外文資料翻譯技術(shù)壁壘的概述及影響

1、<p>　　技術(shù)壁壘的概述及影響</p><p>　　技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘又稱“技術(shù)性貿(mào)易措施”或“技術(shù)壁壘”，是以國(guó)家或地區(qū)的技術(shù)法規(guī)、協(xié)議、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和認(rèn)證體系（合格評(píng)定程序）等形式出現(xiàn)，涉及的內(nèi)容廣泛，含蓋科學(xué)技術(shù)、衛(wèi)生、檢疫、安全、環(huán)保、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和認(rèn)證等諸多技術(shù)性指標(biāo)體系，運(yùn)用于國(guó)際貿(mào)易當(dāng)中，呈現(xiàn)出靈活多變、名目繁多的規(guī)定。由于這類壁壘大量的以技術(shù)面目出現(xiàn)，因此常常會(huì)披上合法外衣，成為當(dāng)前國(guó)際貿(mào)易中最為隱蔽

2、、最難對(duì)付的非關(guān)稅壁壘。</p><p>　　隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化浪潮的興起和貿(mào)易自由化的發(fā)展，加上WTO規(guī)則的有關(guān)限制，國(guó)際貿(mào)易壁壘的種類和形式在不斷地變化：關(guān)稅稅率越來(lái)越低，傳統(tǒng)的非關(guān)稅壁壘也在逐步減少，新型的更靈活、更隱蔽的貿(mào)易壁壘——技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘卻在不斷發(fā)展、種類在不斷增多。我國(guó)已經(jīng)加入世界貿(mào)易組織，所以在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，我們必須按照WTO規(guī)則和有關(guān)國(guó)際慣例行事。面對(duì)這些新的變化，我們應(yīng)該如何應(yīng)對(duì)，從而在世界貿(mào)易

3、中保護(hù)我國(guó)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易利益和在更加開放的環(huán)境中促進(jìn)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)及社會(huì)的健康發(fā)展呢？我想在提出應(yīng)對(duì)的措施之前有必要弄清楚作為國(guó)際貿(mào)易保護(hù)手段的技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘愈演愈烈的深層原因：（一）、維護(hù)本國(guó)的利益是一切國(guó)際關(guān)系的根本目的。雖然為了推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化和貿(mào)易自由化的發(fā)展，各國(guó)在烏拉圭回合談判中承諾進(jìn)一步降低關(guān)稅和在保持現(xiàn)狀下逐步消除各種非關(guān)稅壁壘。但現(xiàn)在國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益激烈，各國(guó)為了維護(hù)本國(guó)的貿(mào)易利益，在逐步取消明顯有違WTO精神的一些傳統(tǒng)的非關(guān)稅壁壘的

4、同時(shí)又不斷推出更為隱蔽的技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘，而且名目繁多，要求越來(lái)越苛刻。在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之間、發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家與發(fā)展中國(guó)家之間、發(fā)展中國(guó)家之間都存在技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘。只是由于在技術(shù)水平上，發(fā)展中國(guó)家遠(yuǎn)低于發(fā)達(dá)</p><p>　　綜觀世界各國(guó)（主要是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家）的技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘，其限制產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口方面的技術(shù)措施主要有以下幾種：</p><p>　?。?）嚴(yán)格繁雜的技術(shù)法規(guī)和技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</p><

5、p>　　利用技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為貿(mào)易壁壘具有非對(duì)等性和隱蔽性。在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，發(fā)達(dá) 技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘國(guó)家常常是國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定者。他們憑借著在世界貿(mào)易中的主導(dǎo)地位和技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)，率先制定游戲規(guī)則，強(qiáng)制推行根據(jù)其技術(shù)水平定出的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，使廣大經(jīng)濟(jì)落后國(guó)家的出口廠商望塵莫及。而且這些技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、技術(shù)法規(guī)常常變化，有的地方政府還有自己的特殊規(guī)定，使發(fā)展中國(guó)家的廠商要么無(wú)從知曉、無(wú)所適從，要么為了迎合其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)付出較高的成本，削弱產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。</p&g

6、t;<p>　?。?）復(fù)雜的合格評(píng)定程序</p><p>　　在貿(mào)易自由化漸成潮流的形勢(shì)下，質(zhì)量認(rèn)證和合格評(píng)定對(duì)于出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力的提高和進(jìn)口市場(chǎng)的保護(hù)作用愈益突出。目前，世界上廣泛采用的質(zhì)量認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是ISO9000系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此外，美、日、歐盟等還有各自的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。</p><p>　?。?）嚴(yán)格的包裝、標(biāo)簽規(guī)則</p><p>　　為防止包裝及其廢棄

7、物可能對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境、人類及動(dòng)植物的安全構(gòu)成威脅，許多國(guó)家頒布了一系列包裝和標(biāo)簽方面的法律和法規(guī)，以保護(hù)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益和生態(tài)環(huán)境。從保護(hù)環(huán)境和節(jié)約能源來(lái)看，包裝制度確有積極作用，但它增加了出口商的成本，且技術(shù)要求各國(guó)不一、變化無(wú)常，往往迫使外國(guó)出口商不斷變換包裝，失去不少貿(mào)易機(jī)會(huì)。</p><p><b>　　綜述：</b></p><p>　　由此可見，技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘有著許

8、多客觀的生存環(huán)境。在當(dāng)今的國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘不但不可避免，反而將會(huì)長(zhǎng)期存在。其對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的影響將會(huì)越來(lái)越大。同時(shí)，對(duì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展也將起著非常重要的作用。據(jù)國(guó)家知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)局統(tǒng)計(jì)，當(dāng)前世界貿(mào)易壁壘的80％來(lái)源于技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘。</p><p><b>　　負(fù)面影響</b></p><p>　　1、越來(lái)越多的技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘（如各國(guó)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條例、技術(shù)法規(guī)、合格評(píng)定程序等）阻

9、礙著國(guó)際貿(mào)易的自由發(fā)展，不利于世界資源的自由流通和優(yōu)化配置，并且與經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化 世界進(jìn)口貿(mào)易額分布、貿(mào)易自由化的社會(huì)發(fā)展潮流背道而馳。這是貿(mào)易自由主義反對(duì)技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的主要依據(jù)。如，大多數(shù)電子、電器產(chǎn)品要求符合美國(guó)聯(lián)邦通訊委員會(huì)（FCC）、保險(xiǎn)商實(shí)驗(yàn)室（UL）以及其他相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；美國(guó)聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)（FTC）要求紡織品標(biāo)有成分和保護(hù)標(biāo)簽，消費(fèi)者安全委員會(huì)（CPSC）要求紡織品的耐火性能達(dá)到相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；美國(guó)食品醫(yī)藥管理局（FDA）負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)

10、進(jìn)口食品、藥品、保健品、化妝品、洗滌用品、醫(yī)療設(shè)備的管理和監(jiān)測(cè)，對(duì)商品的純度和標(biāo)簽等要求嚴(yán)格，在商品入境時(shí)會(huì)作抽檢；美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部（USDA）還要求豬肉、家禽肉必須經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的消毒程序。這些一系列的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求和檢測(cè)措施無(wú)疑會(huì)給國(guó)際貿(mào)易帶來(lái)諸多不便，并同時(shí)提高進(jìn)口商品的成本。2、環(huán)境或人民的健康和生命安全，但實(shí)際上，其更大的目的是為了使本國(guó)貿(mào)易商在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中獲得更多的利益。另?yè)?jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在生命科學(xué)與生物技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、新材料等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)

11、家所擁有的專利數(shù)量，大約占全球?qū)＠偭康?0</p><p><b>　　正面作用</b></p><p>　　1、環(huán)境壁壘及綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在客觀上促進(jìn)了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)施。經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和環(huán)境保護(hù)是任何國(guó)家發(fā)展過(guò)程都會(huì)遇到的一對(duì)矛盾。但眼前的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益往往會(huì)使人們選擇破壞環(huán)境進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的道路。尤其在一些發(fā)展中國(guó)家，由于資金有限，根本無(wú)力去顧及環(huán)保。毀林而獵、竭澤而漁的做法使現(xiàn)在地

12、球的環(huán)境急劇惡化。就算在我國(guó)，雖然早已把環(huán)境保護(hù)作為一項(xiàng)基本國(guó)策，但據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，1998年全國(guó)影響生態(tài)環(huán)境的產(chǎn)品出口金額達(dá)86億美元，占當(dāng)年出口總額的6.2%；2000年污染較重的產(chǎn)品(如染料、皮革制品、印染品、紙漿等)的出口達(dá)110億美元，占當(dāng)年出口額的5.1%。而綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實(shí)施將迫使我國(guó)企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中減少對(duì)環(huán)境的污染，采用綠色生產(chǎn)體系生產(chǎn)綠色產(chǎn)品。這在客觀上會(huì)促進(jìn)我國(guó)可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施。同樣，在一定程度上也會(huì)促使世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展

13、和世界環(huán)境的保護(hù)趨向協(xié)調(diào)和平衡，有利于在發(fā)展世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的同時(shí)保護(hù)整個(gè)地球的生態(tài)環(huán)境。2、不斷提高的檢疫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和包裝設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，促使各國(guó)要不斷提高本國(guó)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和衛(wèi)生及安全性能，這對(duì)人類的性命安全和身體健康是有積極作用的。尤其是現(xiàn)在世界各國(guó)動(dòng)植物流行?。ㄈ缈谔阋?、瘋牛病、小麥的矮星黑穗病、玉米細(xì)菌性枯萎病等）</p><p>　　The verview and impact of technical barriers t

14、o trade</p><p>　　Technical Barriers to Trade based on national or regional technical regulations, protocols, standards and certification (conformity assessment procedures) and other forms, involving wide-ran

15、ging, covers science and technology, health, quarantine, security, environmental protection, product quality and certification, and many other technical indicators system, used in international trade, which, showing a fl

16、exible, numerous regulations. As such a large number of barriers to technology emerged, so</p><p>　　With the rise of the tide of economic globalization and trade liberalization, together with the relevant WT

17、O rules limit the types and forms of international trade barriers are constantly changing: Getting lower and lower tariff rates, the traditional non-tariff barriers are gradually reduced, the new, more flexible, more sub

18、tle barriers to trade - but in the continuous development of technical barriers to trade, species are on the rise. China has joined the World Trade Organization, so in inter</p><p>　　Looking at the world (ma

19、inly developed countries) technical barriers to trade, the import of products of its limited technical measures are the following:</p><p>　　Strict complex technical regulations and technical standards.</p

20、><p>　　In international trade, developed technical barriers to trade Countries are often international standard setters. Who by virtue of the dominance of world trade and technological advantages, the first rul

21、es of the game, forced to set up in accordance with the technical level of technical standards, the majority of economically backward countries, exporters catch. And these technical standards, technical regulations often

22、 change, and some local governments also have their own special requirements,</p><p>　　Complex conformity assessment procedures:</p><p>　　Had become the trend of trade liberalization situation,

23、quality certification and conformity assessment for the currently, the world's widely used quality standard ISO9000 series of standards identified. In addition, the United States, Japan, the European Union each has t

24、heir technical standards.</p><p>　　Strict packaging, labeling rules</p><p>　　In order to prevent packaging waste and on the ecological environment, human and animal and plant security threat, ma

25、ny countries have promulgated a series of packaging and labeling laws and regulations to protect the interests of consumers and the environment. From the point of view of environmental protection and energy conservation,

26、 packaging system does have a positive effect, but it increases the cost of exporters, and the technical requirements of different countries, volatile, often chang</p><p>　　In today's international trade

27、, technical barriers to trade not only inevitable, but will be a long time. Its impact on international trade will be increasing. Meanwhile, the community development will play a very important role. According to the Sta

28、te Intellectual Property Office statistics, 80% of current world trade barriers, technical barriers to trade from.</p><p>　　Negative impact on:</p><p>　　1. A growing number of technical barriers

29、 to trade (such as the national standards regulations, technical regulations, conformity assessment procedures, etc.) impeding the free development of international trade, the world's resources is not conducive to th

30、e free flow and optimized allocation and import trade with the world of economic globalization breakdown , Trade liberalization and social development runs counter to the trend. This is the technical barriers to trade li

31、beralism against main b</p><p>　　2. Environment or people's health and safety, but in fact, its greater purpose is to bring the domestic traders in international trade to get more benefits. According to

32、statistics, in the life sciences and biotechnology, information technology, new materials and other key technology areas, the Western developed countries have a number of patents, accounting for 90% of total worldwide pa

33、tent, while the developing countries including China, has only about 10%. Such a large technology gap, not ver</p><p>　　A positive effect:</p><p>　　Environmental barriers and green standards for

34、 an objective to promote the implementation of sustainable development. Economic development and environmental protection is the development of any country will face a contradiction. But the immediate economic interests

35、tend to make people choose to destroy the environment for economic development of the road. Deforestation and hunting, exploit the practice of the present Earth's environment deteriorated sharply. Even in China, alth

36、ough already the e</p><p>　　Quarantine standards and continuously improve packaging design standards, prompting countries to continuously improve their product quality and health and safety performance, safe

37、ty of human life and health have a positive effect. In particular, the epidemic is now the world flora and fauna (such as foot and mouth disease, mad cow disease, wheat dwarf smut, bacterial wilt of corn, etc.) when the