[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]山體滑坡外文翻譯--烏干達(dá)實(shí)施滑坡災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低政策

1、3800 英文單詞， 英文單詞，21500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 6500 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Masaba S, Mungai D N, Isabirye M, et al. Implementation of landslide disaster risk reduction policy in Uganda[J]. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 2

2、017, 24: 326-331.Implementation of landslide disaster risk reduction policy in UgandaSowedi Masaba, David N. Mungai, Moses Isabirye, Haroonah NsubugaAbstractGlobally, policies have been implemented to mitigate against di

3、saster risks whose frequency, severity and impact is increasing. The aim of this research was to assess the extent to which landslide disaster risk reduction policy measures have been implemented in Uganda. Primary data

4、were obtained through household surveys and key informant interviews conducted in the landslide disaster prone Mount Elgon district of Bududa in Eastern Uganda. Secondary data were collected through document review. Hous

5、ehold survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and spearman's correlation tests while key informant interview data were analyzed using content analysis. The study findings reveal that afforestation, and

6、 appropriate farming technologies and land use practices are the most implemented landslide disaster risk reduction policy measures while gazetting of landslide prone areas and prohibiting settlement in such risky areas,

7、 resettlement of people living in landslide prone areas, and enforcement of relevant laws and regulations are the least implemented. The study findings further show that awareness is the most important factor influencing

8、 implementation of landslide disaster risk reduction policy measures at household level. The study findings also reveal high institutional vulnerability to landslides, characterized by inadequate financial and human capa

9、city, political interference, misuse of resources, poor cooperation by the local community and lack of a sectoral law and this should be addressed. Future research should focus on assessing the effectiveness of early war

10、ning systems for landslide disaster risk reduction in Uganda.Keywords: Landslide; Disaster; Risk; Policy; Uganda1. IntroductionGlobally, disasters are increasing in frequency, severity and impact. Between the year 2003 a

11、nd 2013, the number of disaster events increased from 700 to 880 worldwide, affecting at least 2.9 billion people, killing more than 1.2 million and causing economic loss exceeding US$1.7 trillion [1–10]. Africa holds ha

12、lf of the world's most risk prone countries [11]. About 1700 disaster events were recorded in Africa between 1980 and 2008, affecting more than 319 million people, killing over 708,000 and causing economic loss in ex

13、cess of US$24 billion [12]. Disasters threaten development in Africa with Uganda listed among the 11 countries most at risk of disaster induced poverty in the world [13,14]. Between the year 2000 and 2005, about 66% of h

14、ouseholds experienced at least one type of disaster in Uganda [15,16]. Landslides kill more people (14%) than any other socio-natural disaster in Uganda, and affect 4% of the population [17]. The Country has experienced

15、enormous losses due to landslides (Table 1), including the March 1, 2010 landslide (Fig. 1) which was ranked among the top ten disasters by number of deaths in the world. The landslide killed 388 and affected at least 85

16、00 people in the Mount Elgon District of Bududa in Eastern Uganda [12,18–23]. Such unprecedented landslide disasters can be attributed to institutional vulnerability i.e. institutions that are either too weak to offer pr

17、otection against disaster risks or ignorant of their duty to provide safety and human security [24].2.1. Study settingBududa district is located on the south western slopes of Mount Elgon in Eastern Uganda along the Keny

18、a boarder (Fig. 2). The district lies between latitude 2°49′N(xiāo) and 2°55′N(xiāo), and longitude 340 15′E and 340 34′E. It covers a total land area of about 274 km2. The study area receives very high annual rainfall (ab

19、ove 1500 mm), is characterized by high altitude ranging between 1250 m to 2850 m above sea level, and the steep concave north-east facing slopes that coincide with the dominant rainfall direction have favoured land slidi

20、ng. With exception of the Central Bukigai zone, the study area is dominated by vertisols which are “problem soils” i.e. where slope failure can occur even without human intervention. The soils have a high amount of clay,

21、 are fine textured and highly plastic, resulting in low permeability, excessive water retention, high susceptibility to expansion and sliding. The most common types of landslides in the study area include; debris slumps,

22、 bottle slides, mudslides and sheet slides [26–36].Fig. 2. Map showing the location of Bududa District in Uganda and East AfricaBududa is a highly populated and predominantly rural district (97%). Between 2002 and 2014,

23、the population grew by 72% (Author, 2016) from 123,103 to 211,683. The population is largely distributed among households 37,028, with an average household size of 5.7 far above the national average of 4.7. The annual po

24、pulation growth rate is very high (4.52%), far above the national average of 3%. The population density is also very high (499 persons per km2) compared to the national average of 173. The population is relatively homoge

25、neous and traditional with a predominant household population of 99%, and the Bagisu or Bamasaba constitute the major ethnic group (99%). The largely traditional nature of the population makes it conservative and less wi

26、lling to accept birth control programmes or relocate to other areas. Although Mount Elgon national park covers 40% of the district, the fertile volcanic soils support intensive subsistence farming and a high population d

27、ensity. Both rapid population growth and intensive agriculture are key drivers of landslides in the study area. In terms of administrative units, Bududa district has one town council, 15 sub- counties, 36 parishes and 33