學(xué)術(shù)綜合英語(yǔ)unit1-5課文翻譯

1、1Presentingaspeech（做演講）（做演講）Ofallhumancreationslanguagemaybethemostremarkable.Through在人類所有的創(chuàng)造中，語(yǔ)言也許是影響最為深遠(yuǎn)的。我們用語(yǔ)言languageweshareexperiencefmulatevaluesexchangeideastransmit來(lái)分享經(jīng)驗(yàn)，表達(dá)(傳遞？)價(jià)值觀，交換想法，傳播知識(shí)，knowledgesustaincultu

2、re.Indeedlanguageisvitaltothinkitself.傳承文化。事實(shí)上，對(duì)語(yǔ)言本身的思考也是至關(guān)重要的。[Contrarytopopularbelief]language|doesnotsimplymirrrealitybutalsohelpstocreateoursenseofreality[bygivingmeaningtoevents].和通常所認(rèn)為的不同的是，語(yǔ)言并不只是簡(jiǎn)單地反映現(xiàn)實(shí)，語(yǔ)言在具體描述事件的

3、時(shí)候也在幫助我們建立對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的感知?！Z(yǔ)序的調(diào)整。Goodspeakershaverespectflanguageknowhowitwks.Wdsarethetoolsofaspeaker’scraft.Theyhavespecialusesjustlikethetoolsofanyotherprofession.Asaspeakeryoushouldbeawareofthemeaningofwdsknowhowtouselanguag

4、eaccuratelyclearlyvividlyappropriately.好的演講者對(duì)語(yǔ)言很重視，也知道如何讓它發(fā)揮更好的效果。詞語(yǔ)是演講者演講的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，這和任何其他的工作技藝沒什么兩樣。作為演講者，必須知道詞語(yǔ)的具體含義，也要懂得如何做到用詞準(zhǔn)確、清晰、生動(dòng)、適當(dāng)。Usinglanguageaccuratelyisasvitaltoaspeakerasusingnumbersaccuratelytoaacco

5、untant.Neveruseawdunlessyouaresureofitsmeaning.Ifyouarenotsurelookupthewdinthedictionary.Asyouprepareyourspeechesaskyourselfconstantly“WhatdoIreallywanttosayWhatdoIreallymean”Choosewdsthatarepreciseaccurate.演講者準(zhǔn)確地使用語(yǔ)言和會(huì)計(jì)

6、準(zhǔn)確使用數(shù)字是一樣重要的。確定詞意后再措詞。如果不確定，請(qǐng)先查詞典。當(dāng)你在準(zhǔn)備演講的時(shí)候，要不斷地問自己：“我到底要說(shuō)什么？我到底想表達(dá)什么意思？”用詞一定要精準(zhǔn)。Usinglanguageclearlyallowslix=stenerstograspyourmeaningimmediately.Youcanensurethis[byusingfamiliarwds（thatareknowntotheaveragepersonrequi

7、renospecializedbackground）bychoosingconcretewdsinpreferencetomeabstractonesbyeliminatingverbalclutter].用詞清晰可以讓聽眾迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的點(diǎn)）。要做到這一點(diǎn)，就要盡量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要專業(yè)知識(shí)就能懂的詞語(yǔ)；多用具象詞匯少用抽象詞匯；還有要減少口誤。Usinglanguagevividlyhelpsbringyourspe

8、echtolife.Oneway(tomakeyourspeechvivid)|isthroughimagery，thecreationofwdpictures.Youcandevelopimagerybyusingconcretelanguagesimilemetaph.Simileisanexplicit3inpassing—sometimesyoumaywanttogiveseveralbriefexamplesinarowtoc

9、reateastrongerimpression.Extendedexamples—oftencalledillustrationsnarrationsanecdotes—arelongermedetailed.Hypotheticalexamplesdescribeimagerysituationscanbequiteeffectivefrelatingideastotheaudience.Allthreekindsofexample

10、shelptoclarifyideastoreinfceideastopersonalizeideas.Tobemeeffectivethoughtheyshouldbevividrichlytextured.在演講時(shí)可以簡(jiǎn)單舉例——即附帶地提及幾個(gè)具體的例子——有時(shí)也需要接二連三舉例來(lái)加深印象。延伸舉例——也叫解釋、敘述或軼事——更長(zhǎng)更詳盡。假設(shè)舉例描述的是想象的情景，能夠很好地把想法傳達(dá)給觀眾。這三種不同的例子都有助于演講者清晰地表

11、達(dá)觀點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)觀點(diǎn)并使之打上演講者的烙印。當(dāng)然，要想演講效果更好，演講本身必須生動(dòng)且結(jié)構(gòu)豐富！Statisticscanbeextremelyhelpfulinconveyingyourmessage[aslongasyouusethemsparinglyexplainthemsotheyaremeaningfultoyouraudience.]Aboveallyoushouldunderstyourstatisticsusethemfa

12、irly.Numberscaneasilybemanipulateddistted.Makesurethatyourfiguresarerepresentativeofwhattheyclaimtomeasurethatyouusestatisticalmeasurescrectlythatyoutakestatisticsonlyfromreliablesources.統(tǒng)計(jì)資料非常有助于演講者傳遞信息，因?yàn)楫?dāng)演講者適量地運(yùn)用這些資料并

13、加以解釋時(shí)，聽眾就能更好地理解其中的意義。最重要的是，演講者必須理解這些統(tǒng)計(jì)資料并恰當(dāng)使用。數(shù)字很容易被篡改、誤報(bào)，因此必須確保自己所使用的數(shù)據(jù)不是張冠李戴的；必須確保自己使用的統(tǒng)計(jì)措施是正確的；必須確保自己的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料來(lái)源是可靠的。Testimonyisespeciallyhelpfulfstudentspeakersbecausetheyareseldomrecognizedasexpectsontheirspeechtopics.C

14、itingtheviewsofpeople（whoareexperts）isagoodwaytomakeyourideasmecredible.Whenyouincludetestimonyinaspeechyoucaneitherquotesomeoneverbatimparaphrasetheirwds.Aswithstatisticsthereareguidelinesfusingtestimony.Besuretoquotepa

15、raphraseaccuratelytocitequalifiedunbiasedsources.Ifthesourceisnotgenerallyknowntoyouraudiencebecertaintoestablishhishercredentials.引用他人觀點(diǎn)看法對(duì)學(xué)生演講者來(lái)說(shuō)尤其有用，因?yàn)閷W(xué)生很少會(huì)被視為他們演講相關(guān)主題方面的專家。引用專家的觀點(diǎn)可以讓你的想法更可信。引用的時(shí)候，既可以逐字摘抄也可以自己總結(jié)一下。和統(tǒng)計(jì)

16、資料一樣，引用也有原則可循——引用摘抄準(zhǔn)確，來(lái)源合格無(wú)偏見。如果觀眾對(duì)引用來(lái)源不太熟悉，一定要（想辦法）取得他們的信任。Theimpactofaspeechisstronglyaffectedbyhowthespeechisdelivered.Youcannotmakeaspeechwithouthavingsomethingtosay.Buthavingsomethingtosayisnotenough.Youmustalsoknow