[雙語翻譯]鄉(xiāng)村旅游外文翻譯--鄉(xiāng)村旅游中的社區(qū)參與一個概念框架

1、2400 英文單詞， 英文單詞，13500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 4050 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Prabhakaran S, Nair V, Ramachandran S. Community Participation in Rural Tourism: Towards a Conceptual Framework [J]. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014,

2、 144(144):290-295.Community participation in rural tourism: Towards a conceptual frameworkSudesh Prabhakaran, Vikneswaran Nair, Sridar RamachandranAbstractThis study presents a discussion of the community participation c

3、onstruct, within a rural tourism perspective. The study also reviews the methodological characteristics of community participation’s theory and measurement and its association to rural tourism environment. The extant lit

4、erature is revisited to establish taxonomy of the methodological procedures for measuring community participation from the context of rural tourism. Hence, proposing a comprehensive conceptual framework featuring its mul

5、tifaceted, intertwined and progressive nature for community participation in a rural tourism environment.Keywords: Community Participation; Rural Tourism; Conceptual Framework1. IntroductionStudies conducted by scholars

6、have explained that many rural communities have diversified their local economy to tourism to improve their livelihood (Briedenhann Mair, 2006). In developing or launching a tourism industry, communities rummage to chan

7、ge themselves from an economy of product manufacturing to a site of services (Gill, 1997). Tourism has the prospective to mark a positive economic influence, yet the achievement of this industry is not a given and the re

8、sults are not constantly optimistic. Tourism can be manipulative and in cultural terms, socially, and environmentally detrimental and can be unsuccessful to deliver an anticipated economic lift (Sharpley, 2002).Communiti

9、es can play a part in the decision-making practice (Zhao and Ritchie, 2007; Li, 2005; Li, 2004; Tosun, 2000; Chok and Macbeth, 2007). One of the main fundamental ideologies of pro-poor tourism evidently states that local

10、 communities “must contribute in tourism decisions if their livelihood significances are to be mirrored in the way tourism is developed” (Chok and Macbeth, 2007). Tosun (2006) in his study believed that by having partic

11、ipatory approach would enable employment of principles of sustainable tourism by producing enhanced opportunities for local residents to gain larger and more balanced benefits from tourism which is taking place in their

12、areas, which will subsequently lead to a positive attitudes to in conserving the local resources and nature (Inskeep, 1994). Participation is a concept that differs through its application and explanation. The method par

13、ticipation is defined similarly depends on the situation in which it happens. For certain, it is a substance of principle; for others, practice (World Bank, 1995).The essential characteristic of this research line is its

14、 multidisciplinary (Lasker and Weiss, 2003) there are many possible approaches to studying community participation rural tourism. This study investigates the degree to which a multifaceted approach to community participa

15、tion in rural tourism including waste management, economy, social and community-based service-learning can enhance the participation and how it influences community’s attitudes and perceptions about their role in a rural

16、 tourism context.2. Literature ReviewThe community participation is viewed as a discussion or consultancy between the local people and the local government based on the Skeffington Report (1969). In addition the report e

17、nvironment. The study also has shown that the significance of conservational planning for tourism which is becoming gradually accepted around the world. Throughout recent years, substantial knowledge has been attained ab

18、out environmental implication of tourism and analyzing the consequences of various mistakes made in developing tourism (Andharia, J., 2002) (Halimi and Ingle, 2005) (Mathieson and Wall, 1982). McGlashan and Williams (200

19、3) has further suggested that community participation in tourism is a process to involve and empower the associated stakeholders the privileges in making decision that affects their lives (Homan ,2005)( Gary and Litz , 2

20、005); (OECD ,1995).In terms of environment the degradation of the physical environment, this condition impacts the natural environment aesthetically and health wise (Brooke and Barbara 2004).) the impact of not properly

21、planning the rural tourism development and the loss of sustainability causes the local community in terms of economic value and environmental value of the site (Adamson and Bromiley, 2008) (McGlashan and Williams, 2003)

22、(Gilchrist, 2004); The continuous occurrence of unplanned rural tourism activities may be psychologically disheartening to a user and the local community and clearly stands in way of tourism development.Numerous models h

23、ave categorised the effect of tourism development on local communities (Williams, 2005) Campbell and Marshall, 2000). The relational interactions between the locals and the visitors whether actual or unreal develops a ma

24、tter of dispute in the minds of the local community (Campbell and Marshall, 2000) (Rowe and Frewer, 2000). Gap between the access to tourism returns alters the power relations (Brown and McCracken, 2009) . Those who have

25、 a invested in the tourism industry will be more constructive to tourism however those who are not able to gain from the industry will be more likely to be negative the industry.Locals are enthusiastic to take hold of th

26、e economic prospects that are obtainable through tourism (Craig, 2007). The periodic environment of tourism fluctuates based on the cycle of leisure and work. Since numerous communities require to make most of their ye

27、arly earnings in a few months during the peak season they have little time to follow traditional holiday events thus reducing the time of festivities (Campbell and Marshall, 2000) (Bayley,1991). Consequently the populati

28、ons of communities are precipitate in many occasions to become accustomed to tourism (Blume, Ford, Baldwin and Huang, 2010).The participation of the local community is not as good as the persuaded participation in decisi

29、on making method matched to influential community participation. Nonetheless, certain resolutions are made explicitly “to come across basic wants of the locals so as to evade possible socio-political dangers for visitors

30、 and tourism expansion” (Tosun, 2006,) (Adamson and Bromiley ,2008). While this kind of participation is viewed by many people as a substitute for genuine participation and an method to enable power holders to substitute

31、 tourism development primarily to meet the desire of decision makers, tourism operators and tourists, it is similar to influence and therapy in Arnstein’s model and passive and manipulative in Pretty’s typology (Tosun, 2