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1、外文翻譯原文：原文：TheLowCarbonDietHowtheMarketCanCurbClimateChangeTheglobaleconomiccrisishasbatteredthefreemarketsreputationbutthemarketneverthelessremainsapowerfultoolbothfallocatingcapitalfeffectingsocialchange.Nowhereisthistr

2、uerthanwiththechallengeofconfrontingreversingclimatechange.Ofallthemarketbasedtoolsavailablefaddressingthisproblemthemostpotentarecaptradesystemsfgreenhousegasemissions.Intheirmostbasicfmcaptradesystemswkbymakingitexpens

3、ivetoemitgreenhousegases.Asaresulttheownersofanemissionssourcearemotivatedtoreplaceitwithsomethinglessdamagingtotheenvironment.Iftheyareunabletothetradingprovisionsallowthemtopurchasepermitstocontinueemittinguntiltheyare

4、readytoinvestinnewtechnology.Overtimeastheamountofcarbonallowedintotheatmosphereisreducedthepriceofapermitisexpectedtoincrease.InexistingcaptrademechanismssuchastheEuropeanUnionsGreenhouseGasEmissionTradingSchemegovernme

5、ntscapthetotalamountofemissionsallowedtheamountofemissionspermitteddeclinesovertime.ganizationssuchasutilitiesfactiescementplantsmunicipalitiessteelmillswastesitesaregivensoldpermitsthatallowthemtoemitacertainptionofther

6、elevantregionstotalgreenhousegases.Ifanganizationemitslessthanitsallotmentitcanselltheunusedpermitstoentitiesthatplanonexceedingtheirlimits.Undercaptradesystemscompaniescantradepermitswithoneanotherthroughbrokersinganize

7、dlocalglobalmarkets.TheAmericanCleanEnergySecurityActof2009the1201pagebillintroducedbyHenryWaxman(DCalif.)EdwardMarkey(DMass.)passedbytheU.S.HouseofRepresentativesonJune28isanambitiousattemptbyCongresstoplaycatchupafterh

8、avingfailedtoapprovetheKyotoProtocolwhichBurtonSanjourbuiltcomputermodelstosimulatehowmarketfcescouldbeusedtocodinateabatementactivitiesbyusingpenaltiesmeimptantincentivesrewards.Fromtheirperspectivethepenaltiesincentive

9、shadtobelargeenoughtopersuadeemittersofsulfurdioxidetoinvestinchangingtheirpractices.BurtonSanjourrealizedthatthecomplexityoftheproblemwasbeyondtheabilityofanycommcontrolmodeltosolvebecausesulfurdioxidewasemittedfromtens

10、ofthousofsourcesoperatedbythoussofdifferentutilitycompaniesdoingbusinessunderdozensofregulatyjurisdictionsacrosstheUnitedStates.Theirapproachprovedtoberemarkablysuccessful.Theninthe1980sthecaptrademodelwasemployedsuccess

11、fullytoeliminatetheuseofleadedgasolineincarsacrosstheUnitedStates.WhenleadaperfmanceadditivefinternalcombustionengineswasfoundtocauseneurologicalcognitivedisabilitiesinchildrentheEPAintroducedatradingprogramtoacceleratet

12、hephasingoutofleadedfuels.ThesystemtheEPAdeployedin1982putanoverallcapontheproductionofleadedfuelsbutallowedrefinerstobuysellpermitsamongthemselvestoproducethosefuelsaslongastheydidnotexceedtheoverallcap.Atthetimetheprog

13、ramwascriticizedascallousbysomeenvironmentalistswhobelieveditignedthehealthriskstochildrenwouldallowcpationstoprofiteventhoughleadedfuelswerecontinuingtocauseillness.Butthesuccessoftheprogramsoonsilenceditscritics.Itallo

14、wedrefinersthathadinvestedinnewprocessesplantsfmakingunleadedfueltoselltheirunusedpermitstorefinersthathadyettomakethechange.Asaresultcapitalflowedfromleadedgasolinemakerstounleadedrefinersactingasataxononeanincentivefth

15、eother.Fromamarketdesignperspectivetheprogramcreatedwhateconomistscall“strongpositivefeedbackloops.“By1987amerefiveyearsaftertheprogrambegannearlyallleadedgasolinehadbeeneliminatedintheUnitedStatesothercountrieswerecopyi

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