機(jī)械設(shè)計畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯--機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計方法及發(fā)展趨勢

1、<p>　　Mechanical products of modern design methodology and the programme trends</p><p>　　Summary: According to the current domestic and international product design, mechanical design schola

2、rs of the main features of thinking, product design methods summarized as a systematic programme, modular structure, based on product knowledge and wisdom of the four types. That the four methods of the organic link bet

3、ween features and its proposed product design computer programmes to achieve endeavors. </p><p>　　Keyword: mechanical products; Programme design; Trends</p><p>　　Introduction</p><

4、;p>　　With The rapid development of science and technology, the functional requirements of a growing number of products and complexity increase, shortened life expectancy, upgrading speed, the design of the products, p

5、articularly machinery products programme design are in urgent need .At present, computer-aided product design drawings, design calculations, processing manufacturing, production planning has been a relatively broad and i

6、n-depth study, but results and product development programme of the </p><p>　　1. Systematic design methodology </p><p>　　The main features of a systematic design methodology: design by several

7、 design elements as a system, the independence of each design element, the presence of various elements of the organic link between each element, and is layered, all elements of the design System design can achieve the

8、 required tasks. Systematic design concepts in the 1970s by the German scholar, Professor Paul and Baits, their theoretical system based on the general pattern set design, by design, should be rational. Germ</p>

9、<p>　　(1) The user needs to be functional as a product of conception, design and structural components design, process planning, operational control of the foundation, from the macro-product development process sta

10、rting, the use of qualitative methods of functional layout, systematic information to users needs rational and effective products into all stages of development objectives and technical control of the operations. </p

11、><p>　　(2) See product as the level of product life systems of organisms, and by systems theory to life the product design process can be divided effectively as demand levels, the achievement of the functional

12、requirements of the specific design and product concept level. At the same time the use of life chart at abstract expression products functional requirements, and form the architecture of the products system. </p>

13、;<p>　　(3) Mechanical design system science applications into two basic issues: First, the design of products as a system to deal with, the best set of its components (modules) and their interrelationship; Second,

14、 product design process as a system, according to the design goals, and correctly, reasonably identify the various aspects of the design work and various design stages. Since each of the designers study and consider the

15、perspective of the different focus, programmer design specific research me</p><p>　　1.1 "design analysis and guidance system"</p><p>　　Kaleit with clear graphic description of levels

16、of functional structures and related products abstract information systems achieved structural, functional relations graphics, modeling, and the functional connectivity between the layers. Will be designed into two com

17、plementary methods and the exchange of information, analytical methods used Nissans information can be used graphic symbols, a rich semantic model structure, can be described integration conditions, can be divided type,

18、can be achie</p><p>　　1.2 Linkage chart law </p><p>　　Integral components of the system can be divide into a functional energy, energy consumption, changing energy forms, such as various types o

19、f energy transmission, and a plan to borrow the functional components express their hope that will be based on a functional model and get a map of achieving functional structure of the automatic generation and functional

20、 structure with a map button automatic conversion, Kin seek Hop chart produced by the various design options to law. </p><p>　　2. Structural modular design methodology</p><p>　　Planning produc

21、ts from the perspective of: definition design tasks to the functional structure of products based products have been quoted solution (such as a spare parts components, etc.) to describe the design task of decomposition m

22、andate to consider each sub-task existence counterpart solution of products, so that products can be in the planning stage for the elimination of the design tasks that may exist contradictions, Early projections producti

23、on, costs and the development of the planned </p><p>　　1) A direct positioning components, and since there is a readjustment of the components;</p><p>　　2) Structure with the combination of comm

24、on;</p><p>　　3) Of a nest and the nest-style structure of the links-style components;</p><p>　　4) A modular structure and modular components connectivity. And the use of symbols that prospective

25、 typical components and the inter-linking components rules, thus achieving connectivity between the components of the algorithms and concepts visualization.</p><p>　　3. The characteristics of knowledge-based

26、 products in the design methodology </p><p>　　Design methods based on product characteristics knowledge of the main features: a computer language to describe the identification and design of products feat

27、ures experts in the field of knowledge and experience, knowledge base and establish the corresponding reasoning machine to use the storage areas have knowledge of the reasoning mechanism and the establishment of the prog

28、rammer to achieve computer-assisted design products. Mechanical systems design of the programmer is based on products o</p><p>　　3.1 Coding method</p><p>　　According to motion transform (calle

29、d functional element) the organization classified, and use codes to describe the types of institutions and function element, which has led to the establishment of "body system programmer design expert systems"

30、knowledge base. On this basis, binary logic of combining theory with vague integrated judge the establishment of the "expert system" reasoning mechanisms, and dedicated spaces for the four programmers designed

31、machine tools. Use of biological evolution</p><p>　　3.2 design catalogue method </p><p>　　Construction of the "functional modules", "functional element" and "body gr

32、oup" - progression-style design catalogue, and this three-tiered progression of the design principles of the programmed catalogue as a mechanical transmission systems design knowledge base and the development of int

33、elligent design aids. </p><p>　　4. Intelligent design methodology</p><p>　　Intelligent design methodology is the main features: design methodology based on the theory that through 3D graphics s

34、oftware, intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, the idea expressed products, product description of the structure. In the use of mat

35、hematical systems theory, taking into a systems engineering theory, product design and system development methodologies VDI2221 technology, developed for use in t</p><p>　　機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計方法及發(fā)展趨勢</p><p

36、>　　摘要：根據(jù)目前國內(nèi)外設(shè)計學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計時的主要思維特點，將產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計方法概括為系統(tǒng)化、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識和智能四種類型。指出四種方法的特點及其相互間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系，提出產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計計算機(jī)實現(xiàn)的努力方向。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)械產(chǎn)品；方案設(shè)計方法；發(fā)展趨勢</p><p><b>　　引言</b></p><p&

37、gt;　　隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，產(chǎn)品功能要求的日益增多，復(fù)雜性增加，壽命期縮短，更新?lián)Q代速度加快。然而，產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計，尤其是機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計手段，則顯得力不從心，跟不上時代發(fā)展的需要。目前，計算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計繪圖、設(shè)計計算、加工制造、生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃已得到了比較廣泛和深入的研究，并初見成效，而產(chǎn)品開發(fā)初期方案的計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足設(shè)計的需要。為此，作者在閱讀了大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，概括總結(jié)了國內(nèi)外設(shè)計學(xué)者進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計時采用的方法，并討論

38、了各種方法之間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計實現(xiàn)的發(fā)展趨勢。根據(jù)目前國內(nèi)外設(shè)計學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計所用方法的主要特征，可以把現(xiàn)代設(shè)計方法概括為以下四種：</p><p><b>　　1、系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計方法</b></p><p>　　系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計方法的主要特點是：將設(shè)計看成由若干個設(shè)計要素組成的一個系統(tǒng)，每個設(shè)計要素具有獨立性，各個要素間存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所

39、有的設(shè)計要素結(jié)合即可實現(xiàn)設(shè)計系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務(wù)。系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計思想于70年代由德國學(xué)者Pahl和Beitz教授提出，他們以系統(tǒng)理論為基礎(chǔ)，制訂了設(shè)計的一般模式，倡導(dǎo)設(shè)計工作應(yīng)具備條理性。德國工程師協(xié)會在這一設(shè)計思想的基礎(chǔ)上，制訂出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)VDI2221“技術(shù)系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)設(shè)計方法。制定的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計進(jìn)程模式，基本上沿用了德國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)VDI2221的設(shè)計方式。除此之外，我國許多設(shè)計學(xué)者在進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計時還借鑒和引用了其他發(fā)達(dá)國家的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計思

40、想，其中具有代表性的是：</p><p>　　(1)將用戶需求作為產(chǎn)品功能特征構(gòu)思、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和零件設(shè)計、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎(chǔ)，從產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的宏觀過程出發(fā)，利用質(zhì)量功能布置方法，系統(tǒng)地將用戶需求信息合理而有效地轉(zhuǎn)換為產(chǎn)品開發(fā)各階段的技術(shù)目標(biāo)和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。</p><p>　　(2)將產(chǎn)品看作有機(jī)體層次上的生命系統(tǒng)，并借助于生命系統(tǒng)理論，把產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計過程劃分成功能需求層次、實現(xiàn)功能

41、要求的概念層次和產(chǎn)品的具體設(shè)計層次。同時采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的功能要求，形成產(chǎn)品功能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　(3)將機(jī)械設(shè)計中系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的應(yīng)用歸納為兩個基本問題：一是把要設(shè)計的產(chǎn)品作為一個系統(tǒng)處理，最佳地確定其組成部分(單元)及其相互關(guān)系；二是將產(chǎn)品設(shè)計過程看成一個系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)設(shè)計目標(biāo)，正確、合理地確定設(shè)計中各個方面的工作和各個不同的設(shè)計階段。由于每個設(shè)計者研究HYPERLINK "ht

42、tp://paper.studa.com" 問題的角度以及考慮問題的側(cè)重點不同，進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計時采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計方法。</p><p><b>　　1.1圖形建模法</b></p><p>　　研制的“設(shè)計分析和引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)”KALEIT，用層次清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)的抽象信息，實現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能關(guān)

43、系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接 。</p><p>　　將設(shè)計劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個方面，利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號、具有內(nèi)容豐富的語義模型結(jié)構(gòu)、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類型、可以實現(xiàn)關(guān)系間的任意結(jié)合等特點，將設(shè)計方法解與信息技術(shù)進(jìn)行集成，實現(xiàn)了設(shè)計過程中不同抽象層間信息關(guān)系的圖形化建模。文獻(xiàn)［11］將語義設(shè)計網(wǎng)作為設(shè)計工具，在其開發(fā)的活性語義設(shè)計網(wǎng)ASK中，采用結(jié)點和線條組

44、成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)描述設(shè)計，結(jié)點表示元件化的單元(如設(shè)計任務(wù)、功能、構(gòu)件或加工設(shè)備等)，線條用以調(diào)整和定義結(jié)點間不同的語義關(guān)系，由此為設(shè)計過程中的所有活動和結(jié)果預(yù)先建立模型，使早期設(shè)計要求的定義到每一個結(jié)構(gòu)的具體描述均可由關(guān)系間的定義表達(dá)，實現(xiàn)了計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計過程由抽象到具體的飛躍。</p><p><b>　　1.2鍵合圖法</b></p><p>　　系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產(chǎn)生

45、能量、消耗能量、轉(zhuǎn)變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類型，并借用鍵合圖表達(dá)元件的功能解，希望將基于功能的模型與鍵合圖結(jié)合，實現(xiàn)功能結(jié)構(gòu)的自動生成和功能結(jié)構(gòu)與鍵合圖之間的自動轉(zhuǎn)換，尋求由鍵合圖產(chǎn)生多個設(shè)計方案的方 法。</p><p>　　2、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化設(shè)計方法</p><p>　　從規(guī)劃產(chǎn)品的角度提出：定義設(shè)計任務(wù)時以功能化的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)為基礎(chǔ)，引用已有的產(chǎn)品解(如通用零件部件等)描述設(shè)計任務(wù)，即分解

46、任務(wù)時就考慮每個分任務(wù)是否存在對應(yīng)的產(chǎn)品解，這樣，能夠在產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃階段就消除設(shè)計任務(wù)中可能存在的矛盾，早期預(yù)測生產(chǎn)能力、費用，以及開發(fā)設(shè)計過程中計劃的可調(diào)整性，由此提高設(shè)計效率和設(shè)計的可靠性，同時也降低新產(chǎn)品的成本。Feldmann把設(shè)計任務(wù)的功能化產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)分為四層，(1)產(chǎn)品→(2)功能組成→(3)主要功能組件→(4)功能元件。采用面向應(yīng)用的結(jié)構(gòu)化特征目錄，對功能元件進(jìn)行更為具體的定性和定量描述。同時研制出適合于產(chǎn)品開發(fā)早期和設(shè)計初期使

47、用的工具軟件STRAT。認(rèn)為專用機(jī)械中多數(shù)功能可以采用已有的產(chǎn)品解，而具有新型解的專用功能只是少數(shù)，因此，在專用機(jī)械設(shè)計中采用功能化的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)，對于評價專用機(jī)械的設(shè)計、制造風(fēng) 險十分有利。根據(jù)機(jī)械零部件的聯(lián)接特征，將其歸納成四種類型：</p><p>　　1) 元件間直接定位，并具 有自調(diào)整性的部件；</p><p>　　2) 結(jié)構(gòu)上具有共性的組合件；</p><p&g

48、t;　　3)具有嵌套式結(jié)構(gòu)及嵌套式元件的聯(lián)接 ；</p><p>　　4)具有模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)和模塊化元件的聯(lián)接。并采用準(zhǔn)符號表示典型元件和元件間的連接規(guī)則，由此實現(xiàn)元件間聯(lián)接的算法化和概念的可視化。</p><p>　　3、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識的設(shè)計方法</p><p>　　基于產(chǎn)品特征知識設(shè)計方法的主要特點是：用計算機(jī)能夠識別的語言描述產(chǎn)品的特征及其設(shè)計領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R和經(jīng)

49、驗，建立相應(yīng)的知識庫及推理機(jī)，再利用已存儲的領(lǐng)域知識和建立的推理機(jī)制實現(xiàn)計算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計。</p><p>　　機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計主要是依據(jù)產(chǎn)品所具有的特征，以及設(shè)計領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R和經(jīng)驗進(jìn)行推理和決策，完成機(jī)構(gòu)的型、數(shù)綜合。欲實現(xiàn)這一階段的計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計，必須研究知識的自動獲取、表達(dá)、集成、協(xié)調(diào)、管理和使用。為此，國內(nèi)外設(shè)計學(xué)者針對機(jī)械系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計知識的自動化處理做了大量的研究工作，采用的方法可歸納為下述

50、幾種。</p><p><b>　　3.1編碼法</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)“運動轉(zhuǎn)換”功能(簡稱功能元)將機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分類，并利用代碼描述功能元和機(jī)構(gòu)類別，由此建立起“機(jī)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計專家系統(tǒng)”知識庫。在此基礎(chǔ)上，將二元邏輯推理與模糊綜合評判原理相結(jié)合，建立了該“專家系統(tǒng)”的推理機(jī)制，用于四工位專用機(jī)床的方案設(shè)計中。利用生物進(jìn)化理論，通過自然選擇和有性繁殖使生物體

51、得以演化的原理，在機(jī)構(gòu)方案設(shè)計中，運用網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖論方法將機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)為拓?fù)鋱D，再通過編碼技術(shù)，把機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)和性能轉(zhuǎn)化為個體染色體的二進(jìn)制數(shù)串，并根據(jù)設(shè)計要求編制適應(yīng)值，運用生物進(jìn)化理論控制繁殖機(jī)制，通過選擇、交叉、突然變異等手段，淘汰適應(yīng)值低的不適應(yīng)個體，以極快的進(jìn)化過程得到適應(yīng)性最優(yōu)的個體，即最符合設(shè)計要求的機(jī)構(gòu)方案。</p><p><b>　　3.2設(shè)計目錄法</b></p>

52、<p>　　構(gòu)造了“功能模塊”、“功能元解”和“機(jī)構(gòu)組”三級遞進(jìn)式設(shè)計目錄，并將這三級遞進(jìn)式設(shè)計目錄作為機(jī)械傳動原理方案智能設(shè)計系統(tǒng)的知識庫和開發(fā)設(shè)計的輔助工具。</p><p><b>　　4、智能化設(shè)計方法</b></p><p>　　智能化設(shè)計方法的主要特點是：根據(jù)設(shè)計方法學(xué)理論，借助于三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計軟件和虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)，以及多媒體、超媒體