采礦專業(yè)畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯8

1、<p>　　ROOM-AND-PILLAR METHOD OF OPEN-STOPE MINING</p><p>　　空場采礦法中的房柱采礦法</p><p>　　Chapter 1.A Classification of the Room-and-Pillar Method of Open-Stope Mining</p><p>　　第一部分，空場采

2、礦的房柱法的分類</p><p>　　OPEN STOPING</p><p><b>　　空場采礦法</b></p><p>　　An open stope is an underground cavity from which the initial ore has been mined. Caving of the opening is

3、prevented (at least temporarily) by support from the unmined ore or waste left in the stope,in the form of pillars,and the stope walls (also called ribs or abutments). In addition to this primary may also be required usi

4、ng rockbolts , reinforcing rods, split pipes ,or shotcrete to stabilize the rock surface immediately adjacent to the opening. The secondary reinforcement procedure does not </p><p>　　露天采場臺階是開采了地下礦石后形成的地下洞室。通

5、過塊礦或采場的支柱和 （也稱為肋或肩） 采場墻形式的廢料 的支持來（至少是暫時的） 預防放頂煤的開幕。除了這個，可能還需要使用錨桿，鋼筋棒，分流管，或噴漿，以穩(wěn)定緊鄰開幕的巖石表面。二次加固過程不排除歸類為開放式回采方法。</p><p>　　There are many forms of open-stope mining used to extract the initial material from mi

6、ne .Having once established that the mineral and waste rock are competent enough to use an open-stoping method ,and assuming that the reserve is not classified as gassy, the form which the method will take is primarily d

7、etermined by the dip and thickness of the reserve .How these two factors affect the selection of the open-stope mining is discussed in a later chapter . At this point it will suffice to say that</p><p>　　這里有

8、許多空場采礦法用于才出地下的礦石。一旦確立，礦物和廢石足以勝任使用開放式回采方法，并假設儲備不歸類為高瓦斯，該方法將采取的形式主要取決于浸和儲備的厚度。在后面一章，將討論了這兩個因素如何影響采場采礦法的選擇。在這一點上就足以說的露天采場采礦系統(tǒng)的分類，根據(jù)是否干燥，破碎的物料通過重力或是否流動，它必須由非重力能源必須提供移動材料的方法提出。</p><p>　　Room-and Pillar-Mining<

9、/p><p><b>　　房柱采礦法</b></p><p>　　Room-and-pillar mining is an open-stoping method where mining progresses in a nearly horizontal or low angle direction by opening multiple stopes or rooms

10、, leaving solid material to act as pillars to support the vertical load. Since the direction of excavation ( angle of dip ) is below that which would cause the dry material to flow by gravity to a draw point or gathering

11、 point, the material must be loaded in the room where it was extracted and transported to a point where it will flow, either b</p><p>　　房柱采礦是空場采礦法挖掘凡進步近水平或低角度方向通過打開多個采場或房間，離開固體材料采取行動，以支持垂直負載的支柱。自開挖方向（傾角）以下，這

12、會導致干料流重力平局點或聚會點，礦石必須先儲存在礦房，在那里通過重力或機械手段被提取并運送到礦井旁的儲礦倉，然后要向提升井運輸。這是一個房柱采礦法區(qū)分從其它空場采礦方法一個依據(jù)，依靠重力運輸?shù)V石到海拔較低的水平，通常這是繪制點制度的一個重要方面?？請霾傻V法有許多形式，如全面采礦法，留礦采礦法，分段采礦法，階段礦房法等都是空場采礦法的一種形式。</p><p>　　In some instances detaile

13、d stope planning is almost nonexistent ;I .e., the operator simple follows the visual pay values , leaves pillars only where necessary ,and tries to locate them in the zones of lower value . This method of mining is as o

14、ld as the beginning of underground mining itself ,dating back thousands of years .Early in the history of mining in this country ,the term ”gophering” was used to describe this method (peele,1941). The term is appropriat

15、e , for it brings to mind the exact</p><p>　　詳細的采場的規(guī)劃，在某些情況下幾乎是不存在的，在實際操作中一般按如下要求如下，只有在必要時保留支柱，并試圖找到礦石品味較低的區(qū)域作為礦柱。這種地下采礦方法本身就是很古老的，可??以追溯到幾千年。早在這個國家的采礦歷史上，術(shù)語“gophering”被用來描述這種采礦方法（peele，1941）。這一詞是恰當?shù)?，因為它使我想?/p>

16、這種類型系統(tǒng)隨機和不規(guī)則的房間和支柱礦確切的結(jié)果。</p><p>　　In other instances where the mineral values are consistent both in physical dimcnsions and quality, , the mine layout can be planned to the last detail ,, resulting in a un

17、iform room-and-pillar mine. Coal , trona, gilsonite, potash, oil shale , salt, limestone ,and sandstone mines can usually follow such a system. Today, most metal mines using a room-and-pillar operation try tomine as regu

18、lar a pattern as possible but deviation in height , width, thickness, dip, and grade of the ore results in c</p><p>　　在其他情況下，礦物的價值在物理性質(zhì)和質(zhì)量哪是一致的，礦山布局可以同時規(guī)劃的最后細節(jié)、 統(tǒng)一房柱結(jié)構(gòu)。煤炭、 天然堿、 瀝青、 鉀肥，油母頁巖、 鹽、 石灰?guī)r和砂巖地雷通?？梢园凑?/p>

19、這樣的系統(tǒng)。今天，人們想把房柱采礦法作為金屬礦開采的一種模式，但是礦體的垂直高度，寬度，厚度，傾角在實際礦山中變化很大。</p><p>　　Variations of the Room-and-pillar System</p><p>　　各式各樣的房主采礦系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　It is necessary to briefly describe some

20、 of the many variations of the room-and-pillar system of mining, enabling the reader to fully explore the concepts and become familiar with the terminology used before going on to the details of mine design.</p>&

21、lt;p>　　有必要簡要介紹一些房主采礦系統(tǒng)的多中變化，使讀者充分了解概念和熟悉的術(shù)語使用前，礦井設計細節(jié)。</p><p>　　Full-Face Slicing:If in the process of opening the rooms the total vertical extent of the mineral values of the particular seam or strata or

22、 extracted from the advance of one vertical face, the term used to describe this is full-face slicing .This face is also known as the “breast.”</p><p>　　全斷面采礦法：如果在開放的礦房在垂直范圍內(nèi)有特殊煤層或巖層或從一個垂直面提前采出的礦產(chǎn)值的過程中，使用的術(shù)語

23、來形容這種全斷面采礦。這個斷面也被稱為“工作面”。</p><p>　　There is no mineral of economic value intentionally left either in the floor or the roof (back) to be mined later .To be able to extract the fall-face height in one pass, t

24、he mining equipment must obviously be designed to reach as high as the back . In an appalachian coal mine ,this may be all of 660.4 mm(26 in.) ; for a future oil shale property of mines where the mining face gets over 6.

25、09 to 6.7 m (20 to 22 ft), the tendency is to divide the face into more than one pass. Over this height, it </p><p>　　沒有經(jīng)濟價值的礦物或有意留在礦房頂部或(后留在頂部作為支撐，然后回采的。能夠提取的下降高度,在面對一個合格的采礦設備,顯然必須是旨在達到高的背。 在一個阿巴拉契亞煤礦,這可能是所

26、有的為660.4mm(26);為今后油頁巖的采礦面對得到超過6.09至6.7米(20至22英尺),目前的趨勢是,分成多個通行證。在這高度，從后面適當?shù)乜春腿コ龑捤蓭r石用手“挖掘欄”變得難。在該進程下采取的松散巖已成為機械化、可以安全地實行。提高全面采礦煤層最東部和中西部和西部的鈾礦，天然堿，鉀肥在美國的接縫很容易達到一個單一的面孔，許多石灰石，鉛，鋅礦山必須采取，至少部分，以“多片”值中刪除的所有礦物質(zhì)。</p><

27、p>　　Multiple Slicing ( also known as multiple-pass mining): In many cases it is not practical to carry the full vertical height of mining horizon as a full face .The face is divided into parts known as breast , bench

28、,and/or brow . Ideally, if the operator knows the vertical extent of the mineralized, he will drill and blast the first pass at the top of the zone , thereby creating the breast stope at the elevation where the permanent

29、 “back” (roof) will be . this allows easy access to remove any “l(fā)oo</p><p>　　多個切片（又稱多通采礦）：在很多情況下，作為一個完整的工作面進行充分挖掘地平線的垂直高度是不實際。工作面被分為礦房，臺階，和陡坡。理想情況下，如果操作員知道垂直的礦化程度、 他將鉆取高度第一個通過在區(qū)域的頂部，然后便于下一步的回采工作。這可以方便從后面去除任何

30、“松散巖磚，而近在咫尺的巖石，并確保如果有必要的加固螺栓或銷回。從頂板，礦柱，坡頂，臺階還有巷道寬松的地方落下松散的巖石，這些地區(qū)被稱為“采礦寬松區(qū)”。</p><p>　　Years ago , breast-and-bench stoping was practiced in a somewhat different fashion than it is today. The benches were ver

31、y narrow , which allowed most of the fly rock from the breast to be blasted onto the floor of the stope , leaving very little rock lying on the benches.</p><p>　　年前，前進式開采和替補回采比現(xiàn)在有不同的方式實行。臺階很窄，這使得大多數(shù)飛巖從工作面飛到采

32、場的地板上，陡坡上留下很少的被炸開巖石。</p><p>　　Fig. I ( Anon. ,1972) illustrates a more typical stope for today trackless mining where again the breast the “heading” is carried at the top of the mineral zone but the benches

33、are wide and , in effect, can serve as simultaneous levels of mining activity. The floor of each of a dipping ore body , or the lower benches may be advanced through the upper floors reflecting a thick, flat ore body. Wo

34、rking such an ore body in horizontal clices in a downward direction is known as “underhand stoping.”</p><p>　　圖片一，更典型的采場說明了今天的無軌采礦再次進行礦產(chǎn)區(qū)的頂部的“標題”，但工作面寬，可起到作為采礦活動的水平工作面的作用。底板傾斜礦體，或更低的工作面，可以提前通過反映了一個厚厚的，扁平礦體上部

35、。工作這種礦物體在橫向在一個方向向下是稱為“地下回采。</p><p>　　Roof scaling and reinforcement ( rock bolting) would normally take place from the breast heading as it advances . Where the breast height does not reach the top of the mi

36、neralized zone ,an inverted bench can be carried in the roof ( Fig. 2 , Casteel, 1973) . Thus ,” taking down back” is a form of overhand stoping where horizontal slices are removed in an upward direction . In benching ,

37、the point where upper floor meets the vertical bench is called the “bluffline” or “bluff”; in taking down back</p><p>　　頂板縮放和加固 (巖錨) 通常會發(fā)生打近路之時。在高度不能達到該最高的礦化區(qū)、一個倒轉(zhuǎn)臺階可以在頂板(圖5)。 2、卡斯蒂爾,1973年)。因此，"下向回采&quo

38、t;是一種在形式上回采水平向上的方向的礦體。在臺階開采過程中，頂板與臺階接觸的點被稱為峭壁，在回采過程中，其回采的過程中的垂直于工作面的面，又叫’陡坡線“或”陡坡“。許多情況下，對采不規(guī)則的礦體時留下一些礦石，來作為打鉆孔或時會采用的。破碎的"返回巖"可以提供良好的浪涌能力倍的可寬延時間礦山生產(chǎn)一旦達到礦帶的頂部與作出安全的背面。但直到那個時候，它還代表無法訪問礦石除外，任何多余的礦石，使礦石更破碎的余地。</

39、p><p>　　The mine in Fig .3(Anon.,19720) has been worked in the same fashion illustrated in Fig .1. There is some degree of uniformity in the size and spacing of pillars , but the uniformity often yields to the

40、necessity of maintaining ore grade control . Consequently, the over all shape of the mineral zone dictates the irregular shape of the existing mine . The large “bars’ were left either because of low-ground ore or becau

41、se they were needed for ground stability. </p><p>　　在圖0.3（anon.，19720）礦井已在圖0.1所示的相同的方式工作。有某種程度的規(guī)模和支柱間距均勻性，但均勻性往往產(chǎn)生維護礦石品位控制的必要性。因此，現(xiàn)有礦山的不規(guī)則形狀決定所有的礦產(chǎn)區(qū)的形狀。因為地底上的礦石或地面穩(wěn)定的需要，因為他們留下的大“支柱”。</p><p>　　Ot

42、her Concepts of Room-and-Pillar Mines: There several concepts suggested in room-and-pillar mining which call for leaving long “bar pillars” on a regular basic for various reasons. This is common practice in softer and we

43、aker materials such as coal, potash ,or shale ,but it has not been widely adopted in the United States for use in hard rock mines .Such a system ,but designed for an entirely different reason, is shown in Fig. 4.This sch

44、eme might be needed where there is a need for the undergro</p><p>　　房柱采礦法的其他概念：由于人們習慣的原因，這里有許多被人們長時間不用的房柱法。在柔軟和較弱的材料，如煤炭，鉀肥，或頁巖，這是常見的做法，但還沒有在美國被廣泛采用硬巖礦山使用。這樣一個系統(tǒng)，但設計一個完全不同的原因，顯示圖4。這項計劃，可能是要在地下空間利用 （克里斯蒂安森和斯科

45、特，1975年） 工業(yè)發(fā)展中應用。這種方法的采礦造成一系列平行的客房幾乎完全分開的每個其他不斷「肋支柱"。大面積的工業(yè)石材開采，和一個可以利用整個地區(qū)，這是不可能的，那么這種方法具有的優(yōu)勢，就是沒有開采后的分區(qū)建設的必要性。</p><p>　　Still another mining plan , shown in Fig.5 and known as “stope-and-pillar,” was

46、used at Elliot Lake(Hedley,1972 ). Here ,the panels were laid out in a series of 30.48- m( 100-ft) stopes and 30.48- m (100-ft) pillars. There pillars were left by mining the stopes out 15.24 m (50-ft) on each side of a

47、predevelopment inclined drift.</p><p>　　還有開采方案，如圖5所示，被稱為“空場采礦法，在埃利奧特湖（赫德利，1972年）”。在這里，面板，奠定了在一系列30.48米（100英尺）采場和30.48米（100英尺）的支柱。離開挖掘出15.24米（50英尺）的采場的前期開發(fā)斜巷兩側(cè)有柱子。</p><p>　　Finally, we come to th

48、e most common of all room-and-pillar mining systems and that which is basic to most coal mining in the United States .There are many different development plans ysed throughout the county, different primarily in pillar

49、size and shape ,entry size, shape and number of parallel entries that must be developed simultaneously through the mine. Fig. 6 and 7 are typical (paulick,1963 ).They show not only different schemes of seam development

50、, but also a difference in the method </p><p>　　終于，我們來到最常見的所有房柱采礦系統(tǒng)，這是在美國的大部分煤炭基本開采方法。有許多不同的發(fā)展計劃全縣主要支柱的大小和形狀的不同，項目的大小，形狀和平行條目的數(shù)量必須同時通過礦山開發(fā)。圖6日和7日是典型的（paulick，1963）。它們顯示不同方案的煤層發(fā)展，不僅用于同時退出采區(qū)開采支柱的方法的不同。</p&g

51、t;<p>　　Structural Character of Deposits Minable by Room-and-Pillar</p><p>　　房柱采礦法的結(jié)構(gòu)特征</p><p>　　If most mining engineers were asked to describe ore bodies applicable to room-and-pillar m

52、ining ,there first response would probably be to describe them as any ore body which is large, flat , and in competent rock . Certainly , there are some of the ideal conditions which make room-and-pillar mining relative

53、ly efficient; however ,they are by no means the limiting criteria from which room-and-pillar mining should be selected.</p><p>　　大多數(shù)采礦工程師如果被要求描述那些礦體適用房柱開采，那他們的第一反應可能會是任何大礦體，礦體傾角小，和巖石穩(wěn)固來說。當然，有一些理想的條件下，相對高效的房和

54、柱采礦，他們絕不是限制標準應選??擇從哪個房柱采礦。</p><p>　　The discussion of the physical properties of ore and waste given subsequently is intended to make clear to the reader why room-and-pillar mining has such a broad applicati

55、on .Any criteria considered in determining the type of mining method used must ,in the final analysis , include all of the following factors: safety ; optimal mineral recovery; a mining environment consistent with curren

56、t social , political, and legal requirements; and an operation which returns the highest economic gain.</p><p>　　礦石和廢物在以后提出的物理性能的討論的目的是明確的讀者，為什么房間支柱挖掘具有廣泛的應用。在確定采礦使用的方法的種類考慮的所有標準必須，在最后的分析，包括所有跟隨的因素： 安全; 優(yōu)選的

57、礦物補救; 采礦環(huán)境一致與當前社會，政治和法律規(guī)定; 并且退回最高的經(jīng)濟獲取的操作。</p><p>　　Strength of Rock Mass: While the subject of rock mechanics is covered in great detail in section 7 of this text, some aspects of will be briefly mentioned

58、here as the subject relates to open-stope mining .</p><p>　　巖體的強度，而覆蓋在該文本第7條很詳細的巖石力學問題，某些方面將簡要地提到為主題涉及到露天采場采礦。</p><p>　　The earth composition consists of a number of materials , each having its

59、own physical properties .There materials are arranged in the earth crust in various forms: solid or broken mass, homogeneous or nonhomgeneous , rock mass subjected to tectonic stress or rock free from tectonic stress, et

60、c .However , as rock is normally encountered in mining , it is equilibrium with the other forces of nature . The mine engineer contemplating the design of an open-stope system must assess the general magnit</p>&l

61、t;p>　　地球成分組成的材料的數(shù)量，每個有它自己的物理性質(zhì)，化學性質(zhì)的材料，在地殼中的各種形式的安排：固體或破損的程度，同質(zhì)化或者非齊次，巖體受構(gòu)造應力或巖石構(gòu)造應力等。然而，巖石通常是自然的挖掘中遇到時，是自然的與其他勢力平衡。正在考慮的穩(wěn)固性系統(tǒng)設計的礦山工程師必須評估這些力量的一般程度，以及質(zhì)量將公開的開放的材料的強度。因此,他將設計其開采開放的方式,保持開放的結(jié)構(gòu)很長時間,可以成功地完成的開采。這由我們原始的描述的露天采

62、場臺階，以及礦山開采的實踐與法規(guī)，可能包含或不包含房柱加固。此外，它可能包含或不包含高產(chǎn)嚴密監(jiān)視的速度逐漸發(fā)生故障的巖石結(jié)構(gòu)。事實上，當一個著眼于通常由房間和支柱方法開采275.7實力344.7mpa（40,000至50,000 PSI）下降到27.5不等的“主機”巖石類型，材料的廣譜34.4mpa（4000?5000），開采深度約15米（50英尺）從不同超過914米（3000英尺），人們開始認識到與今天的方法，加強質(zhì)量或使用的設計工具

63、的巖石巖石力學發(fā)展等系統(tǒng)的壓力拱面板和支柱系統(tǒng)，或使用高產(chǎn)制結(jié)構(gòu)或機械的預定率在最終失敗似乎，幾乎任何巖石將維持不立即主要支持的開發(fā)開放，</p><p>　　Effect of Size , Shape ,and Thickness of Mass: According to an industry study (Dravo , 1974), 15 of the 23 largest noncoal mines

64、 in the United States use room-and-pillar mining . Obviously ,it is adaptable to very large mineral reserves. One has the means of opening many production areas by merely extending the lateral extent of the mine without

65、the necessity of deepening the shaft and rebuilding the ore handing and hoising systems in the process .</p><p>　　大小，形狀，厚度的影響：根據(jù)行業(yè)研究（dravo，1974年），在美國使用房柱式開采的23個最大的非煤礦山15。顯然，這是適應非常大的礦產(chǎn)儲量。一個只是延長沒有深化軸的必要性煤礦的橫向范

66、圍和重建的礦石移交過程中提升系統(tǒng)開放許多生產(chǎn)領域的手段。</p><p>　　While many of the mines use room-and-pillar methods , a large percentage of very small mines also use them .In fact , while the size of the mass to be mined does affect

67、the size of the operating mine , it has no effect on whether or not it is advisable to use room-and-pillar mining . Many a small room-and-pillar zinc mine has been operated in the Illinois-Wisconsin area ,as well as in t

68、he old Tri-State district of Missouri , Oklahoma , and Kansas. Yet ,the same basic system is operating at White</p><p>　　而許多礦山使用房柱采礦的方法，很大比例的一個非常小的礦山還可以使用他們。事實上，同時被開采量的大小不影響經(jīng)營煤礦的大小，它有沒有效果，不論它是建議使用房間和支柱采礦。許多小

69、房柱鉛鋅礦已在伊利諾伊州，威斯康星州的礦山使用，以及在老的三州地區(qū)的密蘇里州，俄克拉何馬州，州和堪薩斯州。然而，相同的基本制度，經(jīng)營白松多達20407.5噸/ D（22,500 stpd0has制作）。</p><p>　　If the mineral to be mined is dipping steeply enough that the material will flow by gravity , an

70、d at the same time is very thick or very thin (narrow) , the reserve is not one which should be mined by room-and-pillar methods . Other than these limitations related to the shape of the deposit and where single entries

71、 can be used , room-and-pillar mining is flexible enough in both the horizontal and vertical directions too follow the outlines of all other mineral reserves . To the extent that the e</p><p>　　如果傾角允許，被采下的礦石

72、依靠重力，與此同時，礦體的厚度比較薄或窄，這樣的礦不適合使用房柱采礦法。有關(guān)礦床的形狀，并在單一條件可以使用這些限制以外，房柱挖掘具有足夠的靈活性，在水平和垂直方向所有其他礦產(chǎn)資源儲量的輪廓。在某種程度上提取的材料可以從它由機械設備的地方是殘破的，并且哪里被裝載和被移動能干柱子可以被形成(或加強)，礦物身體的形狀將被開采不會阻止房柱采礦的選擇。有幾個例子，來說明這種靈活性挖掘田納西州東部，鋅的儲量室和支柱挖掘系統(tǒng)必須足夠靈活，遵循縱梁斷

73、裂充填形成狹窄的礦石，這往往導致倒塌的穹頂結(jié)構(gòu)。對我的這些巨型的結(jié)構(gòu)，頂蝕作用必須水平地擴展和為了垂直提取礦化的區(qū)域的充分的高度和寬度 。邦特爾煤礦密蘇里老領導帶的部分中類似的挖掘情況下，許多挖掘切片被刪除后留下垂直支柱高達 60.96 米 （200 英尺）。在試點旋鈕附近的鐵山礦，鉬礦體的一個像倒置的碗的形狀礦體，成功使用房柱采礦法開采。礦化帶的厚度和影響的房間和支柱采煤方法的選擇如何，它已經(jīng)指出，極厚的區(qū)域，可開采，但在大多數(shù)情況下

74、，支柱惡化成為關(guān)鍵問題。在較厚的采礦區(qū)之一支柱直徑必須增加或支柱必須是鋼筋或兩者兼而有之。這取</p><p>　　As to the thickness of the mineralized zone and how this affects the selection of the room-and-pillar mining method, it has already been point out tha

75、t extremely thick zones can be mined but in most cases ,pillar deterioration becomes the critical problem. In the thicker mining zones either pillar diameter must be increased or pillars must be reinforced-or both . This

76、 depends on many factors within the mining scheme ,the inherent fractures in the rock , and the strength-to-load ratio of the pill</p><p>　　作為礦化帶的厚度和影響的房間和支柱采煤方法的選擇如何，它已經(jīng)指出，極厚的區(qū)域，可開采，但在大多數(shù)情況下，支柱惡化成為關(guān)鍵問題。在較厚的

77、采礦區(qū)之一，支柱直徑必須增加或支柱必須是鋼筋或兩者兼而有之。這取決于許多因素內(nèi)的開采計劃，在巖石上的固有骨折，支柱設計強度負荷比。</p><p>　　Deteriorating pillar problems will certainly be encountered in trying to mine some of the thick coal seams of western United States

78、by conventional room-and-pillar methods .Still, thick seam extraction, leaving tall pillars, can be mined successfully ; but it becomes a matter of permissible extraction ratio and/or pillar reinforcement.There are repor

79、ted examples of successfully mined dipping beds of up to 0.52rad (30) and up to 91.44 m (300ft) thick by a room-and-pillar system .Horizontal rooms </p><p>　　在美國西部的厚煤層，支柱問題的惡化將肯定會遇到在試圖挖掘一些傳統(tǒng)的房柱式方法。仍然,厚縫采掘、離開

80、支柱,可以成功地開采;但它成為一個問題的可允許提取比率及/或加強支柱。有報道成功的例子的雷浸漬病床最多 0.52 RAD(30),京畿9144萬平方米(300平方呎)厚的一個房間和支柱系統(tǒng)。在傾斜方向的水平房間驅(qū)動，形成疊加和匹配 （Dravo，1974年） 不同海拔的支柱</p><p>　　At the other extreme , the very thin seams offer special pro

81、blems to any conventional mining system ; however ,mining seams as low as 711.2mm(28 in.) are common in room-and-pillar coal mines throughout Appalachia .It was not long ago that seams as low as 304.8mm(12 in) were min

82、ed in Holland by utilizing scrapers to move the coal to the haulage entry. But by today standards –working conditions and high labor costs-there is definitely limit as to how low one can successfully carry on room-and

83、</p><p>　　在另一個極端，極薄煤層開采提供特殊問題的任何常規(guī)挖掘系統(tǒng) ；不過，共同在阿巴拉契亞整個房柱煤礦煤層開采低至 711.2 毫米 （28 英寸）。這不是很久以前低為304.8毫米（12）煤層開采利用刮刀移動煤炭運輸進入荷蘭。但用今天的標準的工作條件和高勞動成本有多低，可以成功地進行房間和支柱采礦肯定是有限制。</p><p>　　Dip of Mass to Mined

84、:The dip of the mineralized mass to be mined very strength affects whether or not the mining method would be classified as a room-and-pillar system . For further information , in determining what the mining method would

85、be when the dip is steep enough for the broken material to move by gravity from the point where it is broken , and whether the breast , back , and floor are competent enough to stand in an open-stope mining method , see

86、the chapter on open stoping in this sec</p><p>　　動用大規(guī)模開采礦化質(zhì)量的傾角開采頗具實力的影響采礦方法是否會被歸類為一個房柱系統(tǒng)。進一步的信息，確定采礦方法將移動破碎物料從那里被打破重力足夠陡峭的傾角時，臺階，背部和頂板是否有能力足以承受在露天采場采礦方法，請參閱章開放回采本節(jié)。</p><p>　　The so-called “casc

87、ade mining “ used at Mufulira , the panel-and-pillar method used between sublevels of the Soumont mine in Normandy , the pillar-and-chambering system used at the Konrad mine in West Germany , and the flat hole benching

88、method drilled from Alimak climbers at the Denison mine in Canada , are all examples of open stoping of steeply dipping ore bodies which result in a combination of open rooms or chambers and pillars . However , the casca

89、de mining at Mufulira also removes the pi</p><p>　　所謂的“連帶采礦"在穆富利拉銅礦公司使用,所謂的條帶開采在諾曼底公司的礦山使用, 康拉德在西德礦，平洞鉆在加拿大丹尼森礦鉗工的方法，從阿利馬克登山，使用的房主采礦系統(tǒng)，是所有房主采礦開采的陡傾礦體回采導致組合的例子。然而，穆富利拉級聯(lián)采礦刪除支柱幾乎立即在第二個周期的開采，然后允許掛壁沿走向開采閉關(guān)的

90、洞穴。如果沒有足夠陡峭的重力移動破碎巖石傾角，必須采用機械方法，從礦石中踩出的礦房移動。這導致人和/或在炸開以后和殘余那里至少直到材料取消再進入廢坑的機械。這方面的房柱采礦明顯區(qū)別開采場的其他方法。對此，屋頂和支柱擴展的必要性和頂板控制計劃，此方法，也必須在柱設計通風要求采取安全預防措施。在其他打開廢坑方法材料可能流動出于頂蝕作用區(qū)域由重力，并且人設備不必須被暴露在開放廢坑。</p><p>　　Advantag

91、es and Disadvantages of Room-and-Pillar Mining</p><p><b>　　房柱采礦的利與弊</b></p><p>　　Before proceeding to the details of mine planning , it is important to understand the advantages and

92、disadvantages of room-and-pillar open-stope mining . Ideally , the mine engineer will plan an operation which will maximize and/or assure the continuation of the system＇s advantages while minimizing or eliminating the kn

93、own disadvantages . </p><p>　　進行礦山規(guī)劃的細節(jié)之前，重要的是要了解房柱露天采場開采的優(yōu)勢和缺點。理想情況下，采礦工程師計劃的操作，這將最大限度地提高和/或保證系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢的延續(xù)，同時最大限度地減少或消除了已知的缺點。</p><p>　　Major Advantages: There include a high degree of flexibility9

94、 adapting to rapid changes )inherent in the mining plan of a room-and-pillar system, which can be utilized if necessary . However , until such a change is indicated , the system also has the advantage that many aspects o

95、f the mining cycle are repetitious .Thus , the system lends itself to mechanization which can be easily learned and steadily improved .</p><p>　　主要優(yōu)點：包括有高度的靈活性適應迅速變化)的內(nèi)在的采礦計劃一個房柱系統(tǒng),可以在必要時利用。然而，直到這種變化表明，該系統(tǒng)還具

96、有的優(yōu)勢，許多方面的開采周期是重復的。因此，該系統(tǒng)本身可以很容易地了解到機械化和穩(wěn)步提高。</p><p>　　The system can be applied as a very selective mining system , leaving waste in pillars , or if the seam thins by lowering and raising the back or floor

97、, depending on the amount of dilution allowed . Yet the same system can be become a bulk mining system , taking everything at a given horizon and thickness and leaving only the remnants of uniform pillars .</p>&l