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1、1外文翻譯外文翻譯原文原文CreatingCreatingaCultureCultureofofIdeasIdeasMaterialSource:TechnologyReviewFeb2003Vol.106Issue1p342p1ColPhotographAuth:NicholasNegroponteWhatsparkstheideasthatbegetnewtechnologiesThecofounderofMIT’sMediaLab

2、sayscelebratingwronganswerslisteningtoyouthmakeagoodstart.Innovationisinefficient.Meoftenthannotitisundisciplinedcontrarianiconoclasticitnourishesitselfwithconfusioncontradiction.Inshtbeinginnovativefliesinthefaceofwhata

3、lmostallparentswantftheirchildrenmostCEOswantftheircompaniesheadsofstateswantftheircountries.innovativepeopleareapainintheass.Yetwithoutinnovationwearedoomed—bybedommonotony—todecline.Sowhatmakesinnovationhappenjustwhere

4、donewideascomefromThebasicanswers—providingagoodeducationalsystemencouragingdifferentviewpointsfosteringcollabationmaynotbesurprising.MeovertheabilitytofulfillthesecriteriahasservedtheUnitedStateswell.Butsomethings—thena

5、tureofhighereducationamongthem—willhavetochangeindertoensureaperpetualsourceofnewideas.Oneofthebasicsofagoodsystemofinnovationisdiversity.Insomewaysthestrongertheculture(nationalinstitutionalgenerationalother)thelesslike

6、lyitistoharbinnovativemondeepseatedbeliefswidespreadnmsbehaviperfmancestardsareenemiesofnewideas.Anysocietythatpridesitselfonbeingharmonioushomogeneousisveryunlikelytocatalyzeidiosyncraticthinking.Suppressionofinnovation

7、neednotbeovert.Itcanbesimplyamatterofpeople’swalkingaroundintacitagreementfullcomftwiththestatusquo.Averyheterogeneousculturebycontrastbreedsinnovationbyvirtueofitspeoplewholookateverythingfromdifferentviewpoints.America

8、thesocalledmeltingpotisseenbymanyashavingnoculture(witheitheracapitalCa3tenuredependupontunnelingintotruthsilluminatingideasinnarrowareas.Theantidotetosuchcanalizationcompartmentalizationisbeinginterdisciplinaryatermthat

9、isatonceutterlybanalinadvancedstudiesdescribesanalmostimpossiblegoal.Interdisciplinarylabsprojectsemergedinthe1960stoaddressbigproblemsspanningthefrontiersofthephysicalsocialsciencesengineeringthearts.Theideawastouniteco

10、mplementarybodiesofknowledgetoaddressissuesthattranscendedanyoneskillset.Fine.Onlyrecentlyhoweverhavepeoplerealizedthatinterdisciplinaryapproachescanbringenmousvaluetosomeverysmallproblemsthatinterdisciplinaryenvironment

11、salsostimulatecreativity.Inmaximizingthedifferencesinbackgroundsculturesagesthelikeweincreasethelikelihoodthattheresultswillnotbewhatwehadimagined.Twoadditionalingredientsareneededtocultivatenewideas.Bothhavetodowithmaxi

12、mizingserendipity.Firstweneedtoencouragerisk.Thisisparticularlyhardincareeroftenfliesinthefaceofpeerreviewthemechanismsfcpateadvancement.Thisissimplybecauseriskonitsowncanlookprettystupid.Peoplewholookaroundcnersareexpos

13、edtofailureridiculethustheymustfindbuoyancysupptwithintheirownenvironment.Iftheydon’tcounterintuitiveideaswillremainso.Thesecondingredientisencouragementfopennessideasharing—anotherbanalitynearlyimpossibletoachieve.Atthe

14、digitalbubble’speakbeingopenaboutideaswasparticularlyhardfcomputerscientistsbecausepeoplesawrichescomingfromnotsharingtheirideas.Studentswouldwithholdideasuntilaftergraduation.Asonepersonheldhishercardscloseanotherfollow

15、edasaresultmanyresearchlabsdeclinedinvalueeffectiveness.InthisregardthankGodthebubblehasburst.NotsomanyyearsagoBellLabsconductedsomuchresearchitcouldeasilyhousesomeveryhighriskprogramsincludingthesocalledblueskythinkingt

16、hatledtoinfmationtheythediscoveryofthecosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation.ButthewldbenefitedsometimesAT&Tdidtoo.NowBellLabsisashadowofitsfmerselfsubdividedseveraltimesthroughAT&T’s1984divestituresubsequentsplitintoLucentN

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