[雙語翻譯]城市規(guī)劃外文翻譯--城市規(guī)劃和過渡發(fā)展問題馬其頓斯科普里的案例（英文）

1、Urbani izziv, volume 23, no. 1, 20129 1UDC: 711.4:316.334.52(497.711)DOI: 10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-2012-23-01-002Jasna STEFANOVSKA Janez KO?ELJUrban planning and transitional development issues: The case of Skopje, Maced

2、oniaLike many cities in neighbouring countries, the Macedo? nian capital Skopje has undergone radical changes that have affected urban?planning processes for over twenty years. Over the past century, during which Skopj

3、e’s popu? lation has grown more than tenfold, social changes have not only affected planning processes but also impacted the built fabric of the city. As a result, the city has been transformed by a diverse set of dyn

4、amics. The last twenty years of Skopje’s development have been marked by a long and painful transition, a process through which the city has had to adjust to new complexities. The current crisis engulfing the city ha

5、s led to deterioration in the quality of the built environment and has created fertile ground for speculative developments. It has become clear that urban planning is no longer able to operate as an instru? ment of con

6、trol and development with the primary aim of protecting and promoting public interests. This arti? cle analyses the planning initiatives both before and after the 1990s, defining the main phases of transformation sinc

7、e the 1990s according to the key legislation, political factors and administrative decisions that have contrib? uted to the urban transformations of the city.Key words: urban planning, post?communism, Skopje, transitio

8、n, urban transformationsuiiziv-23-1_03.indd 91 21.5.2012 9:19:58Urbani izziv, volume 23, no. 1, 20129 3 Urban planning and transitional development issues: The case of Skopje, Macedonialinks with the past and envisio

9、ns a city with wide streets and centralised public spaces that are defined by urban blocks with an irregular shape. It is in this plan that the city spread equally to the southern side of the Vardar River for the firs

10、t time. This plan also established the basis for urban planning in Macedo? nia and, although only minor parts of the plan were realised, it served as a starting point for the future planning of the city.The second plan

11、 for Skopje was created by Josif Mihailovi?, a city mayor appointed by King Alexander in 1927, and also an urban planner and an architect that studied and worked in the United States and England prior to returning to

12、Skopje. The plan devised under the guidance of Mihailovi? (Figure 1c) and approved in 1929 was developed based on the previous plan of 1914. During this period the city was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and in 19

13、31 it was named the capital of the Vardar Banovina, one of the provinces of the kingdom. This plan created the basis for modern Skopje by clearly outlin? ing a ring surrounding the city centre as one of the main ele? m

14、ents of the plan. Residential perimeter urban blocks define the ring and the main public spaces in the city. The notion of the ring surrounding the city centre that was presented in this plan remained an element in th

15、e subsequent plans as well. The Mihailovi? plan was the first to present the idea of two squares connected through the Stone Bridge, a city landmark built in the fifteenth century. The development of these squares co

16、mmenced shortly after the plan was approved. This plan marked the beginning of a comprehensive approach towards Skopje’s city planning. The execution of the plan from 1929 was coordinated by Josif Mihailovi? himself u

17、ntil his sudden death in 1941, and the beginning of the Second World War further interrupted its implementation.The Second World War and its aftermath created new realities for the country and the capital when Macedon

18、ia and five other republics constituted the Federal People’s Republic of Yugosla? via in 1945. In this newly established context, the first post?war plan was created by the Czechoslovak modernist architect and urban p

19、lanner Luděk Kube?, who was invited with his team by the Macedonian authorities to conduct the process and the plan itself. The 1948 plan (Figure 2a) shows strong influences and references to Le Corbusier’s Radiant Ci

20、ty plan (Fr. La ville radieuse) of 1935 (see Le Corbusier, 1935), creating a new basis for planning the city, starting from a tabula rasa and not respecting what had already been built. Free?standing buildings fill i

21、n the city’s territory and the plan also divided the city into functional zones, in line with the trends of that time, and for the first time boldly proposed extending the city’s development eastwards and westwards al

22、ong the Vardar River.In 1963, Skopje suffered a devastating earthquake in which the lives of over a thousand people were lost. The damage to the urban fabric was tremendous; more than 80% of it was de? stroyed (United N

23、ations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1968). As a result of this massive destruction, the city was projected to undergo radical transformations. These radical transformations were possible in part

24、because there was a centrally controlled planning system with an ideo? logical background aimed at post?earthquake renewal of the city and building a better city as well. An impressive list of experts from all over th

25、e world visited Skopje shortly after the earthquake in order to contribute their expertise and help the city in need, resulting further in an unprecedented sense of cooperation that made Skopje a city of international

26、 solidar? ity. With the help of the international community, the entire world was focused on Skopje in the wake of the earthquake. Thus this terrible tragedy also gave the city a unique chance to rebuild itself into a

27、 modern city – and Skopje seized the chance.Shortly after the earthquake, the Institute of Town Planning and Architecture of Skopje (ITPA) was conducting the process for drafting a new master plan for the city with th

28、e help of the foreign experts of the United Nations led by Doxiadis Associ? ates from Athens, Polservice from Warsaw and Wilbur Smith and Associates from the UK. The plan projected rapid expan? sion of the city within

29、the next twenty years and envisioned the city as a regional capital. The plan was approved in 1964 and provoked an immense public debate. An exhibition was organised to present the plan and “[o]n 20 October 1965, the

30、 Project’s work was duly put on public display in Skopje at the most comprehensive town planning exhibition ever staged in Yugoslavia. For the next month people flocked to see it at the rate of 10,000 a week – among t

31、hem such distinguished visi? tors as the President of Yugoslavia, Marshal J. B. Tito, and other members of the Yugoslav Government; the Prime Minister of Poland, Mr. Josef Cyrankiewicz; and the Swedish Foreign Ministe

32、r, Mr. Nilsson” [sic] (United Nations Development Programme, 1970: 124). This exhibition and the remarkable number of visitors it attracted illustrate the unprecedented complexity of the planning processes and the pub

33、lic interest in the planning processes in the country and in the future of the city. Although this master plan had a duration of twenty years, the city centre required an immediate response to the disaster. One year

34、after the earthquake, in 1964, an international com? petition for the reconstruction of the city centre was organised by the United Nations urging “the enlistment of the best avail? able talents” (United Nations Develop

35、ment Programme, 1970: 297) and marking a new beginning of planning Skopje. “The intention of the organizers, it was explained, was to obtain an ideal town planning scheme by enabling the ITPA to draw upon a fund of i