中國(guó)政法大學(xué)在職碩士校考英語(yǔ)試題da

1、英語(yǔ)試題公共英語(yǔ)部分PutthefollowingpassageintoChinese:1、Criticsofearlyschoolingciteresearchthatquestionswhether4yearoldchildrenarereadytotakeonfmallearning.Educatsfindthatoldertoddlersaremelikelytosucceedduringtheirschoolcareerswh

2、ereastheiryoungercounterpartsaremelikelytofail.Kindergartenchildrenwhoturnfiveduringthelatterhalfoftheyearseemtobeatadisadvantagewhenitcomestophysicalemotionalsocialintellectualdevelopment.Additionallychildrenwhoarenearl

3、ysixwhentheyenterkindergartentendtoreceivebettergradesscehigheronachievementteststhroughouttheirschoolingexperiencethandothosewhobeginkindergartenhavingjustturnedfive.Beingbrightverballyskillfulbeingreadyfschooldonotseem

4、tobethesamething.Itiseasytoconfusethesuperficialpoisesophisticationofmanyoftoday’schildrenwithinnermaturity.Indeedevidencesuggeststhatearlyschoolingboomerangs:Youngsterswhoseparentspushthemtoattainacademicsuccessinpresch

5、oolarelesscreativehavemeanxietyabouttestsbytheendofkindergartenfailtomaintaintheirinitialacademicadvantageovertheirlesspressuredpeers.對(duì)早期教育的批評(píng)引用了關(guān)于4歲兒童是否應(yīng)準(zhǔn)備接受正規(guī)教育的研究報(bào)告。教育工作者發(fā)現(xiàn)，年齡較大的幼兒更容易在他們的學(xué)業(yè)中取得成功，而年齡較小的幼兒更容易失敗。幼兒園的孩子在快

6、到五歲時(shí)面臨的生理、心理、社交和智力發(fā)展，似乎并不順利。此外，快到六歲的孩子上幼兒園時(shí)往往會(huì)獲得更好的成績(jī)，并在學(xué)業(yè)上比那些剛滿五歲上幼兒園的孩子成績(jī)更好。天資聰慧、擁有語(yǔ)言表達(dá)技能與準(zhǔn)備好上學(xué)并不一樣。人們很容易將如今大多數(shù)內(nèi)心成熟兒童的表面上自信與精明混淆。事實(shí)上，有證據(jù)表明，過(guò)早教育會(huì)適得其反：那些由被父母要求在幼兒園進(jìn)行應(yīng)試教育學(xué)習(xí)的兒童缺乏創(chuàng)造力，對(duì)考試更加焦慮，并在幼兒園結(jié)束時(shí)，與那些未被要求進(jìn)行應(yīng)試教育學(xué)習(xí)的兒童相比，并不

7、能在學(xué)習(xí)上保持其最初的優(yōu)勢(shì)。Manypsychologistseducatsremainskepticalofapproachesthatplace4yearoldsinafmaleducationalsetting.Theyquestionwhetherenvironmentalenrichmentcansignificantlyalterthebuiltindevelopmentaltimetableofachildrearedin

8、anondisadvantagedhome.Theydonotdenyhoweverthevalueofdaycarecentersnurseryschoolsthatprovideahomelikeenvironmentallowchildrenconsiderablefreedomtoplaydevelopattheirownpaceevolvetheirsocialskills.Buttheypointoutthatmanyoft

9、hethingschildrenoncedidinfirstgradearenowexpectedoftheminkindergartentheywrylestmemewillnowbeaskedof4yearolds.Thesepsychologistseducatsbelievewearedrivingyoungchildrentoohardtherebydeprivingthemoftheirchildhood.許多心理學(xué)家和教育

10、工作者對(duì)4歲兒童接受正規(guī)教育仍持懷疑態(tài)度。他們質(zhì)疑豐富環(huán)境是否能顯著地改變貧窮家庭孩子的成長(zhǎng)時(shí)間表。但并不否認(rèn)托兒所、幼兒園的舒適環(huán)境、讓孩子自由玩耍、自由成長(zhǎng)、提升社交能力的種種好處。但他們指出，過(guò)去孩子在小學(xué)一年級(jí)學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)現(xiàn)已在幼兒園進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)，他們擔(dān)心越來(lái)越多的孩子被要求在4歲開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)。這些心理學(xué)家和教育工作者認(rèn)為，家長(zhǎng)望子成龍心切，從而剝奪了孩子們的童年。2、Incountryaftercountrytalkofnonsmoke

11、rs’rightisintheair.Whileamajityofcountrieshavetakenlittlenoactionyetsome30nationshaveintroducedlegislativestepstocontrolsmoking.Manylawshavebeenintroducedinothercountriestohelpcleartheairfnonsmokerstocutcigaretteconsumpt

12、ion.Insomedevelopedcountriestheconsumptionofcigaretteshasbecomemelessstabilized.Howeverinmanydevelopingnationscigarettesmokingisseenasasignofeconomicprogress—isevenencouraged.Asmetobaccocompaniesgointernationalnewmarkets

13、aresoughttogainnewsmokersinthosecountries.FexamplegreatefftsaremadebytheAmericantobaccoindustrytosellcigarettesinthedleEastNthAfrica—whereU.S.tobaccoexptsincreasedbymethan27percentin1974.Smokingisharmfultothehealthofpeop

14、le.Wldgovernmentsshouldconductseriouscampaignsagainstit.Restrictionsoncigaretteadvertisementplushealthwarningsonpackagesbansonpublicsmokingincertainplacessuchastheaterscinemasrestaurantsarethemostpopulartoolsusedbynation

15、sinsupptofnonsmokersincurbingsmoking.Butwldattentionalsoisfocusingonanotherstepwhichwillmakethesmokerincreasinglyselfconsciousuncomftableabouthishabit.Greatefftsshouldbemadetoinfmyoungpeopleespeciallyofthedreadfulconsequ

16、encesoftakingupthehabit.cigarettepriceshouldbeboosted.Inthelongrunthereisnodoubtthateverybodywouldbemuchbetteroffifsmokingwerebannedaltogetherbutpeoplearenotreadyfsuchdrasticaction.物之內(nèi)。機(jī)構(gòu)的機(jī)構(gòu)，不管其意圖是什么，無(wú)論他們的形式（國(guó)家，教會(huì)，志愿社團(tuán)，政

17、黨），都有既得利益確保公共船不會(huì)被猛烈搖晃，并將影響那些在大眾媒體中工作的人，他們將被毫不知情地引導(dǎo)到生產(chǎn)形式，盡管他們經(jīng)歷了爭(zhēng)議和調(diào)查的動(dòng)議，但不會(huì)突破皮膚，這樣的查詢可能真正傷害。當(dāng)暴露問(wèn)題時(shí)，他們傾向于移動(dòng)，完全在民主社會(huì)所接受的陳詞濫調(diào)中，并且不會(huì)從根本上質(zhì)疑這些陳詞濫調(diào)，也不會(huì)使他們對(duì)當(dāng)代生活的特征產(chǎn)生令人不安的應(yīng)用。他們將強(qiáng)調(diào)程序給出的“刺激”，但這很快就成為一個(gè)激動(dòng)的問(wèn)題，為了本身的興趣的興趣他們將再次幫助接受現(xiàn)狀的現(xiàn)狀。

18、這種趨勢(shì)有例外，但它們是不典型的。Theresultcanbeseeninahundredradiotelevisionprogramsasplainlyasinthenmaltreatmentofpublicissuesinthepopularpress.Differentlevelsofbackgroundinthereadersviewersmaybeassumedbutwhatusuallytakesplaceisasubsti

19、tuteftheprocessofarrivingatjudgment.Programssuchasthisarenotewthylessfthe“stimulation”theyofferthanfthefactthatstimulation(repeatedatregularintervals)maybecomeasubstitutefsoahindrancetojudgmentscarefullyarrivedattestedin

20、themindonthepulses.Masscommunicationsthendonotigneintellectualmatterstheytendtocastrate(使…喪失活力)themtoallowthemtositonthesideofthefireplacesleekuselessafamilyplaything.結(jié)果可以在一百個(gè)廣播和電視節(jié)目中看到，正如普通新聞中公眾問(wèn)題的正常處理一樣?？梢约俣ㄗx者或觀看者中的不同級(jí)

21、別的背景，但是通常發(fā)生的是替代判斷的過(guò)程。這樣的程序?qū)τ谒鼈兲峁┑摹按碳ぁ憋@然比對(duì)于刺激（以固定間隔重復(fù)）可能成為代替并且因此妨礙在心理和脈沖中仔細(xì)地到達(dá)和測(cè)試的判斷的事實(shí)而言更少。那么，大眾傳播，不要忽視智力問(wèn)題他們傾向于閹割（讓...喪失活力）他們，讓他們坐在壁爐邊，時(shí)尚而無(wú)用，家庭玩弄。4、Writingasacareeroffersarangeofpersonalrewards.Itenablespeopletoexpresst

22、hemselvesaswellastoentertaininfminfluenceothers.Withonlyafewtoolspaperatypewriterapenciloftenapersonalcomputerawritercanhaveanimpactonthesurroundingwld.Butmostauthsspendhundredsofhoursperfectingtheirskillsbefetheycansell

23、anyoftheirwks.寫(xiě)作，作為一個(gè)職業(yè)，能為個(gè)人提供一系列的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。它使人們能夠表達(dá)自己，以及娛樂(lè)自己娛樂(lè)，通知和影響他人。只需要幾個(gè)工具紙，打字機(jī)，鉛筆，通常是個(gè)人電腦，作家就可以對(duì)周圍的世界產(chǎn)生影響。但是大多數(shù)作者花費(fèi)數(shù)百小時(shí)完善他們的技能，然后才能銷售出他們的作品。Apersonwhowantstobeawritershouldsetasidesometimetowriteeveryday.Learningtoexpress

24、ideasclearlyeffectivelyinwritingtakesagreatdealofpractice.Manyexperiencedwriterskeepajournal.Ajournalcanserveasastehousefinfmationobservationsideas.Itcanalsobeaplacetodevelopnewmaterial.一個(gè)想成為作家的人應(yīng)該每天留出一些時(shí)間寫(xiě)作。學(xué)習(xí)以書(shū)面形式清楚有效地

25、表達(dá)想法需要大量的實(shí)踐。許多有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的作家保留一個(gè)日志。日志可以儲(chǔ)存信息，觀察和想法。它也可以是開(kāi)發(fā)素材的地方。Beginningwritersshouldreadmanykindsofwritingencounteredeverydaypayspecialattentiontowhattheyfindmostinteresting.Newsitemsfeaturestiestextbookscookbooksrepairmanualsp

26、oemsessaysshtstiesnovelsplaysdifferintheirmethodsofganizingpresentingmaterial.Abeginningwriterwhoreadswidelycarefullywilldevelopanappreciationofdifferentwritingapproachesstyles.Intimethewritercanacquireameflexibleapproac

27、htohisherownwk.新作家應(yīng)該閱讀每天遇到的各種類型的作品，并特別注意他們最感興趣的內(nèi)容。新聞項(xiàng)目，特色故事，教科書(shū)，烹飪書(shū)，維修手冊(cè)，詩(shī)歌，散文，短篇小說(shuō)，小說(shuō)和戲劇在組織和呈現(xiàn)素材的方法上有所不同。作為廣泛而仔細(xì)閱讀的新作家，將會(huì)了解不同的寫(xiě)作方法和風(fēng)格。隨著時(shí)間的推移，作家會(huì)更靈活的方式來(lái)處理自己的文字工作。Successfulauthswriteaboutsubjectstheyknowunderst.Theysome

28、timestakeweeksmonthsrevisingrefininganarticlepoemsty.Beginningwritersusuallybenefitfromfindingonemefriendlycriticswhowillreadtheirwkdiscussitsstrengthsweaknesseswiththem.成功的作家寫(xiě)關(guān)于他們知道和理解的主題。他們有時(shí)需要幾個(gè)星期或幾個(gè)月來(lái)修改或改進(jìn)文章，詩(shī)歌或故事。新作

29、家通常受益于找到一個(gè)或多個(gè)友好評(píng)論家，他們將閱讀他們的工作，并與他們討論其優(yōu)勢(shì)和弱點(diǎn)。Highschoolscollegesoffermanylearningopptunitiesfyoungwriters.Compositionliteraturecoursescanbehelpful.Creativewritingjournalismcoursesmayfurtherassistabeginningwriterindevelopin