對外貿(mào)易外文翻譯---技術壁壘的概述及影響

1、<p>　　技術壁壘的概述及影響</p><p>　　技術性貿(mào)易壁壘又稱“技術性貿(mào)易措施”或“技術壁壘”，是以國家或地區(qū)的技術法規(guī)、協(xié)議、標準和認證體系（合格評定程序）等形式出現(xiàn)，涉及的內(nèi)容廣泛，含蓋科學技術、衛(wèi)生、檢疫、安全、環(huán)保、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和認證等諸多技術性指標體系，運用于國際貿(mào)易當中，呈現(xiàn)出靈活多變、名目繁多的規(guī)定。由于這類壁壘大量的以技術面目出現(xiàn)，因此常常會披上合法外衣，成為當前國際貿(mào)易中最為隱蔽

2、、最難對付的非關稅壁壘。</p><p>　　隨著經(jīng)濟全球化浪潮的興起和貿(mào)易自由化的發(fā)展，加上WTO規(guī)則的有關限制，國際貿(mào)易壁壘的種類和形式在不斷地變化：關稅稅率越來越低，傳統(tǒng)的非關稅壁壘也在逐步減少，新型的更靈活、更隱蔽的貿(mào)易壁壘——技術性貿(mào)易壁壘卻在不斷發(fā)展、種類在不斷增多。我國已經(jīng)加入世界貿(mào)易組織，所以在國際貿(mào)易中，我們必須按照WTO規(guī)則和有關國際慣例行事。面對這些新的變化，我們應該如何應對，從而在世界貿(mào)易

3、中保護我國的對外貿(mào)易利益和在更加開放的環(huán)境中促進我國經(jīng)濟及社會的健康發(fā)展呢？我想在提出應對的措施之前有必要弄清楚作為國際貿(mào)易保護手段的技術性貿(mào)易壁壘愈演愈烈的深層原因：（一）、維護本國的利益是一切國際關系的根本目的。雖然為了推進經(jīng)濟全球化和貿(mào)易自由化的發(fā)展，各國在烏拉圭回合談判中承諾進一步降低關稅和在保持現(xiàn)狀下逐步消除各種非關稅壁壘。但現(xiàn)在國際競爭日益激烈，各國為了維護本國的貿(mào)易利益，在逐步取消明顯有違WTO精神的一些傳統(tǒng)的非關稅壁壘的

4、同時又不斷推出更為隱蔽的技術性貿(mào)易壁壘，而且名目繁多，要求越來越苛刻。在發(fā)達國家之間、發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家之間、發(fā)展中國家之間都存在技術性貿(mào)易壁壘。只是由于在技術水平上，發(fā)展中國家遠低于發(fā)達</p><p>　　綜觀世界各國（主要是發(fā)達國家）的技術性貿(mào)易壁壘，其限制產(chǎn)品進口方面的技術措施主要有以下幾種：</p><p>　?。?）嚴格繁雜的技術法規(guī)和技術標準</p><

5、p>　　利用技術標準作為貿(mào)易壁壘具有非對等性和隱蔽性。在國際貿(mào)易中，發(fā)達 技術性貿(mào)易壁壘國家常常是國際標準的制定者。他們憑借著在世界貿(mào)易中的主導地位和技術優(yōu)勢，率先制定游戲規(guī)則，強制推行根據(jù)其技術水平定出的技術標準，使廣大經(jīng)濟落后國家的出口廠商望塵莫及。而且這些技術標準、技術法規(guī)常常變化，有的地方政府還有自己的特殊規(guī)定，使發(fā)展中國家的廠商要么無從知曉、無所適從，要么為了迎合其標準付出較高的成本，削弱產(chǎn)品的競爭力。</p&g

6、t;<p>　　（2）復雜的合格評定程序</p><p>　　在貿(mào)易自由化漸成潮流的形勢下，質(zhì)量認證和合格評定對于出口競爭能力的提高和進口市場的保護作用愈益突出。目前，世界上廣泛采用的質(zhì)量認定標準是ISO9000系列標準。此外，美、日、歐盟等還有各自的技術標準體系。</p><p>　?。?）嚴格的包裝、標簽規(guī)則</p><p>　　為防止包裝及其廢棄

7、物可能對生態(tài)環(huán)境、人類及動植物的安全構成威脅，許多國家頒布了一系列包裝和標簽方面的法律和法規(guī)，以保護消費者權益和生態(tài)環(huán)境。從保護環(huán)境和節(jié)約能源來看，包裝制度確有積極作用，但它增加了出口商的成本，且技術要求各國不一、變化無常，往往迫使外國出口商不斷變換包裝，失去不少貿(mào)易機會。</p><p><b>　　綜述：</b></p><p>　　由此可見，技術性貿(mào)易壁壘有著許

8、多客觀的生存環(huán)境。在當今的國際貿(mào)易中，技術性貿(mào)易壁壘不但不可避免，反而將會長期存在。其對國際貿(mào)易的影響將會越來越大。同時，對社會的發(fā)展也將起著非常重要的作用。據(jù)國家知識產(chǎn)權局統(tǒng)計，當前世界貿(mào)易壁壘的80％來源于技術性貿(mào)易壁壘。</p><p><b>　　負面影響</b></p><p>　　1、越來越多的技術性貿(mào)易壁壘（如各國的標準條例、技術法規(guī)、合格評定程序等）阻

9、礙著國際貿(mào)易的自由發(fā)展，不利于世界資源的自由流通和優(yōu)化配置，并且與經(jīng)濟全球化 世界進口貿(mào)易額分布、貿(mào)易自由化的社會發(fā)展潮流背道而馳。這是貿(mào)易自由主義反對技術性貿(mào)易壁壘的主要依據(jù)。如，大多數(shù)電子、電器產(chǎn)品要求符合美國聯(lián)邦通訊委員會（FCC）、保險商實驗室（UL）以及其他相關機構的標準；美國聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會（FTC）要求紡織品標有成分和保護標簽，消費者安全委員會（CPSC）要求紡織品的耐火性能達到相關標準；美國食品醫(yī)藥管理局（FDA）負責對

10、進口食品、藥品、保健品、化妝品、洗滌用品、醫(yī)療設備的管理和監(jiān)測，對商品的純度和標簽等要求嚴格，在商品入境時會作抽檢；美國農(nóng)業(yè)部（USDA）還要求豬肉、家禽肉必須經(jīng)過嚴格的消毒程序。這些一系列的標準要求和檢測措施無疑會給國際貿(mào)易帶來諸多不便，并同時提高進口商品的成本。2、環(huán)境或人民的健康和生命安全，但實際上，其更大的目的是為了使本國貿(mào)易商在國際貿(mào)易中獲得更多的利益。另據(jù)統(tǒng)計，在生命科學與生物技術、信息技術、新材料等關鍵技術領域，西方發(fā)達國

11、家所擁有的專利數(shù)量，大約占全球專利總量的90</p><p><b>　　正面作用</b></p><p>　　1、環(huán)境壁壘及綠色標準在客觀上促進了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實施。經(jīng)濟建設和環(huán)境保護是任何國家發(fā)展過程都會遇到的一對矛盾。但眼前的經(jīng)濟利益往往會使人們選擇破壞環(huán)境進行經(jīng)濟建設的道路。尤其在一些發(fā)展中國家，由于資金有限，根本無力去顧及環(huán)保。毀林而獵、竭澤而漁的做法使現(xiàn)在地

12、球的環(huán)境急劇惡化。就算在我國，雖然早已把環(huán)境保護作為一項基本國策，但據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計，1998年全國影響生態(tài)環(huán)境的產(chǎn)品出口金額達86億美元，占當年出口總額的6.2%；2000年污染較重的產(chǎn)品(如染料、皮革制品、印染品、紙漿等)的出口達110億美元，占當年出口額的5.1%。而綠色標準的實施將迫使我國企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)過程中減少對環(huán)境的污染，采用綠色生產(chǎn)體系生產(chǎn)綠色產(chǎn)品。這在客觀上會促進我國可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的實施。同樣，在一定程度上也會促使世界經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展

13、和世界環(huán)境的保護趨向協(xié)調(diào)和平衡，有利于在發(fā)展世界經(jīng)濟的同時保護整個地球的生態(tài)環(huán)境。2、不斷提高的檢疫標準和包裝設計標準，促使各國要不斷提高本國產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和衛(wèi)生及安全性能，這對人類的性命安全和身體健康是有積極作用的。尤其是現(xiàn)在世界各國動植物流行?。ㄈ缈谔阋?、瘋牛病、小麥的矮星黑穗病、玉米細菌性枯萎病等）</p><p>　　The verview and impact of technical barriers t

14、o trade</p><p>　　Technical Barriers to Trade based on national or regional technical regulations, protocols, standards and certification (conformity assessment procedures) and other forms, involving wide-ran

15、ging, covers science and technology, health, quarantine, security, environmental protection, product quality and certification, and many other technical indicators system, used in international trade, which, showing a fl

16、exible, numerous regulations. As such a large number of barriers to technology emerged, so</p><p>　　With the rise of the tide of economic globalization and trade liberalization, together with the relevant WT

17、O rules limit the types and forms of international trade barriers are constantly changing: Getting lower and lower tariff rates, the traditional non-tariff barriers are gradually reduced, the new, more flexible, more sub

18、tle barriers to trade - but in the continuous development of technical barriers to trade, species are on the rise. China has joined the World Trade Organization, so in inter</p><p>　　Looking at the world (ma

19、inly developed countries) technical barriers to trade, the import of products of its limited technical measures are the following:</p><p>　　Strict complex technical regulations and technical standards.</p

20、><p>　　In international trade, developed technical barriers to trade Countries are often international standard setters. Who by virtue of the dominance of world trade and technological advantages, the first rul

21、es of the game, forced to set up in accordance with the technical level of technical standards, the majority of economically backward countries, exporters catch. And these technical standards, technical regulations often

22、 change, and some local governments also have their own special requirements,</p><p>　　Complex conformity assessment procedures:</p><p>　　Had become the trend of trade liberalization situation,

23、quality certification and conformity assessment for the currently, the world's widely used quality standard ISO9000 series of standards identified. In addition, the United States, Japan, the European Union each has t

24、heir technical standards.</p><p>　　Strict packaging, labeling rules</p><p>　　In order to prevent packaging waste and on the ecological environment, human and animal and plant security threat, ma

25、ny countries have promulgated a series of packaging and labeling laws and regulations to protect the interests of consumers and the environment. From the point of view of environmental protection and energy conservation,

26、 packaging system does have a positive effect, but it increases the cost of exporters, and the technical requirements of different countries, volatile, often chang</p><p>　　In today's international trade

27、, technical barriers to trade not only inevitable, but will be a long time. Its impact on international trade will be increasing. Meanwhile, the community development will play a very important role. According to the Sta

28、te Intellectual Property Office statistics, 80% of current world trade barriers, technical barriers to trade from.</p><p>　　Negative impact on:</p><p>　　1. A growing number of technical barriers

29、 to trade (such as the national standards regulations, technical regulations, conformity assessment procedures, etc.) impeding the free development of international trade, the world's resources is not conducive to th

30、e free flow and optimized allocation and import trade with the world of economic globalization breakdown , Trade liberalization and social development runs counter to the trend. This is the technical barriers to trade li

31、beralism against main b</p><p>　　2. Environment or people's health and safety, but in fact, its greater purpose is to bring the domestic traders in international trade to get more benefits. According to

32、statistics, in the life sciences and biotechnology, information technology, new materials and other key technology areas, the Western developed countries have a number of patents, accounting for 90% of total worldwide pa

33、tent, while the developing countries including China, has only about 10%. Such a large technology gap, not ver</p><p>　　A positive effect:</p><p>　　Environmental barriers and green standards for

34、 an objective to promote the implementation of sustainable development. Economic development and environmental protection is the development of any country will face a contradiction. But the immediate economic interests

35、tend to make people choose to destroy the environment for economic development of the road. Deforestation and hunting, exploit the practice of the present Earth's environment deteriorated sharply. Even in China, alth

36、ough already the e</p><p>　　Quarantine standards and continuously improve packaging design standards, prompting countries to continuously improve their product quality and health and safety performance, safe

37、ty of human life and health have a positive effect. In particular, the epidemic is now the world flora and fauna (such as foot and mouth disease, mad cow disease, wheat dwarf smut, bacterial wilt of corn, etc.) when the