurement compares the DUT to a standard or reference. The standard should outperform the DUT by a specified ratio， called the test uncertainty ratio (TUR). Ideally， the TUR should be 10：1 or higher.

26、The higher the ratio， the less averaging is required to get valid measurement results. </p><p>　　The test signal for time measurements is usually a pulse that occurs once per second (1 ps). The pulse width a

27、nd polarity varies from device to device， but TTL levels are commonly used. The test signal for frequency measurements is usually at a frequency of 1 MHz or higher， with 5 or 10 MHz being common. Frequency signals are us

28、ually sine waves， but can also be pulses or square waves if the frequency signal is an oscillating sine wave. This signal produces one cycle (360∞ or 2π radians of phase)</p><p>　　This section examines the t

29、wo main specifications of time and frequency measurements—accuracy and stability. It also discusses some instruments used to measure time and frequency.</p><p><b>　　Accuracy </b></p><p

30、>　　Accuracy is the degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to its definition. Accuracy is related to the offset from an ideal value. For example， time offset is the difference between a measured on-time

31、 pulse and an ideal on-time pulse that coincides exactly with UTC. Frequency offset is the difference between a measured frequency and an ideal frequency with zero uncertainty. This ideal frequency is called the nominal

32、frequency. </p><p>　　Time offset is usually measured with a time interval counter (TIC). A TIC has inputs for two signals. One signal starts the counter and the other signal stops it. The time interval betwe

33、en the start and stop signals is measured by counting cycles from the time base oscillator. The resolution of a low cost TIC is limited to the period of its time base. For example， a TIC with a 10-MHz time base oscillato

34、r would have a resolution of 100 ns. More elaborate Tics use interpolation schemes to detect p</p><p>　　Frequency offset can be measured in either the frequency domain or time domain. A simple frequency doma

35、in measurement involves directly counting and displaying the frequency output of the DUT with a frequency counter. The reference for this measurement is either the counter’s internal time base oscillator， or an external

36、time base. The counter’s resolution， or the number of digits it can display， limits its ability to measure frequency offset. For example， a 9-digit frequency counter can detect </p><p>　　Where fmeasur is the

37、 reading from the frequency counter， and fnominal is the frequency labeled on the oscillator’s nameplate， or specified output frequency. </p><p>　　Frequency offset measurements in the time domain involve a p

38、hase comparison between the DUT and the reference. A simple phase comparison can be made with an oscilloscope. The oscilloscope will display two sine waves. The top sine wave represents a signal from the DUT， and the bot

39、tom sine wave represents a signal from the reference. If the two frequencies were exactly the same， their phase relationship would not change and both would appear to be stationary on the oscilloscope display. Since the

40、</p><p>　　Measuring high accuracy signals with an oscilloscope is impractical， since the phase relationship between signals changes very slowly and the resolution of the oscilloscope display is limited. More

41、 precise phase comparisons can be made with a TIC. If the two input signals have the same frequency， the time interval will not change. If the two signals have different frequencies， the time interval wills change， and t

42、he rate of change is the frequency offset. The resolution of a TIC determines the s</p><p>　　Since standard frequencies like 5 or 10 MHz are not practical to measure with a TIC， frequency dividers or frequen

43、cy mixers are used to convert the test frequency to a lower frequency. Divider systems are simpler and more versatile， since they can be easily built or programmed to accommodate different frequencies. Mixer systems are

44、more expensive， require more hardware including an additional reference oscillator， and can often measure only one input frequency (e.g.， 10 MHz) ， but they have a hi</p><p>　　If dividers are used， measureme

45、nts are made from the TIC， but instead of using these measurements directly， we determine the rate of change from reading to reading. This rate of change is called the phase deviation. We can estimate frequency offset as

46、 follows：</p><p>　　Where △t is the amount of phase deviation， and T is the measurement period. To illustrate， consider a measurement of +1 μs of phase deviation over a measurement period of 24 h. The unit us

47、ed for measurement period (h) must be converted to the unit used for phase deviation (μs). </p><p>　　The equation becomes</p><p>　　As shown， a device that accumulates 1 μs of phase deviation/day

48、 has a frequency offset of 1.16 × 10 -11 with respect to the reference. This simple example requires only two time interval readings to be made， and △t is simply the difference between the two readings. Often， multi

49、ple readings are taken and the frequency offset is estimated by using least squares linear regression on the data set， and obtaining △t from the slope of the least squares line. This information is usually presented as a

50、 p</p><p>　　Dimensionless frequency offset values can be converted to units of frequency (Hz) if the nominal frequency is known. To illustrate this， consider an oscillator with a nominal frequency of 5 MHz a

51、nd a frequency offset of +1.16 ′ 10 -11. To find the frequency offset in hertz， multiply the nominal frequency by the offset： (5 ×106) (+1.16×10 -11) = 5.80×10 -5 =+0.0000580 Hz Then， add the offset to the

52、 nominal frequency to get the actual frequency： 5，000，000 Hz + 0.0000580 Hz = 5，000，000.0000580 Hz </p><p>　　Stability </p><p>　　Stability indicates how well an oscillator can produce the same t

53、ime or frequency offset over a given time interval. It doesn’t indicate whether the time or frequency is “right” or “wrong，” but only whether it stays the same. In contrast， accuracy indicates how well an oscillator has

54、been set on time or on frequency. To understand this difference， consider that a stable oscillator that needs adjustment might produce a frequency with a large offset. Or， an unstable oscillator that was just adjust</

55、p><p>　　Stability is defined as the statistical estimate of the frequency or time fluctuations of a signal over a given time interval. These fluctuations are measured with respect to a mean frequency or time of

56、fset. </p><p>　　Short-term stability usually refers to fluctuations over intervals less than 100 s. Long-term stability can refer to measurement intervals greater than 100 s， but usually refers to periods lo

57、nger than 1 day. </p><p>　　Stability estimates can be made in either the frequency domain or time domain， and can be calculated from a set of either frequency offset or time interval measurements. In some fi

58、elds of measurement， stability is estimated by taking the standard deviation of the data set. However， standard deviation only works with stationary data， where the results are time independent， and the noise is white， m

59、eaning that it is evenly distributed across the frequency band of the measurement. Oscillator data i</p><p>　　where yi is a set of frequency offset measurements containing y1， y2， y3， and so on， M is the num

60、ber of values in the yi series， and the data are equally spaced in segments τ seconds long. Or </p><p>　　Where xi is a set of phase measurements in time units containing x1， x2， x3， and so on， N is the numbe

61、r of values in the xi series， and the data are equally spaced in segments τ seconds long. Note that while standard deviation subtracts the mean from each measurement before squaring their summation， the Allan deviation s

62、ubtracts the previous data point. This differencing of successive data points removes the time dependent noise contributed by the frequency offset. An Allan deviation graph is sh</p><p>　　Practically speakin

63、g， a frequency stability graph also tells us how long we need to average to get rid of the noise contributed by the reference and the measurement system. The noise floor provides some indication of the amount of averagin

64、g required to obtain a TUR high enough to show us the true frequency where xi is a set of phase measurements in time units containing x1，x2，x3，and so on is the number of values in the xi series， and the data are equally

65、spaced in segments τ seconds long. Note t</p><p>　　Practically speaking， a frequency stability graph also tells us how long we need to average to get rid of the noise contributed by the reference and the mea

66、surement system. The noise floor provides some indication of the amount of averaging required to obtain a TUR high enough to show us the true frequency offset of the DUT. If the DUT is an atomic oscillator (section 17.4)

67、 and the reference is a radio controlled transfer standard (section 17.5) we might have to average for 24 h or longer to hav</p><p>　　Identifying and eliminating sources of oscillator noise can be a complex

68、subject， but plotting the first order differences of a set of time domain measurements can provide a basic understanding of how noise is removed by averaging. Figure 17.10 was made using a segment of the data from the st

69、ability graph in Fig. 17.8. It shows phase plots dominated by white phase noise (1 s averaging) ， white frequency noise (64 s averages) ， flicker frequency noise (256 s averages)， and random walk frequency (</p>&

70、lt;p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)中文翻譯</b></p><p>　　時(shí)間和頻率的基本原理</p><p><b>　　介紹</b></p><p>　　時(shí)間和頻率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用于三種基本信息類型：時(shí)間，時(shí)間間隔和頻率.時(shí)間信息有小時(shí)，分，秒.通常還包括日期 (年，月，日).用來顯示和記錄時(shí)間的器件叫做鐘表，如果鐘表標(biāo)記了一

71、件事的發(fā)生，那么這個(gè)標(biāo)記叫做時(shí)間標(biāo)簽或時(shí)間印記.日期和時(shí)間能確保事情的同步或同時(shí)發(fā)生.</p><p>　　時(shí)間間隔是兩個(gè)事件持續(xù)或斷續(xù)的時(shí)間，時(shí)間間隔的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單位是秒，然而許多工程上應(yīng)用要求更短的時(shí)間間隔，像毫秒，微秒，納秒，和皮秒，時(shí)間是七個(gè)基本物理量之一，并且秒是國(guó)際單位體制制定七個(gè)基本單位之一.許多區(qū)其他物理量的定義是依靠秒而定義的.秒曾經(jīng)定義根據(jù)地球回轉(zhuǎn)率.原子時(shí)代正式開始在1967年目前SI定義秒為：

72、秒是銫133原子(Cs133)基態(tài)的兩個(gè)超精細(xì)能級(jí)之間躍遷所對(duì)應(yīng)的輻射的9，192，631，770個(gè)周期所持續(xù)的時(shí)間。 頻率是一個(gè)事件的重復(fù)次數(shù)，如果T一個(gè)重復(fù)事件的周期，那么頻率f是它的倒數(shù)，1/T.反過來說頻率的倒數(shù)是周期，T=1/f.周期是時(shí)間間隔用秒表示.很容易看出頻率和時(shí)間間隔關(guān)系很密切.頻率的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單位是赫茲，定義為每秒發(fā)生的事件次數(shù)或循環(huán)次數(shù)，電信號(hào)的頻率通常用不同的赫茲測(cè)量，包括千赫茲，兆赫茲，千兆赫茲.1KHz相當(dāng)于每

73、秒發(fā)生一千次事件，1MHz相當(dāng)于每秒發(fā)生一百萬(wàn)次事件.1GHz相當(dāng)于每秒發(fā)生十億次事件.產(chǎn)生頻率的裝置叫做振蕩器，設(shè)置不同振蕩器具有相同的頻率叫做同步。</p><p>　　三種類型的時(shí)間和頻率信息是相似的，時(shí)間間隔的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單位是秒通過計(jì)數(shù)秒我們知道時(shí)間和日期，通過計(jì)數(shù)每秒的事件數(shù)或循環(huán)數(shù)，我們能測(cè)量頻率于其他物理量相比時(shí)間間隔和頻率的測(cè)量具有誤差小，易于分析的優(yōu)點(diǎn).目前最好的時(shí)間和頻率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是SI誤差為10-15

74、其他基本SI單位有更大的誤差如表17.1所示。</p><p>　　協(xié)調(diào)全世界時(shí)間(UTC)</p><p>　　世界的主要度量學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)量時(shí)間和頻率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并發(fā)送的BIPM，法國(guó)BIPM收集至少40個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的200多個(gè)原子時(shí)間和頻率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括來自國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)(NIST).通過這些平均結(jié)果由BIPM產(chǎn)生兩個(gè)時(shí)間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，國(guó)際原子時(shí)間(TAI)和協(xié)調(diào)全世界時(shí)間(UTC)，這些時(shí)間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)盡可能地與

75、SI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接近。</p><p>　　UTC與TAI執(zhí)行相同的頻率，然而它有區(qū)別的TAI 是整數(shù)秒，這個(gè)不同處總在增長(zhǎng)隨著皮秒的跳變.皮秒增加到UTC的每年6月30日或12月31日.增加跑秒的目的在于是原子時(shí)間的誤差在+/-0.9S老的時(shí)間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)叫UT1，它根據(jù)地球的回轉(zhuǎn)率。皮秒作為一個(gè)小量增加到UTC每年一次從1972年開始的。</p><p>　　BIPM包括UTC和TAI正規(guī)的時(shí)間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，

76、主要的度量學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室使用來自BIPM控制它們時(shí)鐘和振蕩器產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)并產(chǎn)生真正的UTC時(shí)間.許多實(shí)驗(yàn)室描述他們的UTC信號(hào)是由射頻信號(hào)傳輸?shù)?，這點(diǎn)將在17.4節(jié)討論。</p><p>　　大家認(rèn)為UTC將作為最終時(shí)間，時(shí)間間隔，頻率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，時(shí)間同步使UTC在全世界范圍顯示相同的時(shí)，分，秒.振蕩器同步使UTC產(chǎn)生應(yīng)用于時(shí)間間隔和頻率參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信號(hào).</p><p><b>　　時(shí)間和頻率

77、測(cè)量</b></p><p>　　時(shí)間和頻率測(cè)量可以應(yīng)用于度量學(xué)的其他領(lǐng)域.頻率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或時(shí)鐘測(cè)量叫做終端測(cè)試測(cè)量把DUT當(dāng)作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或參考，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用一個(gè)已知的DUT表示，叫做測(cè)試誤差率(TUR).理想情況下，DUT應(yīng)該是10：1或更高有效的.測(cè)量結(jié)果要求有高比率，低均值</p><p>　　時(shí)間測(cè)量的測(cè)試信號(hào)是一個(gè)脈沖每秒一個(gè)脈沖(1pps)，脈沖的寬度和極性從一個(gè)器件到另一個(gè)其間有差

78、別的，TTL電平通常被使用.頻率測(cè)量信號(hào)用1MHz或更高的頻率，5到10MHz是常用的，頻率信號(hào)是正弦波，月可以是脈沖或方波.如果頻率信號(hào)是振蕩的正弦波，它像圖17.1所示，信號(hào)在一個(gè)周期產(chǎn)生一個(gè)循環(huán)，真服用伏特表示，并且和測(cè)量器件一致的.如果振幅太大，將會(huì)削弱或妨礙測(cè)量?jī)x器的速度。</p><p>　　這部分主要說明時(shí)間和頻率測(cè)量的兩個(gè)特性：精度和穩(wěn)定度，討論用于測(cè)量頻率和時(shí)間的儀器。</p>&

79、lt;p><b>　　精度</b></p><p>　　精度是測(cè)量值或?qū)嶋H值的與真實(shí)值一致性的接近程度，精度是與真實(shí)值的差量.時(shí)差是在測(cè)量時(shí)間脈沖和實(shí)際時(shí)間脈沖的差值準(zhǔn)確地和UTC同時(shí)發(fā)生，頻差是測(cè)量頻率和真實(shí)頻率的差值，真實(shí)的頻率叫做時(shí)間頻率。</p><p>　　用時(shí)間間隔計(jì)數(shù)器(TIC)測(cè)量時(shí)差，如圖17.2所示，一個(gè)TIC輸入兩路信號(hào)一路信號(hào)開始技術(shù)另一

80、路停止計(jì)數(shù)，通過計(jì)數(shù)時(shí)基振蕩器振蕩的次數(shù)來測(cè)量其實(shí)信號(hào)的時(shí)間間隔。一個(gè)廉價(jià)的時(shí)間計(jì)數(shù)器時(shí)基是有限的。例如，一個(gè)10MHz的時(shí)間計(jì)數(shù)器時(shí)基振蕩器具有100ns的分辨率，大多數(shù)更復(fù)雜的計(jì)數(shù)器時(shí)基回路有更高的分辨率1ns，一般的可達(dá)到20ps。</p><p>　　測(cè)量頻偏即可以在頻域也可以在時(shí)域，一個(gè)基本的頻域測(cè)量包括直接計(jì)數(shù)和用脈寬測(cè)量?jī)x數(shù)器在DUT顯示頻率，測(cè)量的參考即可以是計(jì)數(shù)器的內(nèi)部時(shí)基振蕩器也可以是外部時(shí)基

81、。計(jì)數(shù)器分辨率或是被顯示。極限偏置不超過10-8 頻偏定義為：</p><p>　　fmeasur是由脈寬測(cè)量?jī)x讀出的，fnominal 是振蕩器銘牌上標(biāo)注的，具體輸出頻率。</p><p>　　頻偏測(cè)量在時(shí)域包括DUT和參考之間的相差，基本的相差可由示波器顯示，示波器可以顯示兩個(gè)正弦波，上面的正弦波是來自于DUT的信號(hào)，下面的是來自參考頻率的信號(hào)。如果兩個(gè)頻率非常相似，那么相位關(guān)系在同

82、一臺(tái)示波器上的位置不變。兩個(gè)頻率差異較大時(shí)，參考位置和DUT有一定的移動(dòng)。通過測(cè)量DUT信號(hào)的移動(dòng)率我們可以得到頻偏。每個(gè)正弦波通過零點(diǎn)的點(diǎn)形成了豎線。圖像底部顯示不同信號(hào)的相差欄，在隨著相差增大的情況下，DUT顯示的頻率值比參考值小。</p><p>　　在信號(hào)緩慢變化和示波器的分辨率之間關(guān)系是有限的，測(cè)量高精度的信號(hào)用一臺(tái)示波器是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的，用TIC可以清楚測(cè)出相位差，使用配置如17.2所示，如果兩個(gè)輸入信號(hào)有

83、相同的頻率，時(shí)間間隔將不改變，如果兩個(gè)信號(hào)頻率不相同時(shí)間間隔將改變，稱改變率為頻偏，TIC的分辨率決定最小頻率的改變量，例如，一臺(tái)便宜的時(shí)間計(jì)數(shù)器發(fā)射信號(hào)的分辨率為100ns可以得到1s內(nèi)頻率改變量為10-7。目前TIC的分辨率極限值為20ps，也就是說在1s內(nèi)有2×10-11 的頻率變量被忽略。平均較長(zhǎng)的間隔可以改進(jìn)分辨率是小于1ps在一些單元。 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)頻率像5MHz或10MHz不能用TIC測(cè)量，頻率分配器或頻率合成器使測(cè)試頻

84、率轉(zhuǎn)換到底頻。分配系統(tǒng)比較便宜且功能多，它們更容易建立或編程使其適應(yīng)于不同的頻率?；祛l系統(tǒng)比較貴要求更多的硬件包括一個(gè)附加的參考振蕩器和一個(gè)能測(cè)量的輸入頻率(如10MHz)但它們的信噪比比分頻系統(tǒng)更高。</p><p>　　如果使用分頻器，用時(shí)間間隔計(jì)數(shù)器測(cè)量取代直接測(cè)量我們可以從不斷的讀數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)得變化量，這種變化量可以稱為相偏，我們估算的頻偏如下：</p><p>　　△t代表相偏，T代表

85、周期。上式說明，周期為24小時(shí)有+1us的相偏，周期測(cè)量的單位應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換為相偏的單位(us)，等式為：</p><p>　　一臺(tái)設(shè)備每天積累1us的相偏，就其參考而言頻偏為-1.16×10-11 ，這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子說明兩個(gè)時(shí)間間隔均被掃描到，△t在兩次掃描之間是不同的，多采集在數(shù)據(jù)集使用最小平方的線性回歸估算頻偏，從最先的傾斜獲得△t。這些數(shù)據(jù)通常用相線表示，如圖17.6所示終端測(cè)試相對(duì)于頻率精確到1

86、5;10-9 ，表示為1ns/s的相偏。如果實(shí)際頻率是已知的最小頻偏可以轉(zhuǎn)化成頻率單位。以下為例一個(gè)振蕩器實(shí)際頻率為5MHz頻偏為+1.16*10-11。用赫茲表示頻偏，是頻率與頻偏相乘：5×106×(+1.16×10-11)=5.80×10-5=+0.0000560 Hz。那么，把頻偏增加到實(shí)際頻率上就得到了真實(shí)的頻率值5，000，000 Hz +0.0000580 Hz =5，000，0000

87、.0000580Hz.</p><p><b>　　穩(wěn)定性</b></p><p>　　穩(wěn)定性表示為在給定時(shí)間間隔的情況下振蕩器能產(chǎn)生一個(gè)相同的時(shí)間或頻偏，它不能說明時(shí)間或周期是否正確，僅僅說明一致性。相比之下，精確度則說明振蕩器按時(shí)間或頻率的配置如何，明白了這個(gè)不同點(diǎn)，穩(wěn)定的振蕩器需要調(diào)整可能纏身較大偏執(zhí)的頻率，或者不穩(wěn)定的</p><p>

88、　　振蕩器僅僅調(diào)整接近實(shí)際值的頻率，圖17.7顯示了精確度與穩(wěn)定度的關(guān)系，穩(wěn)定的定義是統(tǒng)計(jì)估計(jì)的頻率或時(shí)間的波動(dòng)信號(hào)，在一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間 區(qū)間. 這些波動(dòng)是衡量對(duì)一個(gè)平均頻率或時(shí)間抵消。短期穩(wěn)定通常是指波動(dòng)區(qū)間不到100，長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定的可參考測(cè)量間隔大于100 s ，但通常是指時(shí)間超過1天 。</p><p>　　穩(wěn)定性估計(jì)可無(wú)論是在頻域或時(shí)間域，可以從任一頻率偏移或時(shí)間間隔測(cè)量集計(jì)算。在測(cè)量一些領(lǐng)域，穩(wěn)定是估計(jì)到數(shù)據(jù)

89、集的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差。然而，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差只適用于靜止的數(shù)據(jù)，其中的結(jié)果是時(shí)間獨(dú)立，噪音是白色的，這意味著它是均勻分布在測(cè)量頻帶分配。振蕩器數(shù)據(jù)通常非平穩(wěn)的，因?yàn)樗藭r(shí)間的相關(guān)噪聲頻率偏移所貢獻(xiàn)。靜止的數(shù)據(jù)，均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差將收斂到更多的測(cè)量值，尤其是制成。隨著非平穩(wěn)數(shù)據(jù)，均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差從未收斂到任何特定的值。相反，有一個(gè)可以改變移動(dòng)平均每次我們?cè)黾右粋€(gè)測(cè)量?；谶@些原因，非經(jīng)典統(tǒng)計(jì)往往是用來估計(jì)在時(shí)域的穩(wěn)定。這一統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字是有時(shí)被稱為Allan方差，但

90、因?yàn)樗欠讲畹钠椒礁湔_名稱是阿倫偏差。艾倫偏差為方程</p><p>　　其中yi是頻率偏移含y1，y2，y3等一系列值的數(shù)量，并把數(shù)據(jù)段同樣τ秒長(zhǎng)的間隔?；蚩蓪憺椋?lt;/p><p>　　其中xi是一種含有單位相位的測(cè)量時(shí)間，為x1，x2，x3等等，N是在十一系列值數(shù)集，數(shù)據(jù)也同樣分部τ秒長(zhǎng)的間隔。請(qǐng)注意，雖然標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差減去每次測(cè)量前軋平其總和的平均值，在阿倫偏差減去以前的數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)。這種連

91、續(xù)的數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)差分消除了時(shí)間相關(guān)的噪聲的頻率偏移貢獻(xiàn)。阿蘭偏差圖如圖17.8所示。它顯示了作為平均周期(τ)提高設(shè)備的穩(wěn)定性愈長(zhǎng)，因?yàn)橛行┰肼曨愋涂赏ㄟ^平均刪除。在某些時(shí)候，然而，更多的平均不再提高的結(jié)果。這一點(diǎn)被稱為本底噪聲，或點(diǎn)剩余噪聲的非平穩(wěn)過程組成，如閃爍噪聲或隨機(jī)游動(dòng)。該裝置測(cè)量圖17.8。τ=100?5×10 -11 s為本底噪聲。</p><p>　　實(shí)際上，一個(gè)頻率穩(wěn)定度圖還告訴我們，我們需

92、要多久平均得到的噪音消除由基準(zhǔn)和測(cè)量系統(tǒng)作出了貢獻(xiàn)。本底噪聲提供了一些對(duì)平均需要獲得足夠高的TUR向我們展示了真實(shí)頻率金額跡象DUT的偏移。如果DUT是一個(gè)原子振蕩器(第17.4)和參考是無(wú)線電控制的傳輸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(第17.5)，我們可以有24小時(shí)或更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間平均在測(cè)量結(jié)果的信心。五噪聲類型通常討論的時(shí)間和頻率文學(xué)：白色相，相閃爍，白頻率，閃爍頻率，隨機(jī)游動(dòng)的頻率。在阿倫偏差的直線的斜率可以幫助確定所需的平均消除這些噪聲類型(圖17.9)的金

93、額。第一種類型的噪聲被刪除的平均相位噪聲，或快速，在信號(hào)的相位隨機(jī)波動(dòng)。理想情況下，只能根據(jù)測(cè)試設(shè)備將有助于相位噪聲的測(cè)量，但在實(shí)踐中，一些從測(cè)量系統(tǒng)和參考相位噪聲需要通過平均刪除。請(qǐng)注意，阿倫偏差不區(qū)分白相位噪聲和閃爍的相位噪聲。表17.2顯示了用于估算穩(wěn)定和確定各種應(yīng)用中的噪聲類型的其他幾個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字。</p><p>　　查明和消除噪聲源的振蕩器是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的主題，但策劃一個(gè)時(shí)域測(cè)量組可以提供如何消除噪聲。圖1

94、7.10使用的是穩(wěn)定數(shù)據(jù)段。 圖17.8它顯示了白相位噪聲占主導(dǎo)地位相圖(平均1秒)，白頻率噪聲(平均64 s)，閃爍頻率的噪音(平均256秒)和隨機(jī)行走頻率(平均1024 s)。請(qǐng)注意，白色的相位噪聲為2 ns的規(guī)模，而其他的為100 ps的規(guī)模。</p><p>　　蕆螄肇莁蠆肀蒞莀螂袃芁荿襖肈膇莈薄袁肅莇蚆肆罿蒆螈衿羋蒅蒈肅膄蒅蝕袈膀蒄螃膃肆蒃裊羆蒞蒂薅蝿芀蒁蚇羄膆蒀蝿螇肂蕿葿羂羈蕿薁螅芇薈螃羈芃薇袆襖腿薆

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96、螃膃肆蒃裊羆蒞蒂薅蝿芀蒁蚇羄膆蒀蝿螇肂蕿葿羂羈蕿薁螅芇薈螃羈芃薇袆襖腿薆薅聿肅薅蚈袂莄薄螀肇芀蚃袂袀膆蚃薂肆肂艿蚄袈羈羋袇肄莆芇薆羇節(jié)芇蠆膂膈芆螁羅肄芅袃螈莃芄薃羃艿莃蚅螆膅莂螈羂肁莁蕆螄肇莁蠆肀蒞莀螂袃芁荿襖肈膇莈薄袁肅莇蚆肆罿蒆螈衿羋蒅蒈肅膄蒅蝕袈膀蒄螃膃肆蒃裊羆蒞蒂薅蝿芀蒁蚇羄膆蒀蝿螇肂蕿葿羂羈蕿薁螅芇薈螃羈芃薇袆襖腿薆薅聿肅薅蚈袂莄薄螀肇芀蚃袂袀膆蚃薂肆肂艿蚄袈羈羋袇肄莆芇薆羇節(jié)芇蠆膂膈芆螁羅肄芅袃螈莃芄</p>