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1、THESOCIALROLESOFMENWOMENInallsocietiestheobviousbiologicaldifferencebetweenmenwomenisusedasajustificationffcingthemintodifferentsocialroleswhichlimitshapetheirattitudesbehavi.Thatistosaynosocietyiscontentwiththenaturaldi

2、fferenceofsexbuteachinsistsonaddingtoitaculturaldifferenceofgender.Thesimplephysicalfactstherefealwaysbecomeassociatedwithcomplexpsychologicalqualities.Itisnotenoughfamantobemalehealsohastoappearmuline.Awomaninadditionto

3、beingfemalemustalsobefeminine.Howeveroncethecontrastbetweenmenwomenhasbeenincreasedaccentuatedinthisfashionitisusuallytakenasafurthermanifestationofbiologicaldifferenceswhichconfirmtheneedfdifferentsocialroles.toputitano

4、therwaysexdifferencesareusedtocreategenderdifferenceswhicharethenexplainedassexdifferenceswhichinturnrequiregenderdifferencessoon.Thismaybenomethancircularreasoningbutitissociallyveryeffective.Fexampleinourownpatriarchal

5、societymalesenjoyasociallydominantposition.Thusfromanearlyageboysarehelpedtoacquireamulinitythatallowsthemtoassumemaintainthatposition.Bythesametokengirlsaretaughttocultivateasubmissivefemininity.Theresultingdifferencein

6、themalefemaleacteristhendescribedasinbnusedtodefendtheexistingpowerarrangement.Onlythosewhoacceptitarenmalonlytheycanexpecttosucceed.Themalesocialroleisdesignedtorewardmulinemenwhilethefemalesocialroleoffersitsrelativead

7、vantagesonlytofemininewomen.(Theaggressivemanwillrunthebiggerbusinesstheprettyagreeablewomanwillfindthericherhusb.)Inotherwdsmulinityfemininityaregenderqualitieswhicharedevelopedinresponsetosocialdiscrimination.Howeveron

8、cetheyhavebeendevelopedtheyjustifycementit.Themulinefemininegenderrolesmutuallyreinfceeachothertherebyperpetuatetheinequalityonwhichtheyarebased.Obviouslythispsychologicalmechanismcanoperateonlyaslongasthebehaviofmenwome

9、ndoesnottransgressthegenerallyacceptedlimits.Everysocietytriestherefetopreventsuchtransgressionsbycallingthesociallydefinedgenderroles“natural“eternalunchangeable.Anypersonwhorefusestoacceptthemispersecutedasadeviantpuni

10、shedasanoffendernotonlyagainstsocietybutagainst“nature“itself.AnhisticalexampleofsuchdevianceisthecaseofJoanofArcwhoasayounggirlnotonlyledtheFrencharmytovictyovertheEnglishbutalsowemaleclothing.Inherlatertrialshewaspromp

11、tlyaccusedofhavingthusviolatedthelawsofnature.Overthecenturiesmanypeoplehaveofcoursewonderedwhyallegedly“natural“rolesshouldneedsuchrigoussocialenfcement.Afteralliftheyweretrulynaturaltheywould“comenaturally“tobothmenwom

12、en.Howeveritisnotewthythattheadvocatesofthesocallednaturalinequalityofthesexesresentnothingmethanletting“nature“takeitscourse.Yetiftheirargumentsweretruetherewouldbenoneedtodenywomenequalopptunitiessincetheywouldbeunable

13、tocompetewithmen.Ifwomenwere“naturally“inferimenwouldhavenothingtofear.Therefethefactthatmanymendofearsuchcompetitionraisessufficientdoubt“active“two“passive“partnerscanhavearewardingrelationship.Thisdoesnotmeanthatinani

14、dealfutureallhumandifferenceswilldisappear.Indeedoncetheoldstereotypeshavebeendiscardedthedifferencesbetweenindividualswithineachsexarelikelytoincrease.Furthermeunderconditionsofsocialequalitytheseindividualsmayalsohappi

15、lycontinuetoplaydifferentgenderroles.Thereshouldbenoneedtopointoutthatthereisnothingwrongwithgenderdifferencesassuch.Theycangreatlyenrichourlivesaslongasweunderstthatinhumanbeings“different“doesnothavetomeansuperiinferi.

16、Inotherwdsthosewhodemequalrightsfmenwomenarenotaskingfdrabunifmitybutfasocialclimateinwhichvarietycanflourishwithoutbeingexploited.Thefollowingpagesfirstelabatefurtheronthebasicconceptsofsexgenderthenofferabriefdiscussio

17、nofthedifferentmalstardsfmenwomen.Afinalsectiondealswiththewomensmovementitsstrugglefsexualequality.《生命列車》《生命列車》TheTrainOfLife1.1.不久以前,我讀了一本不久以前,我讀了一本書。書中把人生比作一書。書中把人生比作一次旅行。次旅行。2.2.人生一世,就好比是一人生一世,就好比是一次搭車旅行,要經(jīng)歷無次搭車旅行,要經(jīng)

18、歷無數(shù)次上車、下車數(shù)次上車、下車時常時常有事故發(fā)生有事故發(fā)生有時是意有時是意外驚喜,有時卻是刻骨外驚喜,有時卻是刻骨銘心的悲傷銘心的悲傷……3.3.降生人世,我們就坐上降生人世,我們就坐上了生命列車。我們以為了生命列車。我們以為我們最先見到的那兩個我們最先見到的那兩個人我們的父母,會我們的父母,會在人生旅途中一直陪伴在人生旅途中一直陪伴著我們。著我們。4.4.很遺憾,事實并非如很遺憾,事實并非如此。他們會在某個車站此。他們會在某個車站下

19、車,留下我們,孤獨下車,留下我們,孤獨1.NotlongagoIreadabookinwhichaman’slifewascomparedtoajourney.2.Thelifeofamanisjustlikeahitchhiking,duringwhichmanytimeswegoupdown.Nowthenthingswillhappenaccidentlysomeofwhicharetobeunexpectedexcitement

20、,whilesomeheartbreakingsrows.3.Whenfirstembracedthewld,wearealreadyonthetrainoflife.Wetakeitfgrantedthatthefirsttwopersonsourparentswhomweareencounteredwithwillaccompanyusalltheway.4.Sadly,thingsdonotgoonaswethought.Ourp

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