模具設計與制造外文翻譯

1、<p>　　The mold designing and manufacturing</p><p>　　The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manuf

2、acturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then d

3、rives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three in</p><p>　　Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but com

4、pares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cyc

5、le and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .</p><p>　　The Chinese mo

6、ld industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the e

7、nterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis a

8、nd the structure improvement, the multi-purpos</p><p>　　The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was

9、complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized m

10、old factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The join</p><p>　　Although our country mold total quantity had at present ac

11、hieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. Th

12、e current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:</p><p>　　(1) The total quantity falls short of demand </p><p>　　Domestic mold assembling one rate only

13、, about 70%. Low-grade mold, center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.</p><p>　　(2) the enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the impor

14、t and export structure does not gather</p><p>　　in our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles on

15、eself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization

16、form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts </p><p>　　(3) The mold product level greatly i

17、s lower than the international standard</p><p>　　The production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on

18、surface roughness, life and structure.</p><p>　　(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion low</p><p>　　The lev

19、el is lower, also does not take the product development, and is frequent in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overs

20、eas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10, 000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type managemen

21、t with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the mo</p><p>　　To create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product wh

22、ich should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .</p><p>　　(1) Country to mold industry policy support dyna

23、mics also insufficiently</p><p>　　Although the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. At present enj

24、oyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185; the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have

25、 to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreover privately opera</p><p>　　(2) Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research development and the tech

26、nical attack investment too urine </p><p>　　mold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along with the time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person whic

27、h and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes ins

28、ufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the univer</p><p>　　(3) The craft equipment level is low, also is not good, the using factor is low.

29、 Recent years ,our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although

30、the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so o</p><p>

31、;　　(4) Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperation ability </p><p>　　Because receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence since long ago,

32、 mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% about, other for from produce use

33、s for oneself. Between the molds enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparatively large-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter u</p><p>　　(5)

34、 To the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlation technology fall </p><p>　　The mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the

35、 life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhan

36、cement.</p><p>　　At present, our country economy still was at the high speed development phase, on the international economical globalization development tendency is day by day obvious, this has provided the

37、 good condition and the opportunity for the our country mold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold market will continue high speed to develop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gr

38、adually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on the mold p</p><p>　　The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemistry, optics, the material, the computer

39、, the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nature multi-disciplinary systems engineering. The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold product to large

40、r-scale, precise, more complex and a more economical direction develops, the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cycle unceasingly redu</p><p>　　Mold profession in "

41、;十15" period needs to solve the key essential technology should be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high speed, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthrough

42、 </p><p>　　Along with the national economy total quantity and the industry product technology unceasing development, all the various trades and occupations to the mold demand quantity mo

43、re and more big, the specification more and more is also high.</p><p>　　Although mold type many, but its development should be with emphasis both can meet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-te

44、ch content, specially at present domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports the mold and can represent the development direction large-scale, precise, is complex, the long life mold. Standard

45、letter type, quantity, level and the production of the mold have significant influence to the entire mold profession development. Therefore, some</p><p><b>　　Die trend</b></p><p>　　1

46、. Mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction</p><p>　　(1) Mold software features integrated</p><p>　　Die software features of integrated software

47、 modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, ins

48、pection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. Series such as the UK Delcam's software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex ge

49、ometry, advanced ren</p><p>　　(2) Mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional</p><p>　　Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical re

50、quirements of production and integration. Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold,

51、 using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and i</p><p>　　(3) Mold

52、software applications, networking trend</p><p>　　With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of compute

53、r hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. The United States in its "21st Century Manufacturing Enter

54、prise Strategy" that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive dev</p><p>　　2. mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient,

55、and multi-direction</p><p>　　(1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficient</p><p>　　Sophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly de

56、manding. Precision Mould precision now reached 2 ~ 3μm, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital sc

57、anning. Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm × 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the fir</p><p>　　(2) CNC EDM

58、</p><p>　　Japan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the company's AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advantages of small thermal deformatio

59、n. Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems. Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse power and

60、fuzzy control (FC) technologies.</p><p>　　(3) high-speed milling machine (HSM)</p><p>　　Milling is an important means of cavity mold. The low-temperature high-speed milling with the workpiece,

61、cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (<60HRC) and many other advantages. Thus in the mold

62、 processing more and more attention. Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8μm, home-made closed-loop vector cont</p><p><b>　　模具設計與制造<

63、/b></p><p>　　模具是制造業(yè)的重要工藝基礎，在我國模具制造屬于專用設備制造業(yè)。中國雖然很早就開始制造模具和使用模具，但長期未形成產(chǎn)業(yè)。直到20世紀80年代后期，中國模具工業(yè)才駛入發(fā)展的快車道。近年，不僅國有模具企業(yè)有了很大發(fā)展，三資企業(yè)、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（個體）模具企業(yè)的發(fā)展也相當迅速。 雖然中國模具工業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，但與需求相比，顯然供不應求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、復雜、長壽命模具領域。由于在

64、模具精度、壽命、制造周期及生產(chǎn)能力等方面，中國與國際平均水平和發(fā)達國家仍有較大差距，因此，每年需要大量進口模具。 中國模具產(chǎn)業(yè)除了要繼續(xù)提高生產(chǎn)能力，今后更要著重于行業(yè)內(nèi)部結構的調(diào)整和技術發(fā)展水平的提高。結構調(diào)整方面，主要是企業(yè)結構向?qū)I(yè)化調(diào)整，產(chǎn)品結構向著中高檔模具發(fā)展，向進出口結構的改進，中高檔汽車覆蓋件模具成形分析及結構改進、多功能復合模具和復合加工及激光技術在模具設計制造上的應用、高速切削、超精加工及拋光技術、信息化方

65、向發(fā)展。 近年，模具行業(yè)結構調(diào)整和體制改革步伐加大，主要表現(xiàn)在，大型、精密、復雜、長壽命、中高檔模具及模具標準件發(fā)展速度高于一般模具產(chǎn)品；塑料模和壓鑄模比例增大；專業(yè)模</p><p>　?。?）總量供不應求，國內(nèi)模具自配率只有70%左右。其中低檔模具供過于求，中高檔模具自配率只有50%左右。 </p><p>　　（2）企業(yè)組織結構、產(chǎn)品結構、技術結構和進出口結構均不合理 。我

66、國模具生產(chǎn)廠中多數(shù)是自產(chǎn)自配的工模具車間（分廠），自產(chǎn)自配比例高達60%左右，而國外模具超過70%屬商品模具。專業(yè)模具廠大多是“大而全”、“小而全”的組織形式，而國外大多是“小而?！薄ⅰ靶《?。國內(nèi)大型、精密、復雜、長壽命的模具占總量比例不足30%，而國外在50%以上。2004年，模具進出口之比為3.7:1，進出口相抵后的凈進口額達13.2億美元，為世界模具凈進口量最大的國家。</p><p>　?。?）模具產(chǎn)

67、品水平大大低于國際水平，生產(chǎn)周期卻高于國際水平 產(chǎn)品水平低主要表現(xiàn)在模具的精度、型腔表面粗糙度、壽命及結構等方面。 </p><p>　?。?）開發(fā)能力較差，經(jīng)濟效益欠佳，我國模具企業(yè)技術人員比例低，水平較低，且不重視產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，在市場中經(jīng)常處于被動地位。我國每個模具職工平均年創(chuàng)造產(chǎn)值約合1萬美元，國外模具工業(yè)發(fā)達國家大多是15～20萬美元，有的高達25～30萬美元，與之相對的是我國相當一部分模具企業(yè)還沿用過去作坊

68、式管理，真正實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化企業(yè)管理的企業(yè)較少。</p><p>　　造成上述差距的原因很多，除了歷史上模具作為產(chǎn)品長期未得到應有的重視，以及多數(shù)國有企業(yè)機制不能適應市場經(jīng)濟之外，還有下列幾個原因： </p><p>　?。?）國家對模具工業(yè)的政策支持力度還不夠，雖然國家已經(jīng)明確頒布了模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，但配套政策少，執(zhí)行力度弱。目前享受模具產(chǎn)品增值稅的企業(yè)全國只有185家，大多數(shù)企業(yè)仍舊稅負過

69、重。模具企業(yè)進行技術改造引進設備要繳納相當數(shù)量的稅金，影響技術進步，而且民營企業(yè)貸款十分困難。 </p><p>　　（2）人才嚴重不足，科研開發(fā)及技術攻關投入太少，模具行業(yè)是技術、資金、勞動密集的產(chǎn)業(yè)，隨著時代的進步和技術的發(fā)展，掌握并且熟練運用新技術的人才異常短缺，高級模具鉗工及企業(yè)管理人才也非常緊張。由于模具企業(yè)效益欠佳及對科研開發(fā)和技術攻關重視不夠，科研單位和大專院校的眼睛盯著創(chuàng)收，導致模具行業(yè)在科研開發(fā)

70、和技術攻關方面投入太少，致使模具技術發(fā)展步伐不大，進展不快。 </p><p>　?。?）工藝裝備水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低，近年來我國機床行業(yè)進步較快，已能提供比較成套的高精度加工設備，但與國外裝備相比，仍有較大差距。雖然國內(nèi)許多企業(yè)已引進許多國外先進設備，但總體的裝備水平比國外許多企業(yè)低很多。由于體制和資金等方面的原因，引進設備不配套，設備與附件不配套現(xiàn)象十分普遍，設備利用率低的問題長期得不到較妥善的解決

71、。 </p><p>　　（4）專業(yè)化、標準化、商品化程度低，協(xié)作能力差，由于長期以來受“大而全”“小而全”影響，模具專業(yè)化水平低，專業(yè)分工不細致，商品化程度低。目前國內(nèi)每年生產(chǎn)的模具，商品模具只占40%左右，其余為自產(chǎn)自用。模具企業(yè)之間協(xié)作不暢，難以完成較大規(guī)模的模具成套任務。模具標準化水平低，模具標準件使用覆蓋率低也對模具質(zhì)量、成本有較大影響，特別是對模具制造周期有很大影響。 </p><

72、p>　　（5）模具材料及模具相關技術落后，模具材料性能、質(zhì)量和品種問題往往會影響模具質(zhì)量、壽命及成本，國產(chǎn)模具鋼與國外進口鋼材相比有較大差距。塑料、板材、設備性能差，也直接影響模具水平的提高。</p><p>　　目前，我國經(jīng)濟仍處于高速發(fā)展階段，國際上經(jīng)濟全球化發(fā)展趨勢日趨明顯，這為我國模具工業(yè)高速發(fā)展提供了良好的條件和機遇。一方面，國內(nèi)模具市場將繼續(xù)高速發(fā)展，另一方面，模具制造也逐漸向我國轉(zhuǎn)移以及跨國集

73、團到我國進行模具采購趨向也十分明顯。因此，放眼未來，國際、國內(nèi)的模具市場總體發(fā)展趨勢前景看好，預計中國模具將在良好的市場環(huán)境下得到高速發(fā)展，我國不但會成為模具大國，而且一定逐步向模具制造強國的行列邁進?！笆晃濉逼陂g，中國模具工業(yè)水平不僅在量和質(zhì)的方面有很大提高，而且行業(yè)結構、產(chǎn)品水平、開發(fā)創(chuàng)新能力、企業(yè)的體制與機制以及技術進步的方面也會取得較大發(fā)展。 模具技術集合了機械、電子、化學、光學、材料、計算機、精密監(jiān)測和信息網(wǎng)絡等諸

74、多學科，是一個綜合性多學科的系統(tǒng)工程。模具技術的發(fā)展趨勢主要是模具產(chǎn)品向著更大型、更精密、更復雜及更經(jīng)濟的方向發(fā)展，模具產(chǎn)品的技術含量不斷提高，模具制造周期不斷縮短，模具生產(chǎn)朝著信息化、無圖化、精細化、自動化的方向發(fā)展，模具企業(yè)向著技術集成化、設備精良化、產(chǎn)批品牌化、管理信息化、經(jīng)營國際化的方向發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　模具行業(yè)在“十一五”期間需要解決的重點關鍵技術應是模具信息化、數(shù)字化技術和精密、超精、高速

75、、高效制造技術方面的突破，隨著國民經(jīng)濟總量和工業(yè)產(chǎn)品技術的不斷發(fā)展，各行各業(yè)對模具的需求量越來越大，技術要求也越來越高。雖然模具種類繁多，但其發(fā)展重點應該是既能滿足大量需要，又有較高技術含量，特別是目前國內(nèi)尚不能自給，需大量進口的模具和能代表發(fā)展方向的大型、精密、復雜、長壽命模具。模具標準件的種類、數(shù)量、水平、生產(chǎn)集中度等對整個模具行業(yè)的發(fā)展有重大影響。因此，一些重要的模具標準件也必須重點發(fā)展，而且其發(fā)展速度應快于模具的發(fā)展速度，這樣才

76、能不斷提高我國模具標準化水平，從而提高模具質(zhì)量，縮短模具生產(chǎn)周期，降低成本。由于我國的模具產(chǎn)品在國際市場上占有較大的價格優(yōu)勢，因此對于出口前景好的模具產(chǎn)品也應作為重點來發(fā)展。根據(jù)上述需要量大、技術含量高、代表發(fā)展方向、出口前景好的原則選擇重點發(fā)展產(chǎn)品，而且所選產(chǎn)品必須目前已有一定技術基礎，屬于有條件、有可能發(fā)展起來的產(chǎn)品。</p><p><b>　　模具的發(fā)展趨勢</b></p>

77、;<p>　　1.模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三維化、智能化和網(wǎng)絡化方向發(fā)展</p><p>　?。?）模具軟件功能集成化</p><p>　　模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全，同時各功能模塊采用同一數(shù)據(jù)模型，以實現(xiàn)信息的綜合管理與共享，從而支持模具設計、制造、裝配、檢驗、測試及生產(chǎn)管理的全過程，達到實現(xiàn)最佳效益的目的。如英國Delcam公司的系列化軟

78、件就包括了曲面/實體幾何造型、復雜形體工程制圖、工業(yè)設計高級渲染、塑料模設計專家系統(tǒng)、復雜形體CAM、藝術造型及雕刻自動編程系統(tǒng)、逆向工程系統(tǒng)及復雜形體在線測量系統(tǒng)等。集成化程度較高的軟件還包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。國內(nèi)有上海交通大學金屬塑性成型有限元分析系統(tǒng)和沖裁模CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)；北京北航海爾軟件有限公司的CAXA系列軟件；吉林金網(wǎng)格模具工程研究中心的沖壓模CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)等。</p>

79、;<p>　　（2）模具設計、分析及制造的三維化</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)的二維模具結構設計已越來越不適應現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)和集成化技術要求。模具設計、分析、制造的三維化、無紙化要求新一代模具軟件以立體的、直觀的感覺來設計模具，所采用的三維數(shù)字化模型能方便地用于產(chǎn)品結構的CAE分析、模具可制造性評價和數(shù)控加工、成形過程模擬及信息的管理與共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等軟件具備參數(shù)化、基于

80、特征、全相關等特點，從而使模具并行工程成為可能。另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D專業(yè)注塑模設計軟件，可進行交互式3D型腔、型芯設計、模架配置及典型結構設計。澳大利亞Moldflow公司的三維真實感流動模擬軟件MoldflowAdvisers已經(jīng)受到用戶廣泛的好評和應用。國內(nèi)有華中理工大學研制的同類軟件HSC3D4.5F及鄭州工業(yè)大學的Z-mol

81、d軟件。面向制造、基于知識的智能化功能是衡量模具軟件先進性和實用性的重要標志之一。如Cimatron公司的注塑模專家軟件能根據(jù)脫模方向自動產(chǎn)生分型線和分型面，生成與制品相對應的型芯和型腔，實現(xiàn)模架零件的全相關，自動產(chǎn)生材料明細表</p><p>　　（3）模具軟件應用的網(wǎng)絡化趨勢</p><p>　　隨著模具在企業(yè)競爭、合作、生產(chǎn)和管理等方面的全球化、國際化，以及計算機軟硬件技術的迅速發(fā)展

82、，網(wǎng)絡使得在模具行業(yè)應用虛擬設計、敏捷制造技術既有必要，也有可能。美國在其《21世紀制造企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略》中指出，到2006年要實現(xiàn)汽車工業(yè)敏捷生產(chǎn)/虛擬工程方案，使汽車開發(fā)周期從40個月縮短到4個月。</p><p>　　2. 模具檢測、加工設備向精密、高效和多功能方向發(fā)展</p><p>　?。?）模具檢測設備的日益精密、高效</p><p>　　精密、復雜、大型模具的

83、發(fā)展，對檢測設備的要求越來越高?，F(xiàn)在精密模具的精度已達2～3μm，目前國內(nèi)廠家使用較多的有意大利、美國、日本等國的高精度三坐標測量機，并具有數(shù)字化掃描功能。如東風汽車模具廠不僅擁有意大利產(chǎn)3250mm×3250mm三坐標測量機，還擁有數(shù)碼攝影光學掃描儀，率先在國內(nèi)采用數(shù)碼攝影、光學掃描作為空間三維信息的獲得手段，從而實現(xiàn)了從測量實物→建立數(shù)學模型→輸出工程圖紙→模具制造全過程，成功實現(xiàn)了逆向工程技術的開發(fā)和應用。這方面的設備還

84、包括：英國雷尼紹公司第二代高速掃描儀(CYCLON SERIES2)可實現(xiàn)激光測頭和接觸式測頭優(yōu)勢互補，激光掃描精度為0.05mm，接觸式測頭掃描精度達0.02mm。另外德國GOM公司的ATOS便攜式掃描儀，日本羅蘭公司的PIX-30、PIX-4臺式掃描儀和英國泰勒?霍普森公司TALYSCAN150多傳感三維掃描儀分別具有高速化、廉價化和功能復合化等特點。</p><p>　?。?）數(shù)控電火花加工機床</p

85、><p>　　日本沙迪克公司采用直線電機伺服驅(qū)動的AQ325L、AQ550LLS-WEDM具有驅(qū)動反應快、傳動及定位精度高、熱變形小等優(yōu)點。瑞士夏米爾公司的NCEDM具有P-E3自適應控制、PCE能量控制及自動編程專家系統(tǒng)。另外有些EDM還采用了混粉加工工藝、微精加工脈沖電源及模糊控制(FC)等技術。</p><p>　?。?）高速銑削機床(HSM)</p><p>　

86、　銑削加工是型腔模具加工的重要手段。而高速銑削具有工件溫升低、切削力小、加工平穩(wěn)、加工質(zhì)量好、加工效率高(為普通銑削加工的5～10倍)及可加工硬材料(<60HRC)等諸多優(yōu)點。因而在模具加工中日益受到重視。瑞士克朗公司UCP710型五軸聯(lián)動加工中心，其機床定位精度可達8μm，自制的具有矢量閉環(huán)控制電主軸，最大轉(zhuǎn)速為42000r/min。意大利RAMBAUDI公司的高速銑床，其加工范圍達2500mm×5000mm×