on memory system and training in interpreting【畢業(yè)論文】

1、<p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)論文</b></p><p><b>　?。?0 屆）</b></p><p><b>　　英語</b></p><p>　　On Memory System and Training in Interpreting</p><p>　　

2、外語學(xué)院學(xué)生論文獨(dú)創(chuàng)性聲明</p><p>　　本人鄭重聲明：所呈交的畢業(yè)論文是本人在導(dǎo)師的認(rèn)真指導(dǎo)下，獨(dú)立進(jìn)行研究工作所取得的研究成果。除文中已經(jīng)注明引用的內(nèi)容外，本論文不包含其他個人或集體已經(jīng)發(fā)表的學(xué)術(shù)成果，也不包含為獲得浙江萬里學(xué)院或其他教育機(jī)構(gòu)的學(xué)位證書而使用過的材料。對本文的研究做出重要貢獻(xiàn)的個人和集體，均已在文中以明確方式表明。如本文涉及上述聲明及任何知識產(chǎn)權(quán)糾紛，本人將承擔(dān)一切責(zé)任。</p&g

3、t;<p>　　學(xué)生簽名：__________日期：__________</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　In this thesis, firstly, the author points out that due to the rapid development of economy and internat

4、ional communication, interpreting is needed in varies situations. Therefore, more and more scholars start to pay attention to interpreting. Secondly, with the help of Gile’s Effort Model, memory system and importance of

5、memory training in interpreting are introduced in this thesis. Interpreting is a kind of complex information processing activity, and memory plays a significant role during the</p><p>　　Key Words: interpreti

6、ng training Gile’s Effort Model memory</p><p><b>　　摘 要</b></p><p>　　本文首先提出了隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展和國際交流的日益頻繁，越來越多的場合需要應(yīng)用到口譯，因而越來越多的學(xué)者開始關(guān)注口譯方面的研究。其次，本文結(jié)合吉爾的精力負(fù)荷模式來介紹記憶機(jī)制和記憶訓(xùn)練在口譯中的必要性。口譯是一個極其復(fù)雜的信

7、息處理過程，記憶在其中扮演了一個很重要的角色。它決定了口譯質(zhì)量的高低與口譯信息的完整性，是口譯中必不可少的一個環(huán)節(jié)。簡單來說，記憶主要分為三種類型：瞬時記憶、短時記憶和長時記憶。但是記憶很容易受到很多因素的影響，例如譯者的身體狀況、百科知識的積累、譯時氛圍等。因此，本文著重分析了如何有效地提高口譯中的記憶能力。最后就如何訓(xùn)練口譯學(xué)習(xí)者提高記憶能力這一重點(diǎn)，作者嘗試提出相應(yīng)的策略，比如視覺編碼、語義編碼、組合編碼和復(fù)述練習(xí)、邏輯整理聯(lián)系、

8、影子跟讀練習(xí)以及一些其他的方式，希望能在口譯記憶訓(xùn)練起到拋磚引玉的作用。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：口譯 訓(xùn)練 吉爾模式 記憶</p><p><b>　　Contents </b></p><p>　　1Introduction1</p><p>　　2 Memory Systems in Interpretin

9、g3</p><p>　　2.1Interpreting3</p><p>　　2.1.1 Classification of Interpreting3</p><p>　　2.1.2 Characteristics of Interpreting4</p><p>　　2.1.3 The Necessity of Memory

10、in Interpreting4</p><p>　　2.2 The Three Memory Systems in Interpreting5</p><p>　　2.3 The Role of STM and LTM in Interpreting6</p><p>　　3 Factors Affecting Memory in Interpreting

11、7</p><p>　　3.1 Interpreters’ Physical Condition7</p><p>　　3.2 Interpreters’ Language Competence8</p><p>　　3.3 Interpreters’ Encyclopedia Knowledge9</p><p>　　3.4 Inte

12、rpreters’ Ways of Storing Information9</p><p>　　3.5 Environment in Interpreting10</p><p>　　4 Memory Training in Interpreting11</p><p>　　4.1 Strategies for Memory Training in Inte

13、rpreting11</p><p>　　4.1.1 Visual Coding11</p><p>　　4.1.2 Semantic Coding12</p><p>　　4.1.3 Outline Coding13</p><p>　　4.2 Specific Methods for Memory Training in Inte

14、rpreting14</p><p>　　5 Conclusion16</p><p>　　Works Cited18</p><p>　　Acknowledgements</p><p>　　On Memory System and Training in Interpreting</p><p>　　Intr

15、oduction</p><p>　　English is one of the most important international languages in the world, which is also the first foreign language to China. China’s sustained economic growth and development, and its role

16、 as a global economic power have enabled the international exchanges to grow significantly in recent years. What’s more, relations flourish in a huge number of areas: environment, education, development, science and tech

17、nology, etc.. Due to the rapid development of economy and international communication, peop</p><p>　　Memory plays a fundamental role in the process of interpreting. Along with the dramatic increase of interp

18、reting studies all through the world, studies of memory in interpreting are also developing rapidly. A qualified interpreter, in Mahmoodzadeh’s opinion, should have a powerful memory (Mahmoodzadeh, 1992). It is obvious t

19、hat memory is a key aspect in interpreting researches, so interpreting researchers pay more attention to the relationship between memory ability and interpreting activities. </p><p>　　In China, interpreting

20、is a required course for junior and senior English majors in many universities and language institutions. It is also a popular optional training subject for many employees in foreign firms. Most of these courses focus on

21、 language points, note-taking or themes in translation, while few efforts are spent on memory training. With Zhong Weihe and many other researchers’ efforts, things are starting to improve. Increasing number of schools p

22、ay more and more attention on memory </p><p>　　Interpreting is a complicated activity. It requires the interpreter to be able to process and retain a large amount of information on the spot. Information proc

23、essing involves the participation of memory systems of different levels. Although there are many studies about interpreting, few people pay attention to memory and how to train memory effectively in interpreting. </p&

24、gt;<p>　　To sum up, this paper will introduce a brief introduction of interpreting and Daniel Gile’ s Effort Model in detail, and then further present three memory systems in interpreting and explain some factors

25、affecting memory, thus, strategies are provided to give some hints on how to train memory effectively. In this essay, interpreting mainly refers to consecutive interpreting. </p><p>　　2 Memory Systems in Int

26、erpreting</p><p>　　In this chapter, interpreting will be explained in detail, such as classification and characteristics of interpreting. Memory is of great importance during the process of interpreting, thu

27、s three memory systems are elaborated. </p><p>　　Interpreting</p><p>　　Interpreting, according to the Oxford dictionary, is defined as“to translate one language into another as you hear it” (Hor

28、nby, 2004, p.925). Many scholars give their own explanations of interpreting. Interpreting is defined as “oral translation of a written text” (Shuttleworth & Cowie, 1997, p.83). Mahmoodzadeh gives a more detailed def

29、inition of interpreting: interpreting consists of presenting in the target language, the exact meaning of what is uttered in the source language either simultane</p><p>　　In simple terms, interpreting is a s

30、pecial instant communicative oral translation, whose function lies in instant message transmission. It can be summarized as translating one language into another target language.</p><p>　　2.1.1 Classificatio

31、n of Interpreting</p><p>　　Interpreting is a complicated activity. There are many kinds of interpreting. For instance, in terms of different ways of delivery, it can be divided into three categories: consecu

32、tive interpreting, simultaneous interpreting and whispered interpreting; in terms of different occasions and contents, interpreting falls into such categories as conference interpreting, escort interpreting, court interp

33、reting, media interpreting, business interpreting and community interpreting, etc. (Xiao Xiaoyan, 20</p><p>　　2.1.2 Characteristics of Interpreting</p><p>　　Interpreting is different from transl

34、ation, translators can consult the dictionary, reference data and background information, and translators are able to discuss with others and repeats, conducting a careful review. Unlike translators, an interpreter needs

35、 to interpret the speech immediately and exactly, he/she does not have too much time to think over, let alone looking up the dictionary. Generally speaking interpreting has three distinctive features.</p><p>

36、;　　To begin with, interpreting is a kind of impromptu bilingual activity. It has high demand on interpreters’ impromptu strain capacity, and interpreter is also required to express the speech fluently in the limited time

37、. Next, an interpreter needs to work under pressure. The serious phenomenon can cause interpreters’ psychological pressure in formal occasions, the atmosphere on the scene is always changing, and it affects interpreters’

38、 performances. Lastly, an interpreter is asked to handle all th</p><p>　　2.1.3 The Necessity of Memory in Interpreting</p><p>　　According to Daniel Gile, consecutive interpreting consists of two

39、 phases: a listening and reformulation phase and a reconstruction phase. To be more specific, “The interpreter has first to listen to the speaker, understand and analyze what is being said, and then resynthesize the spee

40、ch in the appropriate form in a different language…”(Jones, 1998, p.6).</p><p>　　The two phases are listed as follows: phase one: CI=L+M+N+C, phase two: CI=Rem+Read+P (Gile, 1995). In these two formulae, CI=

41、Consecutive interpreting, L=Listening and analysis, M=Short-term memory, N= Note-taking, C=Coordination. Rem=Recall from memory and notes, Read=Reading notes, P=Production. </p><p>　　A good interpreting is d

42、etermined by the allocation of energy. In Effort Model, listening and analysis are principal premises of interpreting, but memory is one indispensible factor, which affects the quality of interpreting. Although an interp

43、reter listens carefully or understands well about the speech, he/she will lose information or store the wrong message without a good memory. In other words, among all the skills and techniques which are required for a go

44、od interpreter, memory skill is the </p><p>　　2.2 The Three Memory Systems in Interpreting</p><p>　　For memory, there have been many definitions, but on a general basis, memory is a system for s

45、toring and retrieving information acquired through our senses. As the key information processing section of human cognition, memory has long been the focus and the center of study. In general, people are accustomed to di

46、viding memory into sensory store, short-term memory and long-term memory.</p><p>　　Sensory store refers to the initial, momentary storage of information as a raw, non-meaningful stimulus, which lasts only on

47、e instant, and it remains about a few seconds. Sensory memory registers an astonishing variety of sights, sounds and other sensory impressions (Matlin, 1989). However, without any processing, information kept in the sens

48、ory stores will be forgotten quickly. Information is constantly being replaced with a new one, so the useful information should be transferred to the next s</p><p>　　Short-term memory (STM) means that you ar

49、e retaining information for a short period of time without creating the neural mechanisms for later recall. The duration of STM is very short; it lasts from a few seconds to minutes. STM is considered to be a limited-cap

50、acity mechanism that is involved in both the processing and storing of currently active information while tasks are being carried out (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974). To be more specific, STM is involved in the selection, i

51、nitiation and terminati</p><p>　　Long-term memory (LTM) refers to the general store of remembered information; it lasts from some weeks or so to months or even years. The capacity of long-term memory is an a

52、stronomical figure; it is almost unlimited. LTM provides relevant knowledge, such as background information, context information, etc.. It is essentially an important part of the interpreter’s acquisition of knowledge. L

53、TM is a learning process, which is the foundation of interpreting. </p><p>　　2.3 The Role of STM and LTM in Interpreting</p><p>　　As is mentioned above, STM and LTM are necessary parts in interp

54、reting. They have an obvious interrelated function in CI process. STM and LTM have to do with the information restoring process for the content and key words of the source language. STM will finally transfer some of the

55、valuable information to LTM, so LTM can be regarded as the database of past experience and acquired knowledge. LTM is of great importance in CI process. </p><p>　　At the same time, STM and LTM can not be com

56、pletely separated and studied as two independent identities. In the progress of memory storage and retrieval, they are interactive and complementary. Phelan (2001) once points that, “the interpreter needs a good STM to r

57、etain what he or she has just heard and a good LTM to put the information into context.”(p.4) The short-term and long-term memory can adjust memory intensity and interconvert with each other that attempts to achieve maxi

58、mum effect. They</p><p>　　3 Factors Affecting Memory in Interpreting</p><p>　　As mentioned above, memory plays a fundamental role in interpreting; interpreting is a complex activity, so there ar

59、e many factors affecting memory during the process of interpreting. For example, interpreters’ physical condition, language competence, encyclopedia knowledge and ways of storing information. What’s more, environment in

60、interpreting can also affect memory. </p><p>　　3.1 Interpreters’ Physical Condition</p><p>　　Physical condition refers to the condition or state of the body or bodily functions. Interpreting is

61、a kind of complex activity, so interpreters need good physical conditions to cope with the highly intellectual consumption when interpreting. To some extent, interpreters’ physical condition can affect the abilities to r

62、eceive and understand the source language, especially the ability to put their attentions on interpreting continuously. </p><p>　　If interpreters’ physical conditions are not so good, it is hard for them to

63、pay sustained attention on the interpreting, it has a bad effect on listening. According to Gile’s Effort Model, listening ability is indispensable, because listening is one important part of information processing. Huma

64、n brain only perceives information automatically before information enters the mechanism of attention, under the situation of attention that the information parts are intact. In simple terms, interpretin</p><p

65、>　　How to maintain good physical condition? Here are some suggestions, the first one is that interpreters shouldn’t keep working too late at night, or memory ability can be affected and forgetting would easily happen.

66、 Keeping a healthy diet in order to keep all kinds of nutrition in our bodies is the second one, and doing the right amount of sport is a good way to keep good mental state, this is the third one. </p><p>　　

67、3.2 Interpreters’ Language Competence</p><p>　　Language competence refers to the ability to read, write and speak a language at the level of a college-educated native speaker. It is a basic requirement for

68、interpreters. The themes of interpreting cover a lot of fields. Facing with such amount of interpreting materials, interpreters need to understand the materials at the first. This means interpreters not only should have

69、a good understanding ability, but also need a broad range of knowledge. Language competence contributes greatly to the su</p><p>　　If the effort of recalling from memory and notes is less than before, more e

70、fforts can be allocated to other aspects. Since interpreters are quite familiar with the materials in interpreting, it’s easy for them to understand the speech, in other words, language competence lightens the burden of

71、memory. Doing more listening and reading exercises is an effective approach in improving language competence. </p><p>　　3.3 Interpreters’ Encyclopedia Knowledge</p><p>　　Encyclopedia Knowledge r

72、efers to all types of knowledge, ranging from variety aspects. Encyclopedia knowledge reduces the time needed to understand the speech, so interpreter has more efforts to consider how to interpret the speech more properl

73、y. It is helpful to lessen the burden on memory. </p><p>　　Former experience and learned knowledge are stored in LTM. If interpreters have vast stores of knowledge, they do not have to consume much attention

74、 and processing effort of STM. The efforts spending on processing new information are less than before. Encyclopedia knowledge decreases the load of memory. The more knowledge is stored in LTM, the easier for interpreter

75、s to understand and memorize speeches quickly and exactly. </p><p>　　3.4 Interpreters’ Ways of Storing Information</p><p>　　Memory is an important part, but it is easy to cause insufficient proc

76、essing of information. Memory is a process which requires a full commitment of effort for information to be processed and put to LTM to be remembered and later to be retrieved, and the ways of storing information reveal

77、the importance. </p><p>　　There are many ways of storing information. Firstly, making use of images is a good way, because images are usually more vivid than words, and interpreters can easily remember the i

78、nformation delivered by images. Secondly, interpreters should take advantages of key words and rhythm with awareness and concentration, which has the effect of enhancing interpreters’ memory. </p><p>　　Examp

79、le 1:</p><p>　　Those who sleep in the most popular fetal position, like a child in the mother’s womb, tend to be shy and sensitive. Sleepers who prefer to sleep in the soldier position, flat on their back wi

80、th arms at their sides, are quiet and reserved. (Chen Xiaochun, 2008, p.125)</p><p>　　When interpreting this paragraph, interpreters should make full use of the images instead of spending efforts on words. I

81、nterpreters can translate the information into a vivid picture, that is, the positions of babies and soldiers. </p><p>　　3.5 Environment in Interpreting</p><p>　　Environment produces very big ef

82、fect on memory in interpreting. Interpreting are used in various activities, such as business visit, talks, meetings, political visit, etc.. Since the occasions are different, the environment is also different during the

83、 process of interpreting. The speed and the tone of voice are different, which will cause psychology anxiety; stress will affect memory. Noises can affect interpreters’ performances, when the audiences are in great numbe

84、r, they keep talking and cha</p><p>　　A successful interpreting requires the interpreter to reason according to the dynamic context, which depends so much on the relevance of the language and environment. En

85、vironment can affect memory in interpreting through the analysis above, so interpreters should pay more attention to different environment factors.</p><p>　　4 Memory Training in Interpreting</p><p

86、>　　Memory is a key phase in interpreting and has decisive impact on the success of interpreting. Memory ability can be improved through training. Interpreters should use some strategies to improve their memories in in

87、terpreting.</p><p>　　4.1 Strategies for Memory Training in Interpreting</p><p>　　There are many strategies for memory training in interpreting. For instance, visual coding, semantic coding and o

88、utline coding. These methods can help to train memory effectively. In the following text, the author will explain these ways in detail. </p><p>　　4.1.1 Visual Coding</p><p>　　Visual coding refer

89、s to storing information in the mind as pictures or images rather than sounds. It is easier to remember pictures, because pictures have many distinguished features and can cause people’s attentions easily, and then be re

90、ceived and coded. The duration effect of memory in interpreting has to do with the materials’ visualization. If the contents are vivid, interpreters are very impressed with these materials. </p><p>　　Example

91、 2: </p><p>　　The diversity of the country arises from the fact that it is so large and has so many kinds of land, climate and people. A traveler form almost any other country can find pars of the United Sta

92、tes that remained him of home. There are pine forests dotted with lakes, and mountain peaks covered with snow. There are meadows with brooks and trees, and sea cliffs, and wide grassy plains, and broad spreads of grapevi

93、nes, and sandy beaches. (Xu Han, 2007, p.125)</p><p>　　This is a paragraph of explanation by a guider. After hearing this vivid description, interpreter can set up an image model according to the description

94、 of the things, and it means to use visual coding to image a picture you have ever experienced, not remember these isolated words, just like you have ever seen pine forests, lakes, mountains, beaches, etc.. </p>&

95、lt;p>　　With the help of visual coding, the state of the information which is stored can be changed; it can also help to reduce the load of memory. Interpreters need to exert their imagination to translate words into v

96、ivid images and visualize what the speaker is saying. It can help interpreters identify the main idea of the speech and help them memorize what was said by the speaker. Visual coding is widely used by interpreters.</p

97、><p>　　4.1.2 Semantic Coding</p><p>　　Semantic coding refers to the memory coding based on the meaning of the stimulus. To a large extent, interpreters rely on it to memorize information during the

98、 process of interpreting. When the information is put into a semantic category, recall can be improved largely. LTM mainly involves semantic coding. In other words, in LTM, people prefer to encode general sense or concep

99、ts rather than the details. The human brain does not store information in an original way, according to the existing know</p><p>　　Example 3: </p><p>　　Two thirds of the British public fear that

100、 the UK is heading for another recession, a survey showed today. The news came as it was revealed that Britain has been rated the second worst country in Europe to live. And while 85 percent of people say that the euro z