2015年中石化高級(jí)職稱英語考試參考書1-30

1、1第一課 HOW TO BE HAPPY 如何獲得幸福 2-5In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H(happiness)=S (your biological set point for feeling happy)+c(the c

2、onditions of your life)+V(the voluntary choices you make).This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient.過去兩周我們研究了一項(xiàng)幸福公式，這是由樂觀心理學(xué)家馬丁.塞利格曼定義的。在這個(gè)公式中，H（幸福）=S（個(gè)人生理幸福感受的固定指數(shù)）+C（個(gè)人生活狀態(tài)）+V（

3、個(gè)人主觀選擇）。本周我們將著眼于能提升幸福指數(shù)的生活狀態(tài)。STEP 1: Peace and quietJonathon Haidt in his excellent book, The happiness Hypothesis, notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. Loud noi

4、ses trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day. If you

5、 are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council. Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphone

6、s demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good.第一步：平和寧靜喬納林.海迪在他的優(yōu)秀著作《幸福假說》當(dāng)中提到，研究調(diào)查顯示，我們不可能完全適應(yīng)噪音污染，無論是新近的還是長期的。巨大噪聲會(huì)引發(fā)我們面對(duì)恐懼的某種本能反應(yīng)（另一種是對(duì)于墜落的恐懼），如果周遭噪音喧鬧，我們不可能完全放松。每日保持平和與寧靜事關(guān)重要。如果你不幸

7、生活在比較嘈雜吵的環(huán)境中，請(qǐng)一定要堅(jiān)持去居委會(huì)投訴。另外，嘗試使用耳塞，可能會(huì)緩解噪聲。如果你需要用大音量看電視、聽收音機(jī)或放音樂的話，記得戴上耳機(jī)，別影響鄰里，這樣可以使雙都感到舒適。STEP 2: RelationshipsThis is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. Often

8、our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others. A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. A relationship with our parents or chil

9、dren which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery. When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is

10、 going wrong or learn to move on.第二步：人際關(guān)系這是增加幸福指數(shù)的一條至關(guān)重要的外部條件。我們感到不快樂的最深層原因，往往就是人際關(guān)系欠佳。與搭檔或者愛人的關(guān)系陷入激烈的沖突中，會(huì)讓我們產(chǎn)生遭到背叛和遺棄的感覺。父母和孩子之間如果缺乏同情心和無私關(guān)懷，會(huì)產(chǎn)生隔閡與痛苦。當(dāng)我們面臨這類問題時(shí)，最好的辦法就是直面難題，修復(fù)關(guān)系，或者學(xué)著繼續(xù)前行。Step 3:ShareIf you have discove

11、red conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, remember to share them with friends; Passing on what words is essential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others.第三步：分享3at relation

12、ships and smile more of what psychologists call “Duchenne” or genuine smiles. What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious.幸福有許多好處。越幸福的人往往越健康、越長壽、掙的錢越多。他們通常也會(huì)從事更多的志愿工作、更善于處理人際關(guān)系、發(fā)出更多心理學(xué)家所說的“杜興微笑”，即真誠的微笑。我們

13、了解不深的是，為什么幸福可以傳染。According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their socia

14、l network become significantly happier in the future. More specifically , they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her

15、life.全球暢銷書《關(guān)聯(lián)》的作者詹姆斯 福勒和尼古拉斯 克里斯塔基斯發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果你身邊那些重要的人際網(wǎng)絡(luò)中有許多幸福的朋友、家人和鄰居，那么你將也會(huì)很幸福。他們表示，更準(zhǔn)確地說，如果居住在離你 1 英里內(nèi)的一個(gè)朋友生活幸福感得到顯著提升，你的生活幸福感就會(huì)增加 25%。Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses (8 per cent happier); siblings who li

16、ve within a mile of each other (14 per cent); and next-door neighbours (34 per cent). What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact (due to physical proximity

17、) than on deep social connections. Alas, for some reason this doesn’t translate to the workplace.具有同樣效果的還有同居配偶（幸福感提升 8%）、居住在 1 英里之內(nèi)的兄弟姐妹（14%）和鄰居（34%）。這意味著，幸福傳播的強(qiáng)度似乎更取決于交往的頻繁度（與地域鄰近相關(guān)），而不是社會(huì)關(guān)系的深度?？上в捎谀撤N原因，這并不適用于工作場(chǎng)合。So, w

18、hy is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family (for example, by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous). Another reason could be that h

19、appy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them. Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious.那么，為什么幸福能夠傳染？一個(gè)原因或許是，幸福的人會(huì)與親朋好友分享好運(yùn)氣（例如，提供

20、實(shí)際的幫助，或在經(jīng)濟(jì)上慷慨解囊）。另一個(gè)原因可能是，幸福的人往往會(huì)改善自己的行為，會(huì)對(duì)周圍的人更加友好，或減少敵意。又或許只是因?yàn)檎媲榫w具有高度傳染性。第二課 City Design 城市設(shè)計(jì) 6-8When I’m being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center, I couldn’t help but note the overwhelming

21、 presence of cars and parking lots. The word’s cities are in trouble. In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating. Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per

22、day. The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels.當(dāng)我從旅館乘車穿行城市前往會(huì)議中心時(shí)，映入眼簾的是無處不在的汽車和停車場(chǎng)。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，數(shù)以百計(jì)的城市日常生活的質(zhì)

23、量正在不斷下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空氣等于抽兩包香煙。每天上班族驅(qū)車時(shí)因街道和道路堵塞而寸步難行，耽擱的時(shí)間逐年升高，郁悶也隨之加深。In response to these conditions, we are seeing the emergency of a new urbanism. In just a few years, many cities banned the parking of cars on side walk