[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]水災(zāi)外文翻譯--城市洪水災(zāi)害管理

1、2700 英文單詞， 英文單詞，15500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 4800 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Tingsanchali T. Urban flood disaster management[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2012, 32(3):25-37.Urban flood disaster managementT. TingsanchaliAbstractFlood impact is on

2、e of the most significant disasters in the world. More than half of global flood damages occur in Asia. Causes of floods are due to natural factors such as heavy rainfall, high floods and high tides, etc., and human fact

3、ors such as blocking of channels or aggravation of drainage channels, improper land use, deforestation in headwater regions, etc. Floods result in losses of life and damage properties. Population increase results in more

4、 urbanization, more impervious area and less infiltration and greater flood peak and runoff. Problems become more critical due to more severe and frequent flooding likely caused by climate change, socio-economic damage,

5、population affected, public outcry and limited funds. Flood loss prevention and mitigation includes structural flood control measures such as construction of dams or river dikes and non-structural measures such as flood

6、forecasting and warning, flood hazard and risk management, public participation and institutional arrangement, etc.This paper describes concepts, policy, plan and operation on integrated urban flood disaster and risk man

7、agement. In most developing countries, flood disaster management activities are handled by government. Participation of non- governmental agencies and private sectors are very limited. Activities are exercised rather ind

8、ependently without proper coordination or integration. Flood disaster management in developing countries is mostly reactive responding to prevailing disaster situations (emergency response and recovery). Reactive respons

9、e should be changed to proactive response to increase effectiveness of management and reduce losses of life and properties. Proactive disaster management requires more participation from various governments, non-governme

10、ntal and private agencies and public participation. It involves more effort and time, more budget, equipments, facilities and human resources which leads to integration of flood disaster management for both long term and

11、 short term activities. Strategic framework on integrated flood disaster management includes four cyclic steps namely: 1) preparedness before flood impact such as flood forecasting and warning; 2) readiness upon flood ar

12、rival; 3) emergency responses during flood impact and; 4) recovery and rehabilitation after flood impact. Examples on urban flood disaster and risk management in Thailand are illustrated and discussed. Conclusions and re

13、commendations for further improvement are provided.Keywords: Urban floods; Flood disaster management; Flood control measures; Risk management; Thailand1. IntroductionMany cities and urban areas are located in flood plain

14、s because land is fertile and flat which is suitable for agriculture and urban development. Rivers provide water supply for domestic, industrial and irrigation uses; they also provide convenient means for navigation, tra

15、nsportation and communication. Cities have large percentage of impervious areas that prevent effective infiltration of rainfall into soil. This causes large runoff and high flood industrial growth and infrastructure deve

16、lopment. Often, urban growth in flood plain expands over some flood ways, hence reducing its flood drainage capacity.Fig. 1. Flooding in Bangkok in 2002 (above) and Had Yai City in 2000 (below)Fig. 2. Discharge accentuat