畢業(yè)論文中英文比較與翻譯及翻譯實(shí)踐

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書</b></p><p>　　姓名 班號(hào) 院（系） </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)老師 指導(dǎo)教師職稱 </p><p><b>　　課題名稱及來源</b></p&g

2、t;<p>　　Comparison and Translation between English and Chinese</p><p><b>　　課題內(nèi)容</b></p><p>　　The English-Chinese Translation article mainly explained the Lisbon Strategy, the

3、development strategy of the European Union, form several aspects. And discussed what china can learn from the EU strategy. The Chinese-english translation article discussed the internet word-of-mouth of destination and i

4、ts traits, and the influence of IWOM on tourists.</p><p>　　The last article mainly summarized the harvest and experience on translation practice. It firstly expatiated the differences between English and Chi

5、nese from the aspect of morphology, sentence structure and grammar, and expressing habit. In terms of morphology, Chinese is a typical analytic language and english is mostly a synthetic language, transitioning to analyt

6、ic language. From the aspect of sentence structure and grammar, english belongs to compact-structure language, while Chinese is more</p><p><b>　　課題任務(wù)要求</b></p><p>　　翻譯心得立論正確，論據(jù)確鑿；翻譯記

7、得及譯文語(yǔ)言通順、流暢，無或少有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。計(jì)算機(jī)打印。</p><p><b>　　同組設(shè)計(jì)者</b></p><p><b>　　主要參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　[1]王力, 1984. 《中國(guó)語(yǔ)法理論》[M], 第一卷：山東教育出版社。</p><p>　　[2]Peter Newma

8、rk. 2001. Approaches to Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.</p><p>　　[3]劉宓慶. 1998.《文體與翻譯》[M], 北京：中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版社。</p><p>　　中英文比較與翻譯及翻譯實(shí)踐</p><p><b>　

9、　摘要</b></p><p>　　英譯漢的文章主要從多個(gè)方面討論了歐盟的里斯本戰(zhàn)略，并探討中國(guó)可以從這些戰(zhàn)略中能學(xué)習(xí)什么。漢譯英的文章主要闡述了旅游地網(wǎng)絡(luò)口碑的特點(diǎn)和它對(duì)消費(fèi)行為的影響及營(yíng)銷對(duì)策。</p><p>　　最后一篇心得體會(huì)性文章主要總結(jié)了翻譯實(shí)踐中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與收獲。首先闡述了英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)言形態(tài)學(xué)、語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)法以及表達(dá)習(xí)慣上的差異。在語(yǔ)言形態(tài)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)上，漢語(yǔ)屬于描述性

10、語(yǔ)言，而英文更傾向于綜合性語(yǔ)言。從語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)法上來說，漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)句是流散的，多用意全法組句，因此漢語(yǔ)句子以簡(jiǎn)單句為多。相反，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)句子在組句時(shí)多用形合法，注重語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。其語(yǔ)句是聚集型的且以長(zhǎng)復(fù)雜句為主。此外，在表達(dá)習(xí)慣上，漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)也有多的不同之處。接著本文分析了翻譯的正確步驟和一些具體的翻譯方法。正確的翻譯步驟應(yīng)該是先理解再表達(dá)最后校對(duì)。在表達(dá)的過程中，應(yīng)該講究使用一些好的翻譯方法?？傮w上來講，英漢互譯的翻譯方法有直譯法、意譯法和這兩種

11、翻譯方法的合用。此外，考慮到語(yǔ)言及文化的差異，使用異化和歸化譯法有時(shí)也是很有必要的。直譯法、意譯法有各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，應(yīng)在具體的翻譯時(shí)適當(dāng)?shù)倪x擇。而異化和歸化譯法在翻譯修辭格、諺語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)等具有文化背景的翻譯時(shí)是很有效的翻譯方法。不管用哪一種翻譯方法，都要都要符合忠實(shí)、通順的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。最后本文講述了筆者在翻譯實(shí)踐過程中的心得體會(huì)與收獲。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：英漢語(yǔ)差異 翻譯步驟 翻譯方法 </p>

12、<p>　　Translation practice and Comparison and Translation between English and Chinese</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　The English-Chinese Translation article mainly explaine

13、d the Lisbon Strategy, the development strategy of the European Union, form several aspects. And discussed what china can learn from the EU strategy. The Chinese-english translation article discussed the internet word-of

14、-mouth of destination and its traits, and the influence of IWOM on tourists.</p><p>　　The last article mainly summarized the harvest and experience on translation practice. It firstly expatiated the differen

15、ces between English and Chinese from the aspect of morphology, sentence structure and grammar, and expressing habit. In terms of morphology, Chinese is a typical analytic language and english is mostly a synthetic langua

16、ge, transitioning to analytic language. From the aspect of sentence structure and grammar, english belongs to compact-structure language, while Chinese is more</p><p>　　Key words: differences between English

17、 and Chinese translation process translation approaches</p><p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p><b>　　摘要i</b></p><p>　　Abstractii</p><p>　　1． Compa

18、rison and Translation between English and Chinese1</p><p>　　1.1 Differences between English and Chinese1</p><p>　　1.1.1 Synthetic and analytic language1</p><p>　　1.1.2 Difference

19、s in sentence structure and grammar2</p><p>　　1.1.3 Expressing habit differences3</p><p>　　1.2.1 Translation Process3</p><p>　　1.2.2 Translation Approaches3</p><p>

20、　　1.3 Personal Thoughts about the Translation Practice5</p><p>　　2． Effects of Internet Word-of-mouth of Destination on Customer Behavior and Marketing Strategy6</p><p>　　2.1 IWOM and its Trai

21、ts6</p><p>　　2.1.1 IWOM is the WOM based on writing and photos.7</p><p>　　2.1.2 IWOM have wider influence and faster speed of spread7</p><p>　　2.1.3 IWOM has stronger reliability

22、 and empathy7</p><p>　　2.1.4 IWOM avoid information asymmetries and promote customer power8</p><p>　　2.2 the influence of IWOM on tourists8</p><p>　　2.2.1 The amount of IWOM info

23、rmation is the indicator of the popularity of tourist destination.8</p><p>　　2.2.2 The type of IWOM influence tourist attitude and perceived expectation to products9</p><p>　　2.2.3 The experie

24、ncing charactereristics of tourist products enhance tourists` effort to actively search for information.9</p><p>　　3． EU Experience: Development or Equity?11</p><p>　　3.1 Historical Logic of t

25、he Development Model of the European Welfare State.11</p><p>　　3.2 Logical Thinking of Europeans12</p><p>　　3.3 The Development Strategy of the European Union13</p><p>　　3.4 What

26、 can China Learn from the EU Experience?14</p><p>　　Bibliography14</p><p>　　Comparison and Translation between English and Chinese</p><p>　　Through the two translation practice,

27、that is, translation between english and Chinese, I have learned much knowledge about the two languages and gained several translation skills. First, I summarized the difference between english and Chinese, which is the

28、basis of good translation. Second, I mastered some language translation approach.</p><p>　　1.1 Differences between English and Chinese</p><p>　　1.1.1 Synthetic and analytic language</p>&

29、lt;p>　　In terms of morphology, language is divided into two parties: the synthetic language and the analytic language.</p><p>　　The characters of the synthetic and analytic language</p><p>　　

30、A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”. （Webster`s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary）These inflected forms including tenses, voice, nu

31、mber, gender, and degree of comparison, etc. </p><p>　　Compared with the synthetic language, the analytic one is relatively fixed in word order without inflexion. A analytic language is“characterized by rela

32、tively use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”(The Random House College Dictionary).</p><p>　　Difference between Engl

33、ish and Chinese on this aspect</p><p>　　Chinese is a typical analytic language and it always make use of function words, changes in word order or auxiliary verbs to express different meanings. For example, 不

34、怕辣，辣不怕，怕不辣（not afraid of peppery food). By changing the order of the three words, the degree of standing peppery food is greatly changed, as well as the meaning of the sentence. </p><p>　　However, english is

35、 mostly a synthetic language, transitioning to analytic language. It`s obvious that the inflected forms is usually used in english in order to follow the grammar. For example, the degree of comparison of english has the

36、comparative degree and the superlative degree. The forms of words always changed when they are in comparison grammar.</p><p>　　1.1.2 Differences in sentence structure and grammar</p><p>　　Compac

37、t and diffusive language sentence</p><p>　　Form the perspective of sentence structure, english belongs to compact-structure language, while Chinese is more diffusive. </p><p>　　Most english sent

38、ences have rigorous subject-predicate structure, which is composed of verbal prase and nominal prase. In the structure, subject is absolutely necessary, and predicate verbs are the cores of sentences, with which other co

39、mpositions are related. Besides, the subject and predicate verbs should be coordinate to make up a series of sentence structure. As a result, the english sentence structure is compact structure.</p><p>　　How

40、ever, Chinese is not bound by forms and grammatical voice. There is a lot of diversity, complexity and flexibility in the subject-predicate structure of Chinese. Chinese sentence is focused on the coherence of meaning r

41、ather than the surface form. So Chinese is the diffusive structure language. Just as Wang Li said, “in terms of structure, english is controlled by the rule of law and Chinese is ruled by people.”(Wang Li, 1984:35)</p

42、><p>　　Hypotactic and paratactic language</p><p>　　Hypotaxis is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives (The American Heritage Dictionary). English pay

43、 attention to the sentence form and its integrity in grammar. It`s hypotactic sentence. English frequently use overt cohesion to clarify the relations between words, phrases or clause, such as relatives, prepositions, co

44、nnectives, etc.</p><p>　　Parataxis is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them (The American Heritage Dictionary). Chinese focused on the expression

45、of meaning, the temporal or logical sequence, which id not limited at grammatical level. In most cases, the different sentences are connected by sense but not connectives. So it`s paratactic structure. Chinese more frequ

46、ently resorts to covert coherence and context. The word order, contracted sentences, four-characte</p><p>　　Complex and simplex language</p><p>　　Subordination, the placing of certain elements i

47、n modifying roles, is an important feature of english. With lots of subordinate phrases and clauses, english sentences are comparatively longer and more complicated than Chinese. </p><p>　　On the contrary, C

48、hinese is marked by its coordination, minor or loose sentences, elliptical sentences, composite sentences, run-on sentences and contracted sentences. It`s more simple.</p><p>　　1.1.3 Expressing habit differe

49、nces</p><p>　　Other than the differences discussed above, Chinese and english are also different in some expressing habit.</p><p>　　First, the information focuses of english always lie in the be

50、ginning of a paragraph or an article. On the contrary, in Chinese article, the most important information always appear at the end, following by lots of arguments.Another difference between english and Chinese is the imp

51、ersonal subject tendency in english and the personal tendency in Chinese.At last, in Chinese, active voice plays an important role, while passive voice is more commonly used in english.</p><p>　　1.2 Translat

52、ion process and Translation Approaches</p><p>　　1.2.1 Translation Process</p><p>　　In order to complete a good translation, the method of translation is important as well as the translation proc

53、ess. Following by a proper translation process, we are more likely to do a good job. I think the right process of translation mainly includes the following steps.</p><p>　　Firstly, comprehension of the artic

54、le is important. We should learn the type of the article, it`s language feature, and the background knowledge of it, which are the basis of translation. Then attention should be payed to the meaning of sentence and the l

55、ogical relationship between sentences and paragraph. Only understanding well can we translate articles into another language.</p><p>　　Secondly, we try to translate sentences into another language one bye on

56、e. It`s better to use some translation methods, such as literal translation or free translation, etc.</p><p>　　At last, in order to avoid some unnecessary error, we should proofread the translation text. We

57、may add what is missed and correct what is mistranslated in the translation text. In this way, we can do a good translation.</p><p>　　1.2.2 Translation Approaches</p><p>　　Translating methods ar

58、e the main problems we must face when we translate articles. There are many translating methods: literal translation, free translation, the combination of literal translation and free translation, as well as the foreigni

59、zing translation and domesticating translation.</p><p>　　Literal translation </p><p>　　Liu Zhongde defines literal translation as follows:“in the process of translation, literal translation trea

60、ts sentences as basic units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style

61、 of the original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible”. </p><p>　　Some of the western theorists argue that we should give the priority

62、 to literal translation when translating articles (Peter Newmark, 2001:15) because literal translation can preserve the original articles. What`s more, the literal translation can make the translated version and the orig

63、inal one have the same appeal.</p><p>　　Liberal translation </p><p>　　There are some sentences should not be translated literally. Because different countries have different cultures, language,

64、customs and ways to express the same meanings. </p><p>　　Liu Zhongde defines the liberal translation approach as that liberal translation is employed for the purpose of expressing the original meaning instea

65、d of reproducing the original sentence structure or rhetorical devices. Only when the literal translation approach is not suitable, can the translator resort to the free translation approach. Some of our Chinese theorist

66、s insist on using free translation in order to preserve the article’ lingering charm. For example, Liu Miqing, a famous Chinese th</p><p>　　In addition, free translation can fully express the original passag

67、e when it is improper to use literal translation. What’s more, it. can make the translation fluent and easy to understand by target language readers. For example, It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱. The sentence is translated

68、liberally.</p><p>　　Literal-plus-liberal translation</p><p>　　As for these two basic translating methods, we can not judge which is better without the proper circumstance. In many conditions, th

69、e literal translation and free translation are always reciprocal to each other. </p><p>　　The literal-plus-liberal translation approach is desirable when reference books are compiled. Some sentences have to

70、be translated both literally and freely because of bilingual differences. Only thus, can they be translated into intelligible versions. So the foreignizing translation and domesticating translation methods can be used so

71、metimes.</p><p>　　Foreignizing and domesticating translation</p><p>　　While literal translation and free translation mainly deal with linguistic reproduction，foreignizing translation and domesti

72、cating translation are concerned more with cultural, linguistic and aesthetic considerations．</p><p>　　Foreignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target convent

73、ions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. This method is “a pressure on target-language cultural values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text，sending the reader abro

74、ad” to have alien reading experience (Venuti ,l995：20).</p><p>　　Domestication is a strategy in which a transparent，fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target

75、 language readers. This method is “an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bringing the author back home”(Venuti, l995: 20).</p><p>　　The two approaches are good in

76、translating rhetoric, proverbs, idioms and other cultural translation materials. For example, Among the blind the one-eyed man is King. 山中無老虎，猴子稱霸王。 The english sentence can be translated into a Chinese idiom, which disp

77、lays great Chinese culture. In this way, the sentence can be easily understood and accepted by a Chinese reader. </p><p>　　1.3 Personal Thoughts about the Translation Practice</p><p>　　After the

78、 two translation practice, which is a challenge for me, I have a better understanding of translation. I realized that translation practice is significantly important for translation career in the long run. Fu Lei, a grea

79、t Chinese translator as well as an outstanding artist, once said that “translation should be stressed on practice”.(Fu Lei, 1995:10). Even though I had taken many lessons on translation, I forget them as long as I walked

80、 out of the classroom. I failed to truly understand</p><p>　　Effects of Internet Word-of-mouth of Destination on Customer Behavior and Marketing Strategy</p><p>　　Word-of-mouth (WOM), called as

81、“NO. zero” media, is the oral communication between the sender and the receiver. The receiver referred it as noncommercial information about production, brand or service. After the 21th century, the influence of WOM is g

82、rowing stronger with the help of new media, such as Internet and virtual community. According to the statistical data ending December 2008 from the Internet Network Information Center, the number of Chinese netizens reac

83、hed 29.8 billion, ranking the</p><p>　　Tourists have high perceived purchase risk because that It`s difficult to evaluate the tourism products before consumption for its invisibility. They tend to search for

84、 information widely before consumption on account of perceived anxiety, uncertainty and weak control over tourism experience. Internet become the best way to get information with its low costs, massive amounts of informa

85、tion and good accessibility. At present, there is inadequate focus on Internet Word-of-mouth (IWOM) of destinat</p><p>　　2.1 IWOM and its Traits</p><p>　　With the develop of internet, especiall

86、y the application of Web 20 technology , the communication environment is changed and enriched largely. More and more tourists search for information of tourist destination through internet and conduct online business. I

87、n the meanwhile, the IWOM produced by the communication between customers based on the third party virtual platform (virtual community, chat rooms and blogs) that make customers communicate with each other on products, s

88、ervice experience and</p><p>　　2.1.1 IWOM is the WOM based on writing and photos. </p><p>　　Traditional WOM is oral communication so that information aren`t always retained. What`s more, they ma

89、y be distorted when passed on with mouth and can`t be tracked. While IWOM can last long term as they are posted on blogs, virtual community and other social networking platforms in the form of words, pictures or videos.

90、What`s more, IWOM can accumulate related assessments and information on certain subjects and can be tracked to the source through the posting even though information is distorted</p><p>　　2.1.2 IWOM have wid

91、er influence and faster speed of spread</p><p>　　Traditional WOM, the face-to-face interpersonal communication and called as benefit sharing, exist mainly in certain strong internal social relationship netwo

92、rks, having slower spread speed and smaller influence. While IWOM can realize the one-to-one and one-to-many communication with the media of computer. What`s more, participants in network community are anonymous, which c

93、onstituting the typical weak social relationship networks in network environment. Traditional theory suggests that weak re</p><p>　　2.1.3 IWOM has stronger reliability and empathy</p><p>　　IWOM

94、provides user-oriented information that come from the personal experience on certain products or service, that is the after-purchase information. Customers regard the IWOM providers as the ordinary people similar to them

95、selves and providers will not be controlled by enterprises. As a result, IWOM information is more real that the information provided by marketing people. Previous studies argues that strong internal social relationship n

96、etwork make receivers place more trust in senders, in w</p><p>　　In addition, network provide emotional communication environment in which both virtuality and reality exist, soothing mood. Westbrook suggests

97、 that consumers will suffer internal tensions with the positive or negative feeling of related products experience and need to relieve the emotion with WOM. Soderlund and Rosengren confirmed that the general affect of WO

98、M can affect receivers effectively on their standpoints and determination. IWOM provide strong emotional experience platform through more </p><p>　　2.1.4 IWOM avoid information asymmetries and promote custom

99、er power</p><p>　　As IWOM has no time and space limits, customers can express their opinions and emotions in detail and ad visual pictures, the information of which is richer, greater detail and more vivid t

100、han the traditional WOM.</p><p>　　IWOM come from numerous customers that have different consumption experience, providing different information from all aspects. So the information of IWOM is more comprehens

101、ive than that of traditional WOM that only have single source , enhancing information transparency and turning customers` disadvantage position in the traditional marketing environment to having more initiative.</p>