外文翻譯—發(fā)展綠色物流，實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略

1、<p>　　字?jǐn)?shù)：英文2505單詞，14890字符；中文4265漢字</p><p>　　出處：Oksana Seroka-Stolka.The development of green logistics for implementation sustainable development strategy in companies[J]Procedia - Social and Behavioral

2、 Sciences.2014,151:302-309</p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)：　</b></p><p>　　The development of green logistics for implementation sustainable development strategy in companies</p><p>　　A

3、bstract While environmental issues have become critical concerns all over the world, organizations are constantly under pressure to develop environmentally responsible and friendly operations. Commitment to the natural

4、environment has become an important variable. Therefore, the interest in developing green logistics from companies, government, and the public is increasing dramatically especially because traditional logistics cannot me

5、et the requirements of modern society and has huge impact o</p><p>　　Keywords:Greenlogistics,environmental sustainability,Sustainable Development, factors, environmenta practices, company.</p><p&g

6、t;　　1.Introduction</p><p>　　In recent years there has been increasing concern about the environmental effects on the planet of human activity. That is why it has had ab increasing amount of attention in the

7、popular press, in governmental agendas, in the academic literature and from the general public. Stakeholders are increasingly pressuring firms to assume responsibility for any negative effects their business activities m

8、ight cause as well. The results are that firms are considering the incorporation of environmental thi</p><p>　　2.Green logistics and sustainable development</p><p>　　Typically, logistics is seen

9、 as the actions of which the objective is to minimize costs and maximize profits. The term was used mostly in purely business areas exhibiting companies and in financial reports. But, for many years, the term logistics w

10、as used in conjunction with the "green" by creating "Green Logistics" - the term containing costs, yet did not appear on financial reports and on the environment and society. The term “green logistics

11、” is defined as supply chain management practices an</p><p>　　The three pillars of Sustainable Development can be applied to green logistics (see Figure 1). As mentioned in the definitions of green logistics

12、 before, in the past, companies coordinated their logistics activities comprising freight transport, warehousing, packaging, materials handling and data collection and management to meet customer requirements at minimum

13、cost which just refers to the monetary terms (Nowakowska-Grunt, 2008). Now, the environment has become a concern. It is treated as a fa</p><p>　　Figure 1. Green logistics as an element of sustainable develop

14、ment.</p><p>　　Over the past 40 years, "Green Logistics" has represented a lot of nature trails, the most distinguishable as follows:</p><p>　　?reduction in transport costs, </p>

15、<p>　　?city logistics,</p><p>　　˙corporate environmental strategies towards logistics, </p><p>　　˙reverse logistics,</p><p>　　˙green supply chain management.</p><p

16、>　　The green logistics represents also three perspectives: public (public to private), operational (operational to strategic) and local (local to global). The first perspective of green logistics relates to pressure g

17、roups which began to lobby government intervention to mitigate the damaging effects of freight movement and public agencies sought to improve their understanding of the problem and find means of addressing it. The public

18、 sector interest in this subject has been complemented by a growth</p><p>　　3.Green logistics and reverse logistics</p><p>　　It is worth mentioning about the reverse logistics which is a part of

19、 green logistics. Rogers and Tibben-Lembke (1999) briefly consider the differences between reverse logistics and green logistics. In reverse logistics there should be some flow of products or goods back from the consumer

20、 to an earlier stage of the supply chain. The reduction of waste that this implies certainly means that reverse logistics should be included within green logistics. Currently, the term "green logistics" is ofte

21、n</p><p>　　First of all, the most significant difference is that reverse logistics concentrates on saving money and increasing value by reusing or reselling materials to recover lost profits and reduce opera

22、tional costs. In turn green logistics focuses on transportation issues, recycling and re-use. “Green logistics is about using material friendly options for transportation and centered on saving money but places priority

23、on the company’s image” (Nylund, 2012). DeBrito (2003) clarifies that green logistic</p><p>　　Figure 2. Comparison of green logistics and reverse logistics</p><p>　　4.The drivers of green logist

24、ics</p><p>　　4.1.Factors affecting green logistics from a wide perspective</p><p>　　Schmied (2010) distinguishes four factors affecting green logistics – company, customers, politics, and societ

25、y. According to Figure 3, it can be concluded that each of the factors may affect green solutions (Schmied, 2010). From the consumers point of view they have their own requirements for green products and services. Custom

26、ers especially with high environmental awareness may require products delivered with clean vehicles or in such manner that the emissions are minimized, forcing suppliers </p><p>　　Figure 3. General factors

27、affecting green logistics</p><p>　　4.2.Determinant factors of green logistics at a corporate level</p><p>　　Many researchers have proposed various explanations as to what factors influence a fir

28、m’s adoption of environmental practices. Generally, we can distinguish external and internal factors of environmental practices (Murillo-Luna, Garcés-Ayerbe & Rivera-Torres, 2011). Stakeholder pressure, environm

29、ental regulations, company size, industrial sector and geographical location, internationalization, position in the value chain, strategic attitude, managerial attitudes and motivations, manager’s charac</p><p

30、>　　Figure 4. Determinant factors of green management practices in logistics industry. A conceptual model derived from Lin & Ho (2010).</p><p>　　The research findings by Lin & Ho, (2010) reveal th

31、at pressure resulting from legal regulations of the State, governmental support, organizational support and the quality of human resources have a significantly positive influence on the adoption of green practices for Ch

32、inese logistics companies (Lin & Ho, 2010). Environmental uncertainty and the complexity of green practice show significantly negative influences on environmental practices. Surprisingly, the influence of customer pr

33、essure is not</p><p>　　Greening the supply chain is a growing concern for many business enterprises and a challenge for logistics management. The structure of the green supply chain is relevant to implementi

34、ng a green logistics system, as a green supply chain creates green environment for green logistics in a sustainable development which, again, paves a green channel towards green logistics and, simultaneously, supports an

35、d promotes the development of green logistics. A real sense of green action can be achieved by s</p><p>　　Trowbridge (2006) distinguishes both internal and external driving forces of the implementation of GS

36、CM at a chip manufacturer. The internal ones include the willingness to improve risk management due to potential interruptions in the supply chain, and the collaboration with suppliers to find alternative materials and e

37、quipment that minimize the environmental impact. The external ones include customers, investors and non-governmental organizations (Trowbridge, 2006). This is similar to the findi</p><p>　　Hu & Hsu (2010

38、) explore the factors that are critical for the implementation of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices in the Taiwanese electrical and electronics industries referring to the European Union directives, and they

39、 extract 20 critical factors in four dimensions (supplier management, product recycling, organization involvement and life cycle management) (Hu & Hsu, 2010). Diabat & Govindan (2011) introduce the review of stud

40、ies which present different factors of green supply ch</p><p>　　Diabat & Govindan (2011) present 11 types of driving forces ( and interactions between them), which have been analyzed using Interpretive S

41、tructural Modeling (ISM). The research results show that the government regulations and legislation and reverse logistics are significant driving forces to achieve cooperation between product designers and suppliers to r

42、educe and eliminate the environmental impact of products. Environmental cooperation with suppliers and customers and ISO 14001 certification</p><p>　　Fig 5. ISM model for the drivers affecting the implement

43、ation of green supply chain management according to Diabat & Govindan, 2011.</p><p>　　5.Conclusions</p><p>　　Companies are constantly under pressure to develop environmentally friendly and r

44、esponsible operations, and commitment to the natural environment is an important variable within the competitive scenarios. Organizations face either internal or external factors of green logistics at a corporate level.

45、The review of the literature indicates some interesting findings. First all, managers must take into account that incorporating environmental issues into corporate strategies depends on various facto</p><p>

46、<b>　　中文譯文：</b></p><p>　　發(fā)展綠色物流，實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略</p><p>　　摘要 當(dāng)環(huán)境問題成為世界各地重要的關(guān)注點(diǎn)，社會(huì)組織在壓力下不斷地發(fā)展環(huán)境責(zé)任和友好行動(dòng)時(shí)，對(duì)自然環(huán)境的承諾已經(jīng)變成一個(gè)重要的變量。因此，企業(yè)、政府和公眾對(duì)綠色物流的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了極大的興趣，尤其是傳統(tǒng)的物流不能滿足現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的要求，對(duì)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。本文的目

47、的是介紹影響綠色物流理念作為可持續(xù)發(fā)展要素在企業(yè)中發(fā)展的決定因素。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：綠色物流，環(huán)境可持續(xù)性，可持續(xù)發(fā)展，因素，環(huán)境行動(dòng)，企業(yè)</p><p><b>　　1.引言</b></p><p>　　近年來，人們?cè)絹碓疥P(guān)注地球上的人類活動(dòng)對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。這就是為什么它引起了大眾媒體、政府議程、學(xué)術(shù)文獻(xiàn)以及一般公眾越來越多的關(guān)注

48、量。利益相關(guān)者也越來越多地要求企業(yè)為其經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)可能造成的任何負(fù)面影響承擔(dān)責(zé)任。結(jié)果是，企業(yè)正在考慮將環(huán)保思想納入到他們?cè)诓ㄌm企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略中（Romanowska，2004）。對(duì)更環(huán)保解決方法的日益關(guān)注離不開物流，因?yàn)樗鹬浅Ｖ匾淖饔?，它是主要的污染源和資源使用者之一。</p><p>　　2.綠色物流與可持續(xù)發(fā)展</p><p>　　通常，物流被看做是以成本最小化、利潤(rùn)最大化為目標(biāo)的

49、行動(dòng)。該詞主要用于純粹的商業(yè)領(lǐng)域企業(yè)和財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告中。但是，多年來，物流與“綠色”結(jié)合在一起，創(chuàng)造了“綠色物流”——控制成本的術(shù)語，卻沒有出現(xiàn)在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告和環(huán)境與社會(huì)中?！熬G色物流”一詞被定義為供應(yīng)鏈管理的實(shí)踐和策略，減少貨物配送的環(huán)境和能源消耗，側(cè)重于材料處理、廢物管理、包裝和運(yùn)輸(Rodrigue et al., 2012)。綠色物流包括有關(guān)于在原產(chǎn)地和消費(fèi)點(diǎn)之間產(chǎn)品和信息的正向與反向流動(dòng)的高效生態(tài)管理的所有活動(dòng)，其目的是滿足或超越客戶需

50、求 (Mesjasz-Lech, 2011)。Lee和Klassen（2008）描述了綠色物流作為綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理，可以被定義為一個(gè)組織的活動(dòng)考慮到環(huán)境問題，并將其整合到供應(yīng)鏈管理中，以改變供應(yīng)商和客戶的環(huán)境績(jī)效 （Lee&Klassen，2008）。綠色物流活動(dòng)包括測(cè)量不同分銷策略的環(huán)境影響，減少物流活動(dòng)中的能源消耗，減少浪費(fèi)，并完成其治理（Sibihi&Eglese，2009）。從可持續(xù)發(fā)展的角度來看，綠色物流可以被定

51、義為“以可持續(xù)的方式生產(chǎn)和分配商品，同時(shí)考慮到環(huán)境和社會(huì)因素”（Sibihi&Egle</p><p>　　可持續(xù)發(fā)展的三大支柱可應(yīng)用于綠色物流（見圖1）。正如之前在綠色物流的定義中提到，在過去，企業(yè)協(xié)調(diào)物流活動(dòng)包括貨運(yùn)、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)、包裝、物料搬運(yùn)、數(shù)據(jù)收集和管理，以滿足客戶涉及到金錢方面的最低成本要求（Nowakowska-Grunt，2008）?，F(xiàn)在，環(huán)境已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)關(guān)注的問題，它被視為成本的一個(gè)因素。一些

52、企業(yè)已經(jīng)考慮到物流的外部成本，特別是與環(huán)境問題有關(guān)的例如氣候變化、污染和噪音等。因此，綠色物流被定義為致力于研究減少這些外部成本以及實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)目標(biāo)之間的更可持續(xù)的平衡的方法（見圖1）。因此，在“綠色”物流領(lǐng)域的所有努力都集中在促進(jìn)并確?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展上（Hans，2011）。</p><p>　　圖1.綠色物流作為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的要素</p><p>　　在過去的40年里，“綠色物流”代

53、表了很多自然的印記，最明顯的如下：</p><p><b>　　?運(yùn)輸成本的降低，</b></p><p><b>　　?城市物流，</b></p><p>　　?物流企業(yè)環(huán)境戰(zhàn)略，</p><p><b>　　?逆向物流，</b></p><p>&l

54、t;b>　　?綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理。</b></p><p>　　綠色物流還代表了三個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：公共的（公共的到私有的），行動(dòng)上的（行動(dòng)上的到戰(zhàn)略性的）和局部的（局部的到全局的）。綠色物流的第一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)與壓力集團(tuán)有關(guān)，他們開始游說政府進(jìn)行干預(yù)以減輕貨物流通的破壞性影響，公共機(jī)構(gòu)試圖提高他們對(duì)問題的認(rèn)識(shí)并找到解決問題的辦法。隨著私營(yíng)部門參與綠色物流研究的增長(zhǎng)，例如企業(yè)已經(jīng)開始制定企業(yè)層面和更專門物流這兩方面的

55、環(huán)境戰(zhàn)略，公共部門對(duì)這一課題的興趣已經(jīng)得到了補(bǔ)充。作為第二大趨勢(shì)的行動(dòng)上到戰(zhàn)略性，一直是企業(yè)致力于綠色物流的拓展，從采用幾個(gè)小的運(yùn)營(yíng)轉(zhuǎn)變到戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃中嵌入環(huán)境原則。局部的到全局的觀點(diǎn)主要集中在空氣污染、振動(dòng)、噪聲、事故和視覺入侵的局部環(huán)境影響上。隨著氣候變化成為現(xiàn)代的主導(dǎo)環(huán)境問題，物流對(duì)全球大氣環(huán)境的影響已成為許多研究人員的主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)（McKinnon A.，Browne&Whiteing，2010）。</p>&l

56、t;p>　　3.綠色物流和逆向物流</p><p>　　值得一提的是，逆向物流是綠色物流的一部分。Rogers和Tibben-Lembke（1999）簡(jiǎn)單思考了一下逆向物流與綠色物流的區(qū)別。在逆向物流中，應(yīng)該有一些產(chǎn)品或貨物的流動(dòng)從消費(fèi)者回到供應(yīng)鏈的早期階段。減少浪費(fèi)，這足以表明逆向物流應(yīng)給包括在綠色物流之內(nèi)。目前,“綠色物流”與“逆向物流”通常可以互換使用，但是與逆向物流相比之下，綠色物流“總結(jié)物流活動(dòng)，

57、主要是出于環(huán)境考慮”（Scott，Lundgren&Thompson，2011）。</p><p>　　首先，最顯著的區(qū)別是，逆向物流側(cè)重于節(jié)省資金和增加價(jià)值，通過重復(fù)使用或轉(zhuǎn)售材料來收回?fù)p失利潤(rùn)，降低運(yùn)營(yíng)成本。反過來，綠色物流主要集中在運(yùn)輸問題以及回收和再利用上?！熬G色物流是關(guān)于對(duì)交通使用材料的有益選擇，以節(jié)省資金為中心，但優(yōu)先考慮公司形象”（Nylund，2012）。DeBrito（2003）闡明了綠

58、色物流著眼于供應(yīng)鏈的正向流動(dòng)，而逆向物流被視為可持續(xù)發(fā)展。“‘綠色’物流中突出的環(huán)境問題是不可再生自然資源的消耗，以及危險(xiǎn)和非危險(xiǎn)的廢物處置（DeBrito，2003）。綠色物流通常被稱為生態(tài)物流，即定義為“理解和減少物流的生態(tài)影響”（Rogers和Tibben-Lembke，1998）。這些活動(dòng)的目的是測(cè)量環(huán)境對(duì)交通運(yùn)輸?shù)挠绊懀档湍茉聪?，減少材料使用（見圖2）。</p><p>　　圖2.綠色物流與逆向物流

59、的比較</p><p>　　4.綠色物流的驅(qū)動(dòng)力</p><p>　　4.1.從廣泛的視角看綠色物流的影響因素</p><p>　　Schmied（2010）將影響綠色物流的四個(gè)因素區(qū)分開來——企業(yè)、客戶、政治和社會(huì)。根據(jù)圖3可以看出每一個(gè)因素都有可能會(huì)影響綠色解決方案（Schmied，2010）。從消費(fèi)者的角度來看，他們對(duì)綠色產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)有自己的要求。特別是具有高環(huán)

60、保意識(shí)的客戶，可能會(huì)要求用清潔的或者排放量最小的車輛進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品交付，這樣就迫使供應(yīng)商去尋找綠色解決方案。這應(yīng)該是正在采取綠色物流措施的企業(yè)的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動(dòng)力。企業(yè)了解綠色物流中消費(fèi)者的重要作用，有利于自身的發(fā)展?；蛟S客戶影響最大的可能是送貨上門，因?yàn)樗麄兪沁@項(xiàng)服務(wù)的直接用戶。</p><p>　　圖3.綠色物流的一般影響因素</p><p>　　4.2.企業(yè)層面綠色物流的決定因素</p&

61、gt;<p>　　什么樣的因素影響到企業(yè)環(huán)保實(shí)踐的采用，許多研究人員提出了各種各樣的解釋。一般來說，我們可以區(qū)分環(huán)保實(shí)踐的外部和內(nèi)部因素（Murillo-Luna，Garcés-Ayerbe&Rivera-Torres，2011）。利益相關(guān)者的壓力、環(huán)境法規(guī)、企業(yè)規(guī)模、工業(yè)部門和地理位置、國(guó)際化、在價(jià)值鏈中的位置、戰(zhàn)略態(tài)度、管理層的態(tài)度和動(dòng)機(jī)、經(jīng)理的特點(diǎn)和人力資源是相關(guān)的環(huán)境和組織變量，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在相關(guān)的研

62、究中（Gonzalez-Benito&Gonzalez Benito，2006）。眾多因素中也有一些可能是綠色實(shí)踐的障礙。Chan（2008）從83家取樣旅館的管理人員提供的信息中確定了六種類型的障礙。采用探索性分析，他發(fā)現(xiàn)這六種類型的障礙與環(huán)境實(shí)踐負(fù)相關(guān)：1）知識(shí)和技能缺乏，2）專業(yè)建議缺乏，3）結(jié)果的不確定性，4）認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)/驗(yàn)證者的參與，5）資源缺乏，6）實(shí)施和維護(hù)成本。雖然綠色問題的一些研究已經(jīng)考慮到組織和環(huán)境因素，但是這

63、些因素在物流業(yè)環(huán)境管理的研究中非常罕見。Lin&Ho（2010）對(duì)353家中國(guó)物流企業(yè)進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，他們提出了 32個(gè)變量，描述了物流企業(yè)綠色實(shí)踐應(yīng)用的決定因素特征的10個(gè)維度</p><p>　　圖4.物流業(yè)綠色管理實(shí)踐的決定因素。選自Lin&Ho（2010）的概念模型</p><p>　　Lin&Ho（2010）的研究結(jié)果顯示，源于國(guó)家法律規(guī)定、政府支持、組織

64、支持和人力資源素質(zhì)的壓力對(duì)中國(guó)物流企業(yè)的綠色實(shí)踐應(yīng)用有著顯著的積極影響（Lin&Ho，2010）。環(huán)境不確定性和綠色實(shí)踐的復(fù)雜性對(duì)綠色實(shí)踐有顯著的負(fù)向影響。令人驚訝的是，客戶壓力對(duì)中國(guó)物流企業(yè)的影響并不顯著（Lin&Ho，2010）。這非常有趣，因?yàn)閬碜詺W盟參與的環(huán)境問題的研究表明，客戶壓力及其環(huán)境意識(shí)會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境實(shí)踐產(chǎn)生影響，不過這些研究結(jié)果都集中在制造業(yè)上。他們的研究也提供了實(shí)證證據(jù)，相比于組織和環(huán)境因素，技術(shù)因素對(duì)綠色

65、實(shí)踐應(yīng)用的影響極為顯著（Lin&Ho，2010）。類似的發(fā)現(xiàn)還來自波蘭的研究，他們表明管理人員的環(huán)境意識(shí)和環(huán)境實(shí)踐的生態(tài)效益關(guān)聯(lián)不大。</p><p>　　綠色供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)窃S多企業(yè)越來越關(guān)注的問題，也是物流管理的一大挑戰(zhàn)。綠色供應(yīng)鏈的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系到綠色物流系統(tǒng)的實(shí)施，因?yàn)榫G色供應(yīng)鏈為綠色物流的可持續(xù)發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了綠色環(huán)境，還為綠色物流鋪平了綠色通道，同時(shí)支持和促進(jìn)綠色物流的發(fā)展。真正意義上的綠色行動(dòng)可以通過企業(yè)層面供

66、應(yīng)鏈管理得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。值得一提的是，在對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈采取綠色物流方法時(shí)，綠色物流戰(zhàn)略也要格外強(qiáng)調(diào)。綠色物流實(shí)踐必須納入到企業(yè)環(huán)境戰(zhàn)略中。當(dāng)提到產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃時(shí)，最常見的事實(shí)是他們強(qiáng)調(diào)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和開發(fā)是基于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和商業(yè)屬性的改進(jìn)，如價(jià)格、質(zhì)量、功能和性能這些因素。</p><p>　　Trowbridge（2006）對(duì)元件制造者綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理實(shí)施的內(nèi)部和外部驅(qū)動(dòng)力進(jìn)行了區(qū)分。內(nèi)部驅(qū)動(dòng)力包括由供應(yīng)鏈中存在潛在中斷而產(chǎn)生的改善

67、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的意愿，以及與供應(yīng)商合作尋找可最大限度降低對(duì)環(huán)境的影響的替代材料和設(shè)備。外部驅(qū)動(dòng)力包括客戶、投資者和非政府組織（Trowbridge，2006）。這類似于González-Benito&González-Benito（2006）的研究結(jié)果，即西班牙企業(yè)察覺到環(huán)境壓力的兩大不同來源：政府和非政府。然而，只有后者才能在很大程度上解釋綠色物流實(shí)踐的實(shí)施。或許因?yàn)檫@些實(shí)踐是積極的主動(dòng)的，而政府壓力主要集中在遵

68、守法規(guī)上。他們還證明管理者的環(huán)境意識(shí)同樣是綠色物流實(shí)踐實(shí)施的一部分原因。</p><p>　　Hu&Hsu（2010）參照歐盟指令對(duì)臺(tái)灣電子電氣行業(yè)實(shí)施綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理（GSCM）實(shí)踐的關(guān)鍵因素進(jìn)行了探討，并且他們從四個(gè)維度（供應(yīng)商管理、產(chǎn)品回收、組織參與和生命周期管理）中提取了20個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素（Hu&Hsu，2010）。Diabat&Govindan（2011）介紹了目前綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理不同影

69、響因素的研究綜述。</p><p>　　Diabat&Govindan（2011）提出了11種驅(qū)動(dòng)力（它們之間相互作用），并采用解釋結(jié)構(gòu)模型（ISM）對(duì)它們進(jìn)行分析。研究結(jié)果顯示，對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)人員和供應(yīng)商之間的合作以減少和消除產(chǎn)品對(duì)環(huán)境的影響來說，政府法律法規(guī)和逆向物流是重要的驅(qū)動(dòng)力。將與供應(yīng)商和客戶的環(huán)境合作、ISO14001認(rèn)證放在ISM模型的中層，綠色設(shè)計(jì),質(zhì)量環(huán)境管理融入到規(guī)劃和運(yùn)作過程，降低能

70、源消耗，回收再利用材料和包裝放在ISM體系的最高層次（Diabat&Govindan，2011）。影響綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理實(shí)施的驅(qū)動(dòng)力的ISM模型如圖5所示。</p><p>　　圖5.影響綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理實(shí)施的驅(qū)動(dòng)力的ISM模型，Diabat & Govindan, 2011</p><p><b>　　5.結(jié)論</b></p><p&g

71、t;　　企業(yè)在不斷的壓力下開展環(huán)境保護(hù)和環(huán)境責(zé)任的行動(dòng)，在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的情況下，對(duì)自然環(huán)境的承諾是一個(gè)重要的變量。組織正視企業(yè)層面綠色物流的內(nèi)部或外部因素。回顧這些文獻(xiàn)，會(huì)有一些有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)。首先，根據(jù)隨著時(shí)間推移而改變的各種因素，管理者必須考慮將環(huán)境問題納入到企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略中。各個(gè)企業(yè)的綠色物流實(shí)踐應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵因素會(huì)有不同，這取決于部門活動(dòng)、地理位置和客戶環(huán)境要求的水平。隨著企業(yè)環(huán)境行為的客戶壓力不同，綠色物流影響因素的研究結(jié)果呈現(xiàn)出多樣性，這可能與企