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1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文文獻外文文獻原文原文TheTheRiseRiseOfOfTheTheNonprfitNonprfitSectSectAGLOBAL“ASSOCIATIONALREVOLUTION”Astrikingupsurgeisunderwayaroundtheglobeinganizedvoluntaryactivitythecreationofprivatenonprofitnongovernment

2、alganizations.FromthedevelopedcountriesofNthAmericaEuropeAsiatothedevelopingsocietiesofAfricaLatinAmericathefmerSovietblocpeoplearefmingassociationsfoundationssimilarinstitutionstodeliverhumanservicespromotegrassrootseco

3、nomicdevelopmentpreventenvironmentaldegradationprotectcivilrightspursueathousotherobjectivesfmerlyunattendedlefttothestate.Thescopescaleofthisphenomenonareimmense.Indeedweareinthestofaglobal“associationalrevolution“thatm

4、ayprovetobeassignificanttothelattertwentiethcenturyastheriseofthenationstatewastothelatternieenth.Theupshotisaglobalthirdsect:amassivearrayofselfgoverningprivateganizationsnotdedicatedtodistributingprofitstoshareholdersd

5、irectspursuingpublicpurposesoutsidethefmalapparatusofthestate.Theproliferationofthesegroupsmaybepermanentlyalteringtherelationshipbetweenstatescitizenswithanimpactextendingfarbeyondthematerialservicestheyprovide.Virtuall

6、yallofAmericasmajsocialmovementsfexamplewhethercivilrightsenvironmentalconsumerwomensconservativehavehadtheirrootsinthenonprofitsect.Thegrowthofthisphenomenonisallthemestrikinggiventhesimultaneousdeclineinthemetraditiona

7、lfmsofpoliticalparticipationsuchasvotingpartyaffiliationunionmembership.Theriseofthethirdsectspringsfromavarietyofpressuresfromindividualcitizensoutsideinstitutionsgovernmentsthemselves.Itreflectsadistinctsetofsocialtech

8、nologicalchangesaswellasalongsimmeringcrisisofconfidenceinthecapabilityofthestate.Broadhisticalchangeshavethusopenedthewayfalternativeinstitutionsthatcanrespondmeeffectivelytohumanneeds.Withtheirsmallscaleflexibilitycapa

9、citytoengagegrassrootsenergiesprivatenonprofitganizationshavebeenideallysuitedtofilltheresultinggap.Theconsequenceisasweepingprocessofchangethatcloselyresemblesthe“thirdwave“ofdemocraticpoliticalrevolutionsidentifiedbySa

10、muelHuntingtonbutthatgoeswell3ganizationssuchasChurchWldServiceLutheranWldReliefnewerganizationssuchasOxfamAmericaCodinationinDevelopmentlargerfoundationssuchasRockefellerFdAgaKhanincreasinglytookupthisapproach.Besidesde

11、livering$4.7billionofassistancebythe1980stheseNtherngroupsprovidedthemalsupptfathickeningwkofsome20000indigenousnonprofitganizationsintheThirdWld.SimilargroupsmadecomparablecontributionstothirdsectdevelopmentinEasternEur

12、ope.Officialaidagencieshavesupplementedtoaconsiderabledegreesubsidizedtheseprivateinitiatives.Sincethe1960scongressionalcriticsofU.S.feignassistanceprogramshaveplacedincreasingemphasisoninvolvingtheThirdWldpoindevelopmen

13、tactivitiesonaidingindigenousganizationstheU.S.basedgroupswkingwiththem.TheganizationofEconomicCooperationDevelopmentsDevelopmentAssistanceCommitteehasadopted“participatydevelopment“asitsstrategyfthe1990s.EventheWldBankw

14、hichhadtraditionallygivenonlyspadicsuppttoprivatevoluntaryganizationsrecentlyacknowledgedthe“explosiveemergenceofnongovernmentalganizationsasamajcollectiveactindevelopmentactivities“fmedavoluntaryganizationadvisycommitte

15、ewithextensiveThirdWldinvolvement.WHENTHESTATEFAILSWhyhasthisflourishingofthirdsectactivityoccurrednowFourcrisestworevolutionarychangeshaveconvergedbothtodiminishtheholdofthestatetoopenthewayfthisincreaseinganizedvolunta

16、ryaction.Thefirstoftheseimpulsesistheperceivedcrisisofthemodernwelfarestate.Overthepastdecadesothesystemofgovernmentalprotectionagainstoldageeconomicmisftunethathadtakenshapebythe1950sinthedevelopedWestnolongerappearedto

17、bewking.Reducedglobaleconomicgrowthinthe1970shelpedgiverisetothebeliefthatsocialwelfarespendingwhichhadgrownsubstantiallyinpreviousdecadeswascrowdingoutprivateinvestment.Theconvictioncoalescedthatanoverloadedoverbureaucr

18、atizedgovernmentwasincapableofperfmingtheexpedtasksbeingassignedtoit.Thepoliticsofthewelfarestatemeoverregularlygeneratedpressuresfexpedgovernmentservicesthatexceededthewillingnessofthepublictopayfthem.Farfromsimplyprote

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