工程管理專業(yè)英語全文翻譯

1、Unit 1 the owner’s perspective 第 1 單元業(yè)主的觀點 單元業(yè)主的觀點1.2 Major Types of Construction 1.2 大建筑類型 大建筑類型Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility, they should be

2、aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them [1]. Likewise, the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a const

3、ructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantages. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of existing facilities. It is to their advan

4、tage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide ince

5、ntives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction [2]. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of

6、the industry.由于大多數(shù)業(yè)主通常只對獲得特定類型的建筑設(shè)施感興趣，所以他們應(yīng)該了解與他們有關(guān)的建筑類型的常見工業(yè)實踐[1]。同樣，建筑行業(yè)是一個相當多樣化的部門和產(chǎn)品的集團。一些業(yè)主可能會長時間采購建筑設(shè)施一次，并傾向于尋找短期優(yōu)勢。然而，許多業(yè)主需要定期收購新設(shè)施和/或修復(fù)現(xiàn)有設(shè)施。保持建筑業(yè)的健康和生產(chǎn)力是有利的?？偟膩碚f，業(yè)主對施工行業(yè)的影響力比他們意識到的要大，因為他們可以通過個人行動來提供創(chuàng)新，效率和施工質(zhì)量的激勵

7、[2]。所有各方的利益，業(yè)主積極興趣，對行業(yè)表現(xiàn)有利影響。In planning for various types of construction, the methods of procuring professional services, awarding construction contracts, and financing the constructed facility can be quite different.

8、For the purpose of discussion, the broad spectrum of constructed facilities may be classified into four major categories, each with its own characteristics.在規(guī)劃各類施工時，采購專業(yè)服務(wù)，授予施工合同，建設(shè)設(shè)施融資方式可能有很大的不同。 為了討論的目的，廣泛的建筑設(shè)施可以分為四個主要

9、類別，每個類別都有自己的特點。Residential Housing Construction 住宅建設(shè)Residential housing construction includes single-family houses, multi-family dwellings, and high-rise apartments [3]. During the development and construction of such pr

10、ojects, the developers or sponsors who are familiar with the construction industry usually serve as surrogate owners and take charge, making necessary contractual agreements for design and construction, and arranging the

11、 financing and sale of the completed structures [4]. Residential housing designs are usually performed by architects and engineers, and the construction executed by builders who hire subcontractors for the structural, me

12、chanical, electrical and other specialty work. An exception to this pattern is for single-family houses as is shown in Figure 1-2, which may be designed by the builders as well.The residential housing market is heavily a

13、ffected by general economic conditions, tax laws, and the monetary and fiscal policies of the government. Often, a slight increase in total demand will cause a substantial investment in construction, since many housing p

14、rojects can be started at different locations by different individuals and developers at the same time [5]. Because of the relative ease of entry, at least at the lower end os the market, many new builders are attracted

15、to the residential housing construction. Hence, this market is highly competitive, with potentially high risks as well as high rewards.住宅建設(shè)包括單戶住房，多戶住宅和高層公寓[3]。在開發(fā)和建設(shè)這些項目時，熟悉建筑行業(yè)的開發(fā)商或贊助商通常作為代理業(yè)主，負責設(shè)計和建造的必要合同協(xié)議，并安排完成的建筑物的融

16、資和銷售[4 ]。住宅設(shè)計通常由建筑師和工程師進行，建筑師由結(jié)構(gòu)，機械，電氣和其他專業(yè)工作的分包商執(zhí)行施工。這種模式的一個例外是單戶住宅，如圖 1-2 所示，也可以由建設(shè)者設(shè)計。住房市場受到一般經(jīng)濟狀況，稅法以及政府貨幣和財政政策的嚴重影響。通常，總需求略有增加將對建設(shè)進行大量投資，因為許多住房項目可以在不同的地點由不同的個人和開發(fā)商同時啟動[5]。由于入口相對容易，至少在市場上較低端，許多新建筑商被吸引到住宅房屋建設(shè)中。因此，這個市場

17、競爭激烈，風險高，回報率高。Institutional and commercial building construction encomprasses a great variety of project types and sizes, such as schools and universities, medical clinics and hospitals, recreational facilities and sport

18、s stadiums, retail chain stores and large shopping centers, warehouse and light manufacturing plants, and skyscrapers for offices and hotels, as is shown in Figure1-3 [6]. The owners of such buildings may or may not be f

19、amiliar with construction industry practices, but they usually are able to select competent professional consultants and arrange the financing of the constructed facilities themselves. Specialty architects and engineers

20、are often engaged for designing a specific type of building, while the builders or general contractors undertaking such projects may also be specialized in only Unit2 Organizing for Project Management 第 2 單元組織項目管理 單元組織項目

21、管理Section 1 What is Project Management? 第 1 節(jié)什么是項目管理？ 節(jié)什么是項目管理？The management of construction projects knowledge of modern management as well as an understanding of the design and construction process. Construction proj

22、ects have a specific set of objectives and constraints such as a required time frame for completion. While the relevant technology, institutional arrangements or processes will differ, the management of such projects has

23、 mush in common with the management of similar types of projects in other specialty or technology domains such as aerospace，pharmaceutical and energy developments.施工項目管理現(xiàn)代管理知識，了解設(shè)計施工過程。 建設(shè)項目有一套具體的目標和制約因素，如完成所需的時間框架。 雖然

24、相關(guān)技術(shù)，制度安排或過程將有所不同，但這些項目的管理與其他專業(yè)或技術(shù)領(lǐng)域（如航空航天，制藥和能源開發(fā)）類似項目的管理情況相同。Generally, project management is distinguished from the general management of corporations by the mission-oriented nature of a project . A project organizati

25、on will generally be terminated when the mission is accomplished. According to the Project Management Institute, the discipline of project management can be defined as follows 一般來說，項目管理與項目總體管理區(qū)別于項目的任務(wù)性質(zhì)。 任務(wù)完成后，項目組織通常會被終止

26、。 據(jù)項目管理研究所介紹，項目管理學科可以定義如下Project management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives

27、 of scope, cost, time, quality and participation satisfaction. 項目管理是通過使用現(xiàn)代管理技術(shù)實現(xiàn)項目范圍，成本，時間，質(zhì)量和參與滿意度的預(yù)定目標，在項目整個生命周期內(nèi)指導和協(xié)調(diào)人力和物力資源的藝術(shù)。By contrast, the general management of business and industrial corporations assumes a br

28、oader outlook with greater continuity of operations[4].Nevertheless, there are sufficient similarities as well as difference between the two so that modern management techniques developed for general management may be ad

29、apted for project management. 相比之下，商業(yè)和工業(yè)企業(yè)的總體管理具有更廣闊的前景，具有更大的運營連續(xù)性[4]。然而，兩者之間存在足夠的相似性和差異性，因此為一般管理開發(fā)的現(xiàn)代管理技術(shù)可能會適應(yīng) 項目管理。The basic ingredients for a project management framework may be represented schematically in Figue2-1.

30、 A working knowledge of general management and familiarity with the special knowledge domain related to the project are indispensable. Supporting disciplines such as computer science and decision science may also play an

31、 important role. In fact, modern management practices and various special knowledge domains have absorbed various techniques or tools which were once identified only with the supporting discipline For example, computer-

32、based information systems and decision support systems are nom common-place tools for general management. Similarly, many operations research techniques such as linear programming and network analysis are now widely used

33、 in many knowledge or application domains[6]. Hence, the representation in Figure 2-1 reflects only the sources from which the project management framework evolves. 項目管理框架的基本要素可以在圖 2-1 中示意性地表示。 一般管理的工作知識和熟悉與項目相關(guān)的專門知識領(lǐng)域是不

34、可或缺的。 支持計算機科學和決策科學等學科也可能發(fā)揮重要作用。 事實上，現(xiàn)代管理實踐和各種特殊知識領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)吸收了一些曾經(jīng)被認定為輔助學科的技術(shù)或工具。例如，基于計算機的信息系統(tǒng)和決策支持系統(tǒng)是普通管理的常用工具。 類似地，許多操作研究技術(shù)如線性規(guī)劃和網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析現(xiàn)在已被廣泛應(yīng)用于許多知識或應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域[6]。 因此，圖 2-1中的代表只反映了項目管理框架發(fā)展的來源。Specifically, project management in cons

35、truction encomprasses a set of objectives which may be accomplished by implementing a series of operations subject to resource constraints There are Potential conflicts between the stated objectives with regard to scope,

36、 cost, time and quality, and the constraints imposed on human, material and financial resources. These conflicts should be resolved at the onset of a project by making the necessary tradeoffs or creating new alternatives

37、. 具體來說，項目管理在建設(shè)中將會實現(xiàn)一系列目標，這些目標可以通過實施資源約束的一系列操作來實現(xiàn)。在范圍，成本，時間和質(zhì)量以及對人類的限制之間存在潛在的沖突。 物質(zhì)和財力。 這些沖突應(yīng)在項目開始時通過作出必要的權(quán)衡或創(chuàng)造新的替代方案來解決。Subsequently, the function of project management for construction generally include the following

38、其后，施工項目管理功能一般包括以下內(nèi)容1. Specification of project objectives and plans including delineation of scope, budgeting, scheduling, setting performance requirements, and selecting project participants. 2. Maximization of efficien