羅森財政學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料雙語版

1、1羅森財政學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料（雙語版）羅森財政學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料（雙語版）Unifiedbudget:Thedocumentwhichitemizesallthefederalgovernment’sexpendituresrevenues.統(tǒng)一預(yù)算：聯(lián)邦政府在一種文件中將其支出逐項列出的文件Regulatybudget:anannualstatementofthecostsimposedontheeconomybygovernmentregulati

2、ons管制預(yù)算：政府管制對經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)生的成本Entitlementprograms:programswhoseexpendituresaredeterminedbythenumberofpeoplewhoqualifyratherthanpresetbudgetallocations.公民權(quán)利性計劃：（是指有關(guān)社會保障、公共福利計劃、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價格維持等法律規(guī)定受益人和收益數(shù)額的政府支出項目）項目的成本不是由固定的美元數(shù)額來決定，而是由符合條件

3、的人的數(shù)量決定。Substitutioneffect:thetendencyofanindividualtoconsumemeofonegoodlessofanotherbecauseofadecreaseinthepriceofthefmerrelativetothelatter.替代效應(yīng)：是指一種商品價格的變化所引起的使消費者調(diào)整該種商品與其他商品需求量比例的效應(yīng)。Incomeeffect:theeffectofapricechan

4、gethequantitydemeddueexclusivelytothefactthattheconsmer’sincomehaschanged收入效應(yīng)：收入效應(yīng)指由商品的價格變動所引起的實際收入水平變動，進而由實際收入水平變動所引起的商品需求量的變動。Welfareeconomics:thebranchofeconomictheyconcernedwiththesocialdesirabilityofalternativeecono

5、micstates.福利經(jīng)濟學(xué)：研究各種經(jīng)濟狀態(tài)的社會合意性的經(jīng)濟理論的一個分支Paretoefficient:anallocationofresourcesuchthatnopersoncanbemadebetteroffwithoutmakinganotherpersonwseoff.帕累托效率：要使一個人的境況變好，唯一的辦法就是使另一個人的境況變壞Paretoimprovement:areallocationofresource

6、sthatmakesatleastonepersonbetteroffwithoutmakinganyoneelsewseoff.對在不使其他任何人境況變壞的情況下使某人的境況變好的資源進行重新配置Purepublicgood:acommoditythatisnonrivalnonexcludableinconsumption.純公共物品：指既沒有排他性有沒有競爭性的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)Privatization：theprocessofturn

7、ingservicesthataresuppliedbythegovernmentovertotheprivatesectfprovisionproduction私有化：把由政府提供的服務(wù)交給私人部門去提供和生產(chǎn)3Schoolvoucher:avouchergiventoafamilytohelpthefamilypayftuitionatanyqualifiedschool.theschoolredeemsthevoucherfcas

8、h.教育券：教育券是指政府把教育經(jīng)費折算成一定數(shù)額的有價證券發(fā)給每位學(xué)生Socialinsuranceprograms（社會保險）:governmentprogramsthatprovideinsurancetoprotectagainstadverseeventsInsurancepremium（保險費）:moneypaidtoaninsurancecompanyinexchangefaguaranteeofcompensationg

9、ivenaspecifiedadverseevent.Riskaversion（風(fēng)險厭惡）（風(fēng)險厭惡）:apreferencefpayingmethantheactuariallyfairpremiumindertoguaranteecompensationifanadverseeventoccurs.Riskpremium（風(fēng)險溢價）（風(fēng)險溢價）:theamountabovetheactuariallyfairpremiumthata

10、riskaversepersoniswillingtopaytoguaranteecompensationifanadverseeventoccurs.Asymmetricinfmation（不對稱信息）（不對稱信息）:asituationinwhichonepartyengagedinaneconomictransactionhasbetterinfmationaboutthegoodservicetradedthantheother

11、party.Adverseion（逆向選擇）（逆向選擇）:thephenomenonunderwhichtheuninfmedsideofadealgetsexactlythewrongpeopletradingwithit.由于信息不對稱，保險公司得到的客戶恰恰是有毛病的人Communityrating（團體費率法）（團體費率法）:thepracticeofgingunifminsurancepremiumsfpelpleindiff

12、erentriskcategieswithinacommunitythusresultinginlowriskpeoplesubsidizinghighriskpeople.向某一由不同健康風(fēng)險的個人組成的團體收取統(tǒng)一保費Malhazard（道德風(fēng)險）（道德風(fēng)險）:whenobtaininginsuranceagainstanadverseoutcomeleadstochangesinbehavithatincreasethelikel

13、ihoodoftheoutcome.道德風(fēng)險指在委托一代理關(guān)系中，代理人為了追求自身利益最大化而不惜損害委托人利益的行為Deadweightloss（無謂損失）（無謂損失）:thewastethatexistswhentradesoccurinwhichmarginalcostexceedsmarginalbenefitwhentradesinwhichmarginalbenefitexceedsmarginalcostdonottak