《新編語言學(xué)教程》練習(xí)參考答案

1、說明應(yīng)許多教師和學(xué)生的要求，我們編寫了本教科書每章后面的習(xí)題答案。但是，有兩點必須說明一下。第一，對術(shù)語的定義或解釋，多是以本書相關(guān)章節(jié)為依據(jù)，所以會有些局限性。好在目前市場上有多種語言學(xué)詞典，大家可參考其他定義和解釋。第二，對開放式問答題的回答，多為提示性的，而且也是基于本書內(nèi)容做的基本回答，往往顯得過于簡略。一方面，本書是入門性的教程，對諸多問題的討論仍欠深入；另一方面，每章后面附的參考書，可以告訴讀者到哪里去查找相關(guān)信息，加深對某

2、個問題的了解?？傊@里提供的答案是參考性的，絕不是唯一的，更不是窮盡一切的。充其量，它只能給教師和同學(xué)提供一點點方便而已。如發(fā)現(xiàn)不當(dāng)之處，敬請指教。Chapter1Introduction1.Definethefollowingtermsbriefly.(1)linguistics:thescientificsystematicstudyoflanguage.(2)language:asystemofarbitraryvocalsym

3、bolsusedfhumancommunication.(3)arbitrariness:theabsenceofsimilaritybetweenthefmofalinguisticsignwhatitrelatestoinrealitye.g.thewddogdoesnotlooklikeadog.(4)duality:thewaymeaninglesselementsoflanguageatonelevel(soundslette

4、rs)combinetofmmeaningfulunits(wds)atanotherlevel.(5)competence:knowledgeofthegrammarofalanguageasafmalabstractiondistinctfromthebehaviofactuallanguageusei.e.perfmance.(6)perfmance:Chomsky’stermfactuallanguagebehaviasdist

5、inctfromtheknowledgethatunderliesitcompetence.(7)stylistics:thestudyofhowliteraryeffectscanberelatedtolinguisticfeatures.(8)phaticcommunion:Languageisusedtoestablishanatmospheremaintainsocialcontactbetweenthespeakerthehe

6、arer.(9)functionalism:thestudyofthefmsoflanguageinreferencetotheirsocialfunctionincommunication.(10)fmalism:thestudyoftheabstractfmsoflanguagetheirinternalrelations.(11)synchroniclinguistics:thestudyoflanguagespeechasthe

7、yareusedatagivenmomentnotintermsofhowtheyhaveevolvedovertime.(12)diachroniclinguistics:thestudyoflinguisticchangeovertimeincontrasttolookingatlanguageasitisusedatagivenmoment.2.Nolanguageishumanspecific.Humanlanguagehass

8、evendesignfeaturesincludingarbitrarinessdualityproductivityinterchangeabilitydisplacementspecializationculturaltransmission.Thesefeaturesarefoundutterlylackingindogs’pigs’noisesthussethumanlanguageapartfromanimalcrysyste

9、ms.mannerofarticulation.(4)elision:theleavingoutofasoundsoundsinspeech.(5)intonation:thevariationinpitchstresswhichgivesbeatrhythmtothetunethevoiceplaysindinaryspeech.(6)phoneme:theabstractelementofasoundidentifiedasbein

10、gdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.(7)phoics:thestudyoflinguisticspeechsoundshowtheyareproducedhowtheyareperceivedtheirphysicalproperties.(8)phonology:thestudyoftheabstractsystemsunderlyingthesoundsoflanguage.(9)stress:th

11、eprominencegiventocertainsoundsinspeech.(10)voicing:thevibrationinthelarynxcausedbyairfromthelungspassingthroughthevocalcdswhentheyarepartlyclosedspeechsoundsaresaidtobeeithervoicedvoiceless.(11)voiceless:Whenthevocalcds

12、arespreadaparttheairstreamfromthelungsisnotobstructedatthespacebetweenvocalcdspassesfreely.Thesoundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoicelesssounds.(12)vowel:aspeechsoundproducedwithoutsignificantconstrictionoftheairflowi

13、ngthroughthealcavity.2.Minimalpairtestsubstitutiontest.Minimalpairtestsubstitutiontestistoseewhethersubstitutingonesoundfanotherresultsinadifferentwd.Ifitdoesthetwosoundsrepresentdifferentphonemes.FexampleastotheEnglishw

14、dbearifwesubstitutepfbwegetthewdpearthetwoaredifferentwds.Thenbprepresentdifferentphonemes.Otherexamplesarechunkjunkbanbinbetbeatfinevinesidesiteetc.3.Takethewdbigfexampleinthewdbigbigbistheonsetiisthenucleusgisthecoda.T

15、hedifferencebetweenopensyllablesclosedsyllablesiswhetherthewdshavecodas.IftherearecodastheyareclosedsyllablessuchaspighatatifnottheyareopensyllablessuchasdoIteakey.4.(1)stopconsonant(2)backroundedvowel5.(1)voicelessvoice

16、d(2)bilabiallabiodental(3)closesemiopen(4)stopnasal(5)alveolarpalatal(6)alveolardental(1)kitgitbuckerbuggerbagback(2)marknarksmacksnacksumsun(3)bestvestoberoverliblive(4)bemeabateamatemobmom(5)patfataptaft(AmE)harp(BrE)h