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1、BioinfmaticsBioinfmatics?ba?.o???nf?r?mt?ksisabranchofbiologicalsciencewhichdealswiththestudyofmethodsfstingretrievinganalyzingbiologicaldatasuchasnucleicacid(DNARNA)proteinsequencestructurefunctionpathwaysgeicinteractio

2、ns.Itgeneratesnewknowledgethatisusefulinsuchfieldsasdrugdesigndevelopmentofnewsoftwaretoolstocreatethatknowledge.Bioinfmaticsalsodealswithalgithmsdatabasesinfmationsystemswebtechnologiesartificialintelligencesoftcomputin

3、ginfmationcomputationtheystructuralbiologysoftwareengineeringdataminingimageprocessingmodelingsimulationdiscretemathematicscontrolsystemtheycircuittheymonlyusedsoftwaretoolstechnologiesinthisfieldincludeJavaXMLPerlCCPyth

4、onRMySQLSQLCUDAMATLABMicrosoftExcel.IntroductionBuildingontherecognitionoftheimptanceofinfmationtransmissionaccumulationprocessinginbiologicalsystemsin1978PaulienHogewegcoinedthetermed“Bioinfmatics“torefertothestudyofinf

5、mationprocessesinbioticsystems[1].Thisdefinitionplacedbioinfmaticsasfieldparalleltobiophysicsbiochemistry.Examplesofrelevantbiologicalinfmationprocessesstudiedintheearlydaysofbioinfmaticsarethefmationofcomplexsocialinter

6、actionstructuresbysimplebehavialrulestheinfmationaccumulationmaintenanceinmodelsofprebioticevolution.Atthebeginningofthe“genomicrevolution“thetermbioinfmaticswasrediscoveredtorefertothecreationmaintenanceofadatabasetoste

7、biologicalinfmationsuchasnucleotidesequencesaminoacidsequences.Developmentofthistypeofdatabaseinvolvednotonlydesignissuesbutthedevelopmentofcomplexinterfaceswherebyresearcherscouldaccessexistingdataaswellassubmitnewrevis

8、eddata.Indertostudyhownmalcellularactivitiesarealteredindifferentdiseasestatesthebiologicaldatamustbecombinedtofmacomprehensivepictureoftheseactivities.Therefethefieldofbioinfmaticshasevolvedsuchthatthemostpressingtaskno

9、winvolvestheanalysisinterpretationofvarioustypesofdata.Thisincludesnucleotideaminoacidsequencesproteindomainsproteinstructures.[2]Theactualprocessofanalyzinginterpretingdataisreferredtoascomputationalbiology.Imptantsubdi

10、sciplineswithinbioinfmaticscomputationalbiologyinclude:oStructures–ProteinsNucleicacidsLigs(includingmetabolitesdrugs)PeptidesoInteractiondataamongtheaboveentitiesincludingmicroarraydatawksofproteinsmetabolites?DynamicoS

11、ystemsBiologycomesunderthiscategyincludingreactionfluxesvariableconcentrationsofmetabolitesoMultiAgentBasedmodellingapproachescapturingcellulareventssuchassignallingtranionreactiondynamicsAbroadsubcategyunderbioinfmatics

12、isstructuralbioinfmatics.MajresearchareasSequenceanalysisMainarticles:SequencealignmentSequencedatabaseSincethePhageΦX174wassequencedin1977[6]theDNAsequencesofthoussofganismshavebeendecodedstedindatabases.Thissequenceinf

13、mationisanalyzedtodeterminegenesthatencodepolypeptides(proteins)RNAgenesregulatysequencesstructuralmotifsrepetitivesequences.Acomparisonofgeneswithinaspeciesbetweendifferentspeciescanshowsimilaritiesbetweenproteinfunctio

14、nsrelationsbetweenspecies(theuseofmolecularsystematicstoconstructphylogeictrees).WiththegrowingamountofdataitlongagobecameimpracticaltoanalyzeDNAsequencesmanually.TodaycomputerprogramssuchasBLASTareuseddailytosearchseque

15、ncesfrommethan260000ganismscontainingover190billionnucleotides.[7]Theseprogramscancompensatefmutations(exchangeddedbases)intheDNAsequencetoidentifysequencesthatarerelatedbutnotidentical.Avariantofthissequencealignmentisu

16、sedinthesequencingprocessitself.Thesocalledshotgunsequencingtechnique(whichwasusedfexamplebyTheInstitutefGenomicResearchtosequencethefirstbacterialgenomeHaemophilusinfluenzae)[8]doesnotproduceentirechromosomes.Insteaditg

17、eneratesthesequencesofmanythoussofsmallDNAfragments(rangingfrom35to900nucleotideslongdependingonthesequencingtechnology).Theendsofthesefragmentsoverlapwhenalignedproperlybyagenomeassemblyprogramcanbeusedtoreconstructthec

18、ompletegenome.Shotgunsequencingyieldssequencedataquicklybutthetaskofassemblingthefragmentscanbequitecomplicatedflargergenomes.FagenomeaslargeasthehumangenomeitmaytakemanydaysofCPUtimeonlargememymultiprocesscomputerstoass

19、emblethefragmentstheresultingassemblywillusuallycontainnumerousgapsthathavetobefilledinlater.Shotgunsequencingisthemethodofchoicefvirtuallyallgenomessequencedtodaygenomeassemblyalgithmsareacriticalareaofbioinfmaticsresea

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