電動(dòng)汽車分析外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　第1章</b></p><p><b>　　英文原文：</b></p><p>　　Abstract - A vehicle is consider Green when it more environmentally friendly than the traditional petroleum combustio

2、n engine, in which includes any nontraditional vehicle like, HEV, Plug In, EV, Fuel Cell, Bio fuel etc. that improves fuel economy. The development of electric vehicle has been over a hundred years but failure to gain th

3、e public acceptance in various stages due to various reasons which explained. While EV was never mass produced, Hybrid electric vehicle gains the momentum in recen</p><p>　　Keywords ：electric vehicle, hybrid

4、, plug in, green, history</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　As associated with energy independence and environmental issue, alternative fuel vehicle, especially Electric and Hybrid electric vehicle

5、 has become part of the government policy all over the world. The united State mandates a stricter fuel economy standard. China issued a new energy vehicle policy to accelerate & subsidize the deployment of electric

6、this year and set a goal of 500k for 2011. Hong Kong also set a clear vision for EV application in the near future.</p><p>　　As for the auto industry, a silent green resolution is undergo significant transfo

7、rmation after gasoline price rose significantly to exceed US$2 level and market demands for such vehicle. The industry introduced more fuel efficient HEVs and less polluted vehicles to the market. As Oil price surged rap

8、idly during the last few years, the phenomenon has pushed pure electric vehicle development regaining traction among automakers and governments.</p><p>　　The consumer market has brought significant gain in a

9、lternative fuel vehicle as well as HEV and electric vehicles. A HEV study (Fig. 1) conducted by Polk & Company indicated an upward trend of market share of HEV sales in United State and Western Europe. An even bigger

10、 share of HEV and EV were predicted when they combined. In fact, selection of HEV models from OEMs have grown from two (Insight & Prius) in 2000 to more than twenties as today. Sales of the HEV are in the fast track

11、along with more</p><p>　　Chevy Volt, the first plug-in hybrid, and a bunch of planned electric vehicles saluted for end consumer in the North America will lead to a round of new energy vehicle in the market.

12、</p><p>　　HISTORY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT</p><p>　　The development of electric vehicle has a long history. Since the invention of electric motor, electric vehicle has been around for 150

13、 years. From simple non-chargeable to modern state of art control system, the development of Electric vehicle can be classified into three stages:</p><p>　　A. Early development stage</p><p>　　El

14、ectric vehicle was considered among the earliest automobile and well ahead of combustion engine. It dominated the vehicle registration with 3:1 comparing to gasoline vehicles in the late 1920s to 1930s and held most of t

15、he land vehicle performance record in early 1900s. It was a major transportation tool and widely used in the society for local transportation improved from horse carriages. </p><p>　　Until 1930, electric veh

16、icle leadership was overtaken by gasoline vehicle development and was never able to reclaim the status for following reasons: Maturity of Gasoline vehicle and can be mass produced at a reasonable cost. With the mass prod

17、uction of Model T & manufacture process revolution, vehicles became suddenly available to general public and proceed as a way to improve life; Gasoline vehicle took over as the leader and surpass electric vehicle bot

18、h in performance and cost. Infrastructur</p><p>　　Widely discovery of gasoline in the sate and ready availability of cheap fuel also contributed the spread of gasoline vehicle. Petrol in the 1930s provided a

19、 direct cheap source of energy for vehicle transportation. It could be carried around by container which enabled and extended the mobility of owning a vehicle.</p><p>　　B. Midterm development (1930s-1980s)&l

20、t;/p><p>　　Electric vehicle production and development came to a halt as personal transportation after combustion engine took over in 1935. Political sensitivity with OPEC created a necessity of energy independ

21、ence during the 1960s and 1970s. U.S Government and environmentalist reintroduced tougher fuel efficient standard for the industry and ignited a board interest in electric vehicle in the period. Energy crisis in early 70

22、s driven the US postal service placed a large order of 350 EV test fleet. It is t</p><p>　　C. Modern Development</p><p>　　Modern EV development was dominated by EV1 who produced by GM for fleet

23、application. Following a program funded by Department of Energy, Ford developed EV Ranger pick up truck, Toyota provided Rav4 EV and Honda had an EV available as well during late 1990s and early 2000s. Unfortunately, thi

24、s short surge of EV availability did not realized into commercial production because of a complicated issue of politics, economic, education and technology that includes vehicle production cost and safety con</p>

25、<p>　　D. Modern HEV development</p><p>　　However, in 1999 and early 2000s, a new type of electric vehicle emerged from pure electric vehicle. Honda introduced the first HEV, Honda Insight, to the US Mar

26、ket that brought another milestone in auto industry. With brisk market acceptance and success of the Prius, HEV technology shows it maturity and potential. Ford introduced the first American hybrid electric vehicle, Esca

27、pe SUV HEV, during the ‘Manhattan on a Tank’ event and registered 600 miles/tank in congestive city traffic that opened</p><p>　　Toyota is the clear leader in the HEV arena base on volume and range of models

28、 with it “synergy drive system”. Honda and Ford are right behind with their offering in full hybrids. GM offers its “two mode” technology in hybrid passenger cars and trucks as well.</p><p>　　E. Future Devel

29、opment</p><p>　　As gasoline price rise rapidly, combined with environmental concern, the society renews the call for social responsibility. Electric Vehicle and other AFV suddenly becomes popular again.</

30、p><p>　　With announcement of the Chevy Volt plug-in concept couple years ago and pure electric vehicle from Nissan, a new round of EV development has resurrected into OEM’s cycle plan in the up coming years. Th

31、e fruit of this EV trend will be seen in the next three years.</p><p>　　Comparing to previous electric vehicle development, there are a few factors that will ensure this initiation be successful in the futur

32、e:</p><p>　　Vehicle operators are the direct target customers of developing EV. Market driven approach always creates competitive and attractive products at reasonable cost and performance.</p><p&

33、gt;　　Early technology and environmental adopter will the initial leaders and users. They are willing to support and has the capability to influence the success. Also various education programs and EV initiatives transfor

34、m general understanding of fuel efficient vehicles and their benefits. Warm acceptance of electric vehicle is high in the coming years.</p><p>　　Cooperation in charge station and infrastructure development h

35、as gained attention at different level. Various business models are being explored. The industry and government are confident that final plan will reach prior to the mass launch of electric vehicle.</p><p>　

36、　Energy storage technology improvement makes lithium battery application became safe in vehicle. Sophistication of system management upgrades and improves electric vehicle to a comparable level of combustion engine. Last

37、ly, proper government policy provides a development foundation for the industry. Special tax incentives and subsidy will offset consumer burden for purchasing electric vehicle. It is a confident vote for the product when

38、 government is willing to provide financial and strategic sup</p><p>　　III. CONCLUSION</p><p>　　Like many emerging technology, electric vehicle development and application have been around for a

39、 long time, but until recently, the technology has not really taken off. Even though HEV started as a good alternative to gasoline vehicle and well publicized by the media, but it only represented as the intermediate ste

40、p or near term solution. Government regulation and environmental prospect, in particular will drive the adoption of transportation electrification. Electric vehicle will be the final</p><p><b>　　第2章<

41、;/b></p><p><b>　　中文譯文：</b></p><p>　　引言：一輛汽車被認(rèn)為是綠色的，如果這部車比傳統(tǒng)燃油內(nèi)燃機(jī)對(duì)環(huán)境更友好，而這種汽車包含了任何非傳統(tǒng)的汽車，如混合動(dòng)力汽車，包括EV，燃油電池，生物燃料等提高了燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。電動(dòng)車的開(kāi)發(fā)已超過(guò)100年，但未能獲得公眾接受在不同階段，由于各種原因的解釋。雖然從來(lái)沒(méi)有大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)電動(dòng)汽車，混合動(dòng)力

42、電動(dòng)汽車在近幾年增長(zhǎng)的勢(shì)頭。福特已經(jīng)推出了第二代混合動(dòng)力汽車和通用汽車公司也宣布在2010年首演。相較于普通混合動(dòng)力汽車，堵塞是由于混合動(dòng)力汽車的發(fā)展模式，擴(kuò)大旅游范圍和電力的一個(gè)零排放的可能性，只要行走距離的新趨勢(shì)比收費(fèi)門(mén)檻低。但是，最近以來(lái)，在汽車行業(yè)的電氣化趨勢(shì)已經(jīng)形成，它將改變這個(gè)行業(yè)。有了正確的政策和政府的幫助和電動(dòng)汽車技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，對(duì)電動(dòng)汽車的前景將是光明和未來(lái)發(fā)展的聚焦點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵字

43、 - 電動(dòng)汽車，混合動(dòng)力，插入，綠色，歷史</p><p><b>　　1 引言</b></p><p>　　由于能源獨(dú)立和環(huán)境問(wèn)題，替代燃料車輛，特別是電力和混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車已經(jīng)成為相關(guān)政府政策的一部分，在世界各地。美國(guó)推廣了一項(xiàng)更嚴(yán)格的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中國(guó)發(fā)布了一項(xiàng)新能源汽車補(bǔ)貼政策，以加速和部署今年的電力，并為2011年50萬(wàn)的目標(biāo)。香港還成立了電動(dòng)汽車在不久的將

44、來(lái)應(yīng)用的清晰版本。</p><p>　　至于汽車行業(yè)，無(wú)聲的綠色解決方案是經(jīng)過(guò)重大改造后的汽油價(jià)格大幅上漲超過(guò)2美元的水平，并為這些車輛的市場(chǎng)需求。業(yè)引進(jìn)更多的混合電動(dòng)汽車的燃油效率和減少污染車輛的市場(chǎng)。由于石油價(jià)格上漲在過(guò)去幾年里發(fā)展很快，這種現(xiàn)象已使純電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展的汽車制造商和政府之間恢復(fù)牽引力。</p><p>　　消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)帶來(lái)了替代燃料汽車以及混合動(dòng)力汽車和電動(dòng)汽車重大增益。HEV

45、研究波爾卡公司進(jìn)行的市場(chǎng)調(diào)查顯示，如在西歐國(guó)家和美國(guó)混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車的銷售份額上升的趨勢(shì)。戊型肝炎病毒的一個(gè)更大的份額和EV進(jìn)行了預(yù)測(cè)時(shí)，他們結(jié)合起來(lái)。事實(shí)上，從原始設(shè)備制造商選擇混合動(dòng)力汽車模型已經(jīng)從2000年是只可選擇2款（本田的insight和豐田的Pries）到今天的可選擇20款之多。在混合動(dòng)力汽車的銷量在快速軌道以及更多的混合動(dòng)力汽車在2007年超過(guò)30萬(wàn)出售。進(jìn)一步已知的混合動(dòng)力汽車和電動(dòng)汽車原始設(shè)備制造商承諾將改善混合動(dòng)力

46、汽車產(chǎn)量甚至更多。添加插件和電動(dòng)車的線路將進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)和加快目前電氣化的趨勢(shì)。</p><p>　　雪佛蘭伏特，第一款插入式混合動(dòng)力車，和一堆計(jì)劃（生產(chǎn)）電動(dòng)汽車（銷售商）為對(duì)北美北美最終消費(fèi)者表示敬意將在北美市場(chǎng)上引出一輪新能源汽車。</p><p><b>　　2 電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展史</b></p><p>　　電動(dòng)車的發(fā)展有著悠久的歷史。由于電

47、動(dòng)機(jī)的發(fā)明，電動(dòng)汽車已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了150年。從簡(jiǎn)單的非充電控制系統(tǒng)，以藝術(shù)的現(xiàn)代國(guó)家，對(duì)電動(dòng)車的發(fā)展可分為三個(gè)階段劃分。</p><p><b>　　2.1早期開(kāi)發(fā)階段</b></p><p>　　電動(dòng)車被認(rèn)為是最早的汽車和內(nèi)燃機(jī)遙遙領(lǐng)先。它與比較主導(dǎo)20世紀(jì)20年代末到30年代3:1汽油車輛的車輛登記，并于1900年代初的土地大部分車輛性能記錄。這是一個(gè)重大的交通手段和

48、廣泛的社會(huì)使用當(dāng)?shù)亟煌◤鸟R車改善。</p><p>　　直到1930年，電動(dòng)汽車領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和取代汽油車的發(fā)展，是永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法回收的狀況，原因如下：成熟的汽油車，并且可以在合理的成本大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)。隨著T型車大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)和制造過(guò)程的革命，車輛突然成為可供一般公眾，進(jìn)而以此來(lái)改善生活;汽油汽車接任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和趕超的電動(dòng)汽車的性能和成本?；A(chǔ)設(shè)施的改善和城市間的交通需求，往往需要較長(zhǎng)的旅行距離，從來(lái)沒(méi)有能夠利用由電動(dòng)車前。缺乏基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的發(fā)展

49、費(fèi)用，可靠的電力傳輸和有限的旅行距離，電動(dòng)汽車已不再適合消費(fèi)者的需求，失去了優(yōu)勢(shì)，以普通汽油車。有限或沒(méi)有電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的支持被迫辭職和早期電動(dòng)車數(shù)量。</p><p>　　儲(chǔ)量豐富的汽油礦藏被廣泛發(fā)現(xiàn)，以及廉價(jià)燃料造就了燃汽交通工具的廣泛傳播。在20世紀(jì)30年代石油能源直接提供了廉價(jià)的運(yùn)輸車輛來(lái)源。它可以進(jìn)行這使周圍的貨柜，延長(zhǎng)車輛的擁有流動(dòng)性</p><p>　　2.2 中期發(fā)展階段(1

50、930-1980)</p><p>　　電動(dòng)車生產(chǎn)和發(fā)展來(lái)作為個(gè)人交通停止燃燒后發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)生在1935年結(jié)束。政治敏感性與歐佩克期間創(chuàng)建60和70年代的能源獨(dú)立的必要性。美國(guó)政府和環(huán)保重新提出更嚴(yán)格的燃料效率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的行業(yè)，點(diǎn)燃一期間在電動(dòng)汽車板的興趣。能源驅(qū)動(dòng)的美國(guó)郵政服務(wù)70年代初的危機(jī)放在了350電動(dòng)汽車試驗(yàn)車隊(duì)大訂單。這是中期發(fā)展的最高節(jié)點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　然而，部分原因是由于性能

51、有限，其他政府優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)，董事會(huì)對(duì)公司的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施支持和參與范圍，在此期間發(fā)展低調(diào)而迅速的下降。</p><p>　　2.3 現(xiàn)代發(fā)展階段</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展的主導(dǎo)力量是由通用汽車生產(chǎn)的EV1，車隊(duì)中的應(yīng)用。繼美國(guó)能源部資助的計(jì)劃，福特開(kāi)發(fā)的電動(dòng)汽車護(hù)理拿起卡車，豐田和本田提供的RAV4電動(dòng)汽車提供了一個(gè)電動(dòng)汽車以及20世紀(jì)90年代后期和21世紀(jì)初。</p>&

52、lt;p>　　不幸的是，這種電動(dòng)汽車提供短期激增也沒(méi)有把由于復(fù)雜的政治問(wèn)題，實(shí)現(xiàn)商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)，經(jīng)濟(jì)，教育和技術(shù)，其中包括汽車生產(chǎn)成本和安全問(wèn)題。 EV1電動(dòng)車，蘭杰，RAV4和本田電動(dòng)車，車隊(duì)測(cè)試的目的只，幾乎所有的車輛已經(jīng)停止出售，銷毀和回收。只有極少數(shù)的電動(dòng)汽車存活在愛(ài)好者的手中。</p><p>　　2.4 現(xiàn)代HEV的發(fā)展</p><p>　　然而，出現(xiàn)在1999年和2000年

53、初，一個(gè)新型的電動(dòng)汽車由純電動(dòng)汽車。本田推出了第一款混合動(dòng)力汽車，本田Insight，對(duì)美國(guó)市場(chǎng)的汽車行業(yè)帶來(lái)了另一個(gè)里程碑，在強(qiáng)勁的市場(chǎng)接受和普瑞斯混合動(dòng)力技術(shù)的成功。表明它的成熟和潛力。福特推出了第一個(gè)美國(guó)混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車，混合動(dòng)力SUV車逃逸，在曼哈頓坦克坦克事以及注冊(cè)600公里每小時(shí)在這個(gè)充血一般的城市交通開(kāi)辟了一個(gè)新的電動(dòng)汽車之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)領(lǐng)域</p><p>　　到2008年，混合動(dòng)力汽車銷量超過(guò)總銷量的

54、2.5％。更進(jìn)一步，混合動(dòng)力汽車豐田，本田和福特的下一代，引入更新的技術(shù)，沿著2009年進(jìn)一步完善。燃油效率也同樣得到了提高。</p><p>　　豐田公司在數(shù)量和型號(hào)的混合動(dòng)力汽車領(lǐng)域的基地范圍與它的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者“協(xié)同驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)”。本田和福特是正確的落后與他們的完全混合動(dòng)力汽車產(chǎn)品。通用汽車提供混合動(dòng)力轎車和卡車的“二?！钡募夹g(shù)。</p><p><b>　　2.5 未來(lái)發(fā)展</

55、b></p><p>　　隨著汽油價(jià)格上漲迅速，環(huán)境問(wèn)題相結(jié)合，社會(huì)再次對(duì)社會(huì)責(zé)任的呼吁。電動(dòng)汽車和其他替代性燃料車輛突然變得流行了。</p><p>　　隨著公布的雪佛蘭伏特插件的概念幾年前從日產(chǎn)純電動(dòng)汽車的電動(dòng)汽車發(fā)展的新一輪復(fù)活成OEM的周期計(jì)劃在未來(lái)幾年上升。這種電動(dòng)汽車的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)成果將在未來(lái)的三年中清晰可見(jiàn)。</p><p>　　相較于以前的電動(dòng)汽車

56、發(fā)展，有幾個(gè)因素將確保這一點(diǎn)開(kāi)始在未來(lái)的成功：車輛經(jīng)營(yíng)者發(fā)展電動(dòng)汽車的直接目標(biāo)客戶。市場(chǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)的方法始終創(chuàng)建以合理的價(jià)格和性能競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和吸引力的產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　早期采用者將技術(shù)和環(huán)境的初步領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人和用戶。他們?cè)敢庵С植⒂心芰τ绊懙某晒?。還有各種教育計(jì)劃和EV倡議轉(zhuǎn)化燃料效率的汽車和一般的了解他們的利益。電動(dòng)汽車在最近幾年將會(huì)很容易的被接受。并且有很多教育計(jì)劃和電動(dòng)汽車的倡議改革者寬容的理解了車輛的燃油效率和

57、它的好處。</p><p>　　在收費(fèi)站的合作和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展出現(xiàn)了不同程度的關(guān)注。各種商業(yè)模式正在探索。業(yè)界和政府有信心，最終計(jì)劃將達(dá)到之前的電動(dòng)汽車大規(guī)模推出。</p><p>　　儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)的改進(jìn)使得鋰電池應(yīng)用成為汽車安全的。復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)管理升級(jí)系統(tǒng)，提高電動(dòng)車的燃燒發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)媲美。最后，適當(dāng)?shù)恼?，為業(yè)界提供了一個(gè)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。特殊的稅收優(yōu)惠和補(bǔ)貼將抵消購(gòu)買(mǎi)電動(dòng)汽車的消費(fèi)者的負(fù)擔(dān)。這是針對(duì)

58、該產(chǎn)品的信心投票當(dāng)政府愿意提供資金和戰(zhàn)略支持。</p><p><b>　　3 結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　像許多新興的技術(shù)，電動(dòng)汽車的開(kāi)發(fā)和應(yīng)用已經(jīng)存在了很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，但直到最近，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)還沒(méi)有真正起步。盡管混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車開(kāi)始作為一個(gè)很好的替代汽油的車輛，并廣為媒體宣傳，但它只是作為中間步驟或短期內(nèi)解決的代表。</p><p>　　政