老托福閱讀100篇附答案

1、老托福閱讀100篇PASSAGE1Bythenieenthcenturytheterm“icebox“hadenteredtheAmericanlanguagebuticewasstillonlybeginningtoaffectthedietofdinarycitizensintheUnitedStates.Theicetradegrewwiththegrowthofcities.Icewasusedinhotelstavernsho

2、spitalsbysomefwardlookingcitydealersinfreshmeatfreshfishbutter.AftertheCivilWar(18611865)asicewasusedtorefrigeratefreightcarsitalsocameintohouseholduse.Evenbefe1880halftheicesoldinNewYkPhiladelphiaBaltimeonethirdofthatso

3、ldinBostonChicagowenttofamiliesftheirownuse.Thishadbecomepossiblebecauseanewhouseholdconveniencetheiceboxaprecursofthemodernrefrigerathadbeeninvented.Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearlynieen

4、thcenturytheknowledgeofthephysicsofheatwhichwasessentialtoascienceofrefrigerationwasrudimentary.Thecommonsensenotionthatthebesticeboxwasonethatpreventedtheicefrommeltingwasofcoursemistakenfitwasthemeltingoftheicethatperf

5、medthecooling.Neverthelessearlyefftstoeconomizeiceincludedwrappingtheiceinblanketswhichkepttheicefromdoingitsjob.Notuntilneartheendofthenieenthcenturydidinventsachievethedelicatebalanceofinsulationcirculationneededfaneff

6、icienticebox.Butasearlyas1803aningeniousMarylfarmerThomasMoehadbeenontherighttrack.HeownedafarmabouttwentymilesoutsidethecityofWashingtonfwhichthevillageofGegetownwasthemarketcenter.Whenheusedaniceboxofhisowndesigntotran

7、spthisbuttertomarkethefoundthatcustomerswouldpassuptherapidlymeltingstuffinthetubsofhiscompetitstopayapremiumpricefhisbutterstillfreshhardinneatonepoundbricks.OneadvantageofhisiceboxMoeexplainedwasthatfarmerswouldnolonge

8、rhavetotraveltomarketatnightindertokeeptheirproducecool.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss(A)Theinfluenceoficeonthediet(B)Thedevelopmentofrefrigeration(C)Thetransptationofgoodstomarket(D)Sourcesoficeinthenieenthcentury2.A

9、ccdingtothepassagewhendidthewd“icebox“becomepartofthelanguageoftheUnitedStates(A)in1803(B)sometimebefe1850(C)duringthecivilwar(D)neartheendofthenieenthcentury3.Thephrase“fwardlooking“inline4isclosestinmeaningto(A)progres

10、sive(B)popular(C)thrifty(D)wellestablished4.Theauthmentionsfishinline4because(A)manyfishdealersalsosoldice(B)fishwasshippedinrefrigeratedfreightcars(C)fishdealerswereamongtheearlycommercialusersoficeThegeologyoftheEarths

11、surfaceisdominatedbytheparticularpropertiesofwater.PresentonEarthinsolidliquidgaseousstateswaterisexceptionallyreactive.ItdissolvestransptsprecipitatesmanychemicalcompoundsisconstantlymodifyingthefaceoftheEarth.Evapatedf

12、romtheoceanswatervapfmscloudssomeofwhicharetransptedbywindoverthecontinents.Condensationfromthecloudsprovidestheessentialagentofcontinentalerosion:rain.Precipitatedontothegroundthewatertricklesdowntofmbrooksstreamsrivers

13、constitutingwhatarecalledthehydrographicwk.Thisimmensepolarizedwkchannelsthewatertowardasinglereceptacle:anocean.Gravitydominatesthisentirestepinthecyclebecausewatertendstominimizeitspotentialenergybyrunningfromhighaltit

14、udestowardthereferencepointthatissealevel.Therateatwhichamoleculeofwaterpassesthoughthecycleisnotrombutisameasureoftherelativesizeofthevariousreservoirs.Ifwedefineresidencetimeastheaveragetimefawatermoleculetopassthrough

15、oneofthethreereservoirs—atmospherecontinentocean—weseethatthetimesareverydifferent.Awatermoleculestaysonaverageelevendaysintheatmosphereonehundredyearsonacontinentftythousyearsintheocean.Thislastfigureshowstheimptanceoft

16、heoceanastheprincipalreservoirofthehydrospherebutalsotherapidityofwatertransptonthecontinents.Avastchemicalseparationprocesstakesplacesduringtheflowofwateroverthecontinents.Solubleionssuchascalciumsodiumpotassiumsomemagn

17、esiumaredissolvedtranspted.Insolubleionssuchasaluminumironsiliconstaywheretheyarefmthethinfertileskinofsoilonwhichvegetationcangrow.Sometimessoilsaredestroyedtransptedmechanicallyduringflooding.Theerosionofthecontinentst

18、husresultsfromtwocloselylinkedinterdependentprocesseschemicalerosionmechanicalerosion.Theirrespectiveinteractionsefficiencydependondifferentfacts.1.Thewd“modifying“inline4isclosestinmeaningto(A)changing(B)traveling(C)des

19、cribing(D)destroying2.Thewd“which“inline5refersto(A)clouds(B)oceans(C)continents(D)compounds3.Accdingtothepassagecloudsareprimarilyfmedbywater(A)precipitatingontotheground(B)changingfromasolidtoaliquidstate(C)evapatingfr

20、omtheoceans(D)beingcarriedbywind4.Thepassagesuggeststhatthepurposeofthe“hydrographicwk“(line8)isto(A)determinethesizeofmoleculesofwater(B)preventsoilerosioncausedbyflooding(C)movewaterfromtheEarthssurfacetotheoceans(D)re