新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程整理

1、Linguistics：Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.GeneralLinguistics：ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.language：Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfhumancommunicatio

2、n.DesignFeatures：Itreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Linguistics：Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguageb

3、utlanguagesingeneral.Thescopeoflinguistics：Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.(普通語(yǔ)言學(xué))Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphoics.（語(yǔ)音學(xué)）Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherusedin

4、communicationiscalledphonology.（音系學(xué)）Thestudyofthewayinwhichmphemesarearrangedtofmwdsarecalledmphology.（形態(tài)學(xué)）Thestudyofhowmphemeswdsarecombinedtofmsentencesiscalledsyntax（句法學(xué)）Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.（語(yǔ)

5、義學(xué)）Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.（語(yǔ)用學(xué)）Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.（社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetothewkingofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.（心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)）1.寬式音標(biāo)Broa

6、dtranionThetranionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.2.窄式音標(biāo)NarrowtranionThetranionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsthediacritics.3.清音VoicelessWhenthevocalcdsaredrawnwideapartlettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibrationtheso

7、undsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.4.濁音VoicingSoundsproducedwhilethevocalcdsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.5.元音VowelThesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatscomeveryclosetogethertheairstreampassest

8、hroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.6.輔音ConsonantsThesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.7.音位PhonemeThebasicunitinphonologyit’sacol

9、lectionofdistinctivephoicfeatures.8.音位變體AllophonesDifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.9.音素phoneAphoicunitsegment.itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaningit’sas

10、peechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.10.最小對(duì)立對(duì)MinimalpairWhentwodifferentfmsareidenticalineverywayexceptfonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestringsthetwowdsaresaidtofmaminimalpair.11.超切分特征SuprasegmentalThephonem

11、icfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestressintonationtone.12.互補(bǔ)分布complementarydistributionP35Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplement

12、arydistribution.13.語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)音媒介PhonicmediumoflanguageThelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.9.句法類型SyntacticcategyAwdphrasethatperfmsaparticula

13、rgrammaticalfunctionsuchasthesubjectobject.10.表層結(jié)構(gòu)SstructureAlevelofsyntacticrepresentationaftertheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.11.深層結(jié)構(gòu)DstructureAlevelofsyntacticrepresentationbefetheoperationofnecessarysyntacti

14、cmovement.12.普遍語(yǔ)法GeneralgrammarAsystemoflinguisticknowledgewhichconsistsofsomegeneralprinciplesparametersaboutnaturelanguage.13.移動(dòng)α規(guī)則MoveαAgeneralmovementruleaccountingfthesyntacticbehaviofanyconstituentmovement.14.句法移位S

15、yntacticmovementSyntacticmovementoccurswhenaconstituentmovesoutofitsiginalplacetoanewposition.15.轉(zhuǎn)換原則TransfmationrulesSyntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransfmationalruleswhoseoperationmaychangethesynt

16、acticrepresentationofasentence.16.X標(biāo)桿理論XbartheyAgeneralhighlyabstractschemathatcollapsesallphrasesstructurerulesintoasinglefmat:X”→（Spec）X(Compl).1.命名論ThenamingtheyThenamingtheyoneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaningalsoa

17、veryprimitiveonewasproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Accdingtothistheythelinguisticfmssymbolsinotherwdsthewdsusedinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystfsowdsarejustnameslabelsfthings.2.意念論Theconceptualistvie

18、wItholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticfmwhatitreferstoratherintheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.3.語(yǔ)境論ConceptualismIt’sbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfro

19、mreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.heraretwokindsofcontext:thesituationalthelinguisticcontext.4.行為主義論BehaviismItreferstotheattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguagefmasthe”situationinwhichthespeakeruttersittheresponseitcall

20、sfthinthehearer”.thistheysomewhatclosetoconceptualismemphasizesonthepsychologicalresponse.5.意義SenseIt’sconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticfm.It’sthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticfmit’sabstractdecont

21、extualized.6.所指意義ReferenceItmeanswhatalinguisticfmreferstointherealphysicalwlditdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementthenonlinguisticwldofexperience.7.同義詞SynonymyItreferstothesamenessclosesimilarityofmeanin

22、gwecansaythatwdsarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.8.多義詞PolysemyItreferstodifferentwdsmayhavethesamesimilarmeaningthesameonewdmayhavemethanonemeaning.9.同音(形)異義HomonymyItreferstothephenomenonthatwdshavedifferentmeaningsha