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1、Unit1.Theabilitytopredictwhatthewriterisgoingabouttryingtosaynextisbothanaidtounderstingasignofit.Apredictionbeginsfromthemomentyoureadthetitlefromexpectationsofwhathebookislikelytocontain.Eveniftheexpectationsprediction
2、sarecontradictedtheyareusefulbecausetheyhavestartedyouthinkingaboutthetopicmadeyouactivelyinvolved.Ifyoufmulateyourpredictionsasquestionswhichyouthinkthetextmayansweryouarepreparingyourselftoreadfapurpose:toseewhichofyou
3、rquestionsareinfactdealtwithwhatanswersareoffered.Ifyourreadingismepurposefulyouarelikelytounderstbetter.Naturallyyourpredictionsexpectationswillnotalwaysbecrect.Thisdoesnotmatteratallaslongasyourecognizewhentheyarewrong
4、why.Infactmistakenpredictionscantellyouthesourceofmisunderstinghelpyoutoavoidcertainfalseassumptions.Predictionispossibleatanumberoflevels.Fromthetitleofthebookyoucanknowfetellthetopicthepossiblysomethingaboutthetreatmen
5、t.Fromthebeginningofthesentencesyoucanoftenpredicthowthesentencewillend.Betweentheseextremesyoucanpredictwhatwillhappennextinastyhowawriterwilldeveloppresenthisargumentwhatmethodswillbeusedtotestahypothesis.Becausepredic
6、tionensuresthereader’sactiveinvolvementitiswthtraining.Unit2.Educationisnotanendbutameanstoanend.Inotherwdswedonoteducatechildrenjustonlyfthepurposeofeducatingthem.Ourpurposeistofitthemflife.Inmanymoderncountriesithasfso
7、metimebeenfashionabletothinkthatbyfreeeducationfallonecansolvealltheproblemsofsocietybuildaperfectnation.Butwecanalreadyseethatfreeeducationfallisnotenoughwefindinsomemanycountriesafarlargernumberofpeoplewithuniversityde
8、greesthantherearejobsfthemtofill.Becauseoftheirdegreestheyrefusetodowhattheythinktobe“l(fā)ow“wkinfactwkwithhsisthoughttobedirtyshamefulinsuchcountries.Butwehaveonlytothinkamomenttoseeknowunderstthatthewkofacompletelyuneduca
9、tedfarmerisfarmeimptantthanthatofaprofess.Wecanlivewithouteducationbutwedieifwehavenofood.Ifnoonecleanedourstreetstooktherubbishawayfromourhousesweshouldgetterriblediseasesinourtowns.Infactwhenwesaythatallofusmustbeeduca
10、tedtofitourselvesflifeitmeansthatwemustbereadywillingeducatedtaughttodowhateverjobsuitedtoourbrainabilitytorealizethatalljobsarenecessarytosocietythatisverywrongincrecterroneoustobeashamedofoneswktoscnsomeoneelse’s.Onlys
11、uchatypeofeducationcanbecalledvaluabletosociety.Unit3.Humanbeingslearntocommunicatewitheachotherwillnonlinguisticmeansaswellaslinguisticwaysmeansones.Allofusarefamiliarwiththesayitwasn’twhathesaiditwasthewaythathesaiditw
12、henbyusingsayingthewdwaywemeansomethingabouttheparticularvicequalitythatwasinevidence.thesetofashouldertheobvioustensionofcertainmuscles.AmessagemayevenbesentbytheaccompanyingtonegesturessothateachofI’mreadyyouarebeautif
13、ulIdon’tknowwhereheiscanmeantheoppositeofanysuchinterpretation.Oftenwehavemeetencounterexperiencedifficultyinfindingexactlywhatinthecommunicationcausesthechangeofmeaninganystatementwemakeleadstothesourceofthegapbetweenth
14、eliteralmeaningofthewdsthetotalmessagethatislikelytobeexpressedinimpressionisticterms.Itislikelytorefertosomethinglikea“glint”inaperson’seyesa“threatening”gesture“provocative”manner.Unit4.Howdothebirdsfindtheirwayontheir
15、enmouslylongjourneysTheyoungbirdsarenottaughttheroadbytheirparentsbecauseoftentheparentsflyofffirst.Wehavenoideahowthebirdsfindtheirwayparticularlyasmanyofthemflyatbynightwhenlmarkscouldhardlybeseen.otherbirdsmigrateover
16、theseawheretherearenolmarksatall.AcertainkindofploverfinstanceexamplenestsinCanada.AttheendofthesummerthesebirdsmigratefromCanadatoSouthAmericatheyfly2500milesnonstopovertheocean.Notonlyisthisverylongflightanextradinarys
17、ystemanywhereelseourtelescopesarenotpowerfulenoughtopickuptheirfeeblereflectedlight.Butastronomersguessthatonestarinahundredhasatleastoneplawherelifecouldexist.Wearequitesurethatlifecouldbeginonayoungpla.Anewplantwouldbe
18、likelytocontaingreatseastogetherwithheavycloudsofwatervapothergases.Electricstmswouldbecommon.Itispossiblethatsimplelivingcellsmightfromwhenelectricitypassedthroughtheclouds.Anexperimentmadein1952attheUniversityofChicago
19、seemstoprovethis.Bypassingelectricitythroughnonlivingmaterialsscientistmadecellslikethoseoflivingcreatures.Unit8.Atthebeginningofthenieenthcenturytheonlyacceptablerolesfwomenweredomestictherewasvirtuallynothingfthemtodoe
20、xceptstayathomehireoutasmaidsgovernessesbefelongteachers.Womenwerenotallowedtoownpropertyinmostcasesnoteventheclothestheywe.Awkingwifewasnotallowedtokeepherwagesbutwasrequiredtoturnthemovertoherhusb.Incaseofseparationdiv
21、ceawomanhadnolegalclaimsonherhusbwasnotallowedtokeepthechildren.Shehadtolegalstatuswhichmeantthatshewasnotpermittedtobringsuittogivetestimonyincourts.Oftenshewasnotpermittedtoinheritpropertytomakeawill.Shewasbarredfrompu
22、blicofficeexcludedfmpubliclifegenerally.Fthemostpartwomenlackedopptunitiesfeducationvocationaltrainingprofessionalemployment.Thenationalconsensuswasthatwomenbelonginthehomedeterminedefftsweremadetoseethattheystayedthere.
23、Unit9.Sydney’sbestfeatureisherharb.MostSydneysiderscanseeatleastaglimpseofblueseafromtheirwindows.Nearlyeveryoneliveswithinanhourfromabeach.Onweekendssailsofallshapessizescolsglideacrossthewater.Watchingtheyachtracesisaf
24、aviteSaturdayactivity.TheharbdividesSydneyintonthsouthsections.Theharbbridgeconnectsthetwo.Itwasbuiltin1932cost20million.AnotherSydneysymbolstsontheharbshe.Sydney’smagnificentoperahousecelebratedits20thanniversarylastyea
25、r.DanishdesignerJnUtzonwonaninternationalcontestwithhisdesign.Thestructurecontainsseveralauditiatheaters.Butnotallconcertsareheldinthebuilding.Sundayafternoonconcertsonthebuilding’souterwalkattractmanylisteners.Sydney’st
26、rendysuburbisPaddington.Housesaretightlypackedtogether.ManywerefirstbuiltfVictianartists.Nowfashionableshopsrestaurantsartsgalleriesinterestingpeoplefillthearea.ThebesttimetovisitisSaturdaywhenvendsselleverything.Sothere
27、isoneofthewld’smostattractivecitiesSydneyAustrian.Unit10Architecturaldesigninfluenceshowprivacyisachievedaswellashowsocialcontactismadeinpublicplaces.Theconceptofprivacyisnotuniquetoaparticularculturebutwhatitmeansiscult
28、urallydetermined.PeopleintheUnitedStatestendtoachieveprivacybyphysicallyseparatingthemselvesfromothers.Theexpression“goodfencesmakegoodneighbs”isapreferencefprivacyfromneighbs’homes.Ifafamilycanaffditeachchildhashisherow
29、nbedroom.Whenprivacyisneededfamilymembersmayclosetheirbedroomdos.Insomecultureswhenindividualsneedprivacyitisacceptablefthemsimplytolookintothemselves.Thatistheydonotneedtoremovethemselvesphysicallyfromagroupindertoachie
30、veprivacy.YoungAmericanchildrenlearntherule“knockbefeyouenter”whichteachesthemtorespectothers’privacy.Parentstoooftenfollowthisrulepritoenteringtheirchildren’srooms.Whenabedroomdoiscloseditmaybea(n)signtootherssaying“Ine
31、edprivacy”“I’mangry”“Donotdisturb.I’busy.”FAmericansthephysicaldivisionofspacetheuseofarchitecturalfeaturespermitasenseofprivacy.Thewayspaceisusedtohelptheindividualtoachieveprivacytobuildhomestodesigncitiesifculturallyi
32、nfluenced.Dr.Hallsummarizestherelationshipbetweenindividualstheirphysicalsurroundings:Manhisextensionsconstituteoneinterrelatedsystem.Itisamistaketoactasthoughmanwasonethinghishousehiscitieshislanguageweesomethingelse.Un
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