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WIN
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簡介:,,翻譯的方法,成都大學外國語學院,一、直譯與逐字譯的區(qū)別1、直譯(LITERALTRANSLATION)所謂直譯,我們認為,是在譯入語語法能力所允許的范圍內(nèi),盡可能貼近原文內(nèi)容與形式的翻譯方法。魯迅倡導直譯的方法的,在他看來,翻譯必須兼顧兩面,一則當然求其易懂,一則保持著原作的風姿,但這保存,卻又常常和易懂相矛盾看不慣了。不過它原是洋鬼子,當然誰也看不慣,為比較的順眼起見,只能改換他的衣裳,卻不該削低他的鼻子,剜掉他的眼睛。,第一節(jié)直譯與意譯,直譯就是逐字譯(WORDFORWORDTRANSLATION)逐字譯是一種嚴格遵循原文措辭的翻譯方法,翻譯時以詞為單位進行考慮,力求譯文中的每一個詞都與原文相對應。杜甫登高風急天高猿嘯哀WINDKEENSKYHIGHAPESSCREAMMOURNING渚清沙白鳥飛回ISLETPURESANDWHITEBIRDSFLYREVOLVING無邊落木蕭蕭下WITHOUTLIMITFALLINGTREESBLEAKLYBLEAKLYSHED不盡長江滾滾來NOTEXHAUSTIBLELONGRIVERROLLINGROLLINGCOME萬里悲秋常作客MYRIADLIMELANCHOLYAUTUMNCONSTANTLYBETRAVELER百年多病獨登臺HUNDREDYEARSMUCHSICKNESSALONEASCENDTERRACE艱難困苦繁霜鬢DIFFICULTIESBITTERREGRETSPROLIFERATEFROSTYTEMPLES潦倒新停濁酒杯DESPONDENTNEWLYSTOPMUDDYWINECUPS,楊雄道“這個兄弟,姓杜,名興,祖貫是中山府人氏。因為他面顏生得粗莽,以此人都叫他做鬼臉兒?!辟愓渲閅ANGHSIUNGANSWERED,“THISBROTHERISSURNAMEDTUANDHISNAMEISHSING,ANDHISANCESTORSWEREMENOFCHUNGSHANFUBECAUSEHISFACEISSOCOARSEANDWILD,MENALLCALLHIMTHEDEVILFACED.”沙博理‘‘DUXINGISHISNAMEHESFROMTHEPREFECTUREOFZHONGSHANBECAUSEOFHISCRUDEFEATURESEVERYONECALLSHIMDEMONFACE”,ASTHISWASAGREATDEALFORTHECARRIER(WHOSENAMEWASMRBARKIS)TOSAYHEBEING,ASIOBSERVEDINAFORMERCHAPTER,OFAPHLEGMATICTEMPERAMENT,ANDNOTATALLCONVERSATIONALIOFFEREDHIMACAKEASAMARKOFATTENTION,WHICHHEATEATONEGULP,EXACTLYLIKEANELEPHANT,ANDWHICHMADENOMOREIMPRESSIONONHISBIGFACETHANITWOULDHAVEDONEONANELEPHANTS董秋斯這些話在腳夫(他的名字是巴吉斯先生)說來是很多了如我在前一章所說,他是一個黏液質(zhì)的人,一點也不喜歡談話我給他一塊點心,作為酬勞的表示,他一口便吃下去了,完全像一頭象,那一塊點心在他那大臉上,比在一頭象的臉上,引不起更多的表情。張谷若這幾句話,在車夫方面,就算是說得最多的了(他的名字叫巴奇斯),因為他這個人,像我前面說過的那樣,脾氣很冷靜,一點也不愛多說話。我因為他說了那么些話,要對他表示表示客氣,就給了他一塊點心。他接了點心,一口就把它咽下去了,和大象吃東西完全一樣;吃的時候,他那個大臉,又沒露出一丁點吃東西的樣子來,也完全和大象一樣。,直譯與逐字譯之間區(qū)別直譯照顧到譯入語的語法規(guī)范,對原文形式作必要的調(diào)整,因而文字比較通順,讀者能夠看懂。逐字譯則不顧譯入語的語法規(guī)范和表達習慣,視原文為“神圣不可侵犯”,一味追求形式對應,結(jié)果就是譯出來的文字晦澀生硬,甚至不知所云。逐字譯在同一語系的語言如英語、德語或法語、意大利語之間也是人們盡量避免的,在語言形態(tài)大相徑庭的英語和漢語之間,就更不宜用。從外譯漢的實際情況來看,逐字譯、死譯的作風時下普遍存在,漢語的純正正面臨著空前的威脅。更可怕的是,自幼就熏習于這種“惡性西化”的中文的國人,已經(jīng)適應了種種本不自然的中文表達方式,而無從辨別中文的本來之美。,二、意譯的定義種種意譯(FREETRANSLATIONORLIBERALTRANSLATION)張今“意譯是指在譯文中另外尋找新的表現(xiàn)法,來表達原文的邏輯內(nèi)容或形象內(nèi)容?!边@個定義主要強調(diào)意譯的文字同原文相比,采用了“新的表現(xiàn)法”。對此他有進一步的說明“由于語言外殼變了,原作的表現(xiàn)法直接移植過來,往往違反譯文語言的習慣,或者不能生動地再現(xiàn)原作意境。這時就需要根據(jù)原作者的創(chuàng)作意圖,另外尋找新的表現(xiàn)法來再現(xiàn)原作意境。”,范仲英“意譯從意義出發(fā),只要求將原文大意表達出來,不注意細節(jié),譯文自然流暢即可?!钡亲g文的“自然流暢”并不意味著譯者可以對原文內(nèi)容“隨意刪改,或添枝加葉。譯者必須深入鉆研原文,達到融會貫通,方能抓住要點,起到畫龍點睛的作用”。孫致禮意譯法不拘泥于原文的表現(xiàn)形式,而應以傳達原文的深層意思為主旨。這里的重點在于傳達原文的精神主旨,為此原文的表現(xiàn)形式是可以犧牲的。許淵沖“直譯是把忠實于原文內(nèi)容放在第一位,把忠實于原文形式放在第二位,把通順的譯文放在第三位的翻譯方法。意譯則是把忠實于原文的內(nèi)容放在第一位,把通順的譯文形式放在第二位,而不拘泥于原文形式的翻譯方法。”,英國翻譯理論家卡特福德(JCCATFORD)意譯的“等值關系可以在上下層次間變動,但趨向于較高的層次,有時是在比句子更大的單位間進行”。這里需要交代的是“層次”(RANK)一詞的含義,在卡特福德的理論體系中,層次是指從語素到句子等各種不同大小的語言單位。按等值關系(EQUIVALENCE)發(fā)生的層次劃分,翻譯包括逐字譯、直譯和意譯三種,其中逐字譯是建立在單詞層次上的等值關系,意譯則不受限制(UNBOUNDED),而直譯介于兩者之間。蘇聯(lián)翻譯理論家巴爾胡達羅夫(BARKHUDAROV)“超出必要層次使內(nèi)容不變并遵守譯入語規(guī)范”的翻譯。,沙特爾沃斯(MARKSHUTTLEWORTH)和考伊(MOIRACOWIE)“側(cè)重于使目標文本讀起來自然流暢,而不是完整保留原語文本措辭的翻譯類型”。兩位學者認為意譯和意對意翻譯(SENSEFORSENSETRANSLATION)的含義是完全相同的,目的都是譯出符合譯入語文化的語言和文本規(guī)范的譯文,使譯文讀起來沒有“外國味”,從而滿足譯入語讀者的需要。羅賓遜(DOUGLASROBINSON)“一個無所不包的范疇,它包含任何不忠實于原文的翻譯。基本上,任何不屬于有確定規(guī)范的可接受的翻譯都可以稱為意譯,即使所謂的偏離原文的譯文事實上同原語文本是緊密相關的”。,類似意譯新的術(shù)語有奈達動態(tài)對等(DYNAMICEQUIVALENCE)和功能對等(FUNCTIONALEQUIVALENCE),紐馬克交際翻譯(COMMUNICATIVETRANSLATION)圖里(GIDEONTOURY)可受性(ACCEPTABILITY)拉爾森(MILDREDL.LARSON)地道翻譯(IDIOMATICTRANSLATION),,三、直譯與意譯的各自功能直譯功能保持原語同譯入語之間的差異特征,從而最大限度地傳達原作的“異域風味”??梢暂斎胍恍┰Z的詞匯和表達方式,豐富譯入語文化系統(tǒng)的語言。武裝到牙齒BEARMEDTOTHETEETH斯芬克司之謎SPHINXSRIDDLE灑鱷魚淚SHEDCROCODILETEARS特洛伊木馬TROJANHORSE對應的“純”中文的說法全副武裝、難解之謎、貓哭耗子假慈悲、(潛藏內(nèi)部的)顛覆分子,NO,THERESSOMETHINGWRONGWITHTHEMENTALLIFE,RADICALLYITSROOTEDINSPITEANDENVY,ENVYANDSPITEYESHALLKNOWTHETREEBYITSFRUIT不,是精神生活出了問題,很嚴重的問題。根源就是怨恨和嫉妒,嫉妒和怨恨。你觀其行即可知其人。YESHALLKNOWTHETREEBYITSFRUITEITHERMAKETHETREEGOOD,ANDHISFRUITGOODORELSEMAKETHETREECORRUPT,ANDHISFRUITCORRUPTFORTHETREEISKNOWNBYITSFRUIT你們或以為樹好,果子也好;樹壞,果子也壞。因為看果子,就可以知道樹。,意譯功能如果說直譯的功能是圍繞“形式”(盡量保留原作的語言形式)的,那么是圍繞“效果”的,也就是說,譯者可以不受原文語言結(jié)構(gòu)的束縛,對原文的詞句順序、邏輯關系、修辭手段等進行調(diào)整和變通,使譯文地道流暢,符合譯入語讀者的閱讀習慣,以更好地傳達原文的藝術(shù)效果,使譯文讀者在閱讀中能夠產(chǎn)生原文讀者讀原文時類似的審美體驗。強調(diào)一點雖然就形式而言,意譯的文本同原文往往有很大出入,但這并不意味著譯者可以脫離原作,隨意所至,率爾為之,意譯的方法仍應以原作為根本的出發(fā)點,以再現(xiàn)原作的藝術(shù)意境為最后歸依,否則就不是意譯,而是自由譯、亂譯了。,意譯的方法反映了各語言之間的“翻譯度”問題老翻譯家楊絳同一語系之間“翻譯度”不大,移過點兒就到家了,恰是名副其實的“迻譯”。中西語言之間的“翻譯度”很大。如果“翻譯度”不足,文句就仿佛翻跟斗沒有翻成而栽倒在地,或是兩腳朝天,或是蹩了腳、拐了腿,站不平穩(wěn)。意譯的理論根據(jù)不同文化間的差異。作為一種交際方式,特定的語言表達在不同的民族間往往有不同的含義,在一種文化中人們習以為常的東西,在另一種文化中則可能是新鮮事物;在一種文化中有效的交際方式,在另一種文化中可能就沒有同樣的效果,甚至適得其反。如果將原文的詞句一一對應地翻譯過來,不見得就能保持“原汁原味”,而譯文讀者在閱讀這樣的譯文時,得到的感受同原文讀者的感受可能會完全不同。,兩彎似蹙非蹙罥煙眉,一雙似喜非喜含情目。態(tài)生兩靨之愁,嬌襲一身之病。淚光點點,嬌喘微微。閑靜時如嬌花照水,行動處若弱柳扶風。心較比干多一竅,病如西子勝三分。(曹雪芹、高鶚,紅樓夢)HERDUSKYARCHEDEYEBROWSWEREKNITTEDANDYETNOTFROWNING,HERSPEAKINGEYESHELDBOTHMERRIMENTANDSORROWHERVERYFRAILTYHADCHARMHEREYESSPARKLEDWITHTEARS,HERBREATHWASSOFTANDCHARMINREPOSESHEWASLIKEALOVELYFLOWERMIRROREDINTHEWATERINMOTION,APLIANTWILLOWSWAYINGINTHEWINDSHELOOKEDMORESENSITIVETHANPIKAN,MOREDELICATETHANHISSHIH,一位美國讀者BILLHOFMANN教授的評價ICANHARDLYSEE,THROUGHTHISPASSAGE,ABEAUTYBEFOREMYEYES,THEOVERWHELMINGIMPRESSIONBEINGTHATTHEYOUNGWOMANISFRAILANDPALEWHENWESAYSOMEBODYSBREATHISSOFTANDFAINT,WEDOBELIEVETHATSHEORHEISFATALLYSICKANDSHOULDBEHOSPITALIZEDASSOONASPOSSIBLE,,四、技術(shù)層面上的直譯與意譯處理“直譯派”和“意譯派”之爭直譯派主張翻譯之為翻譯,自然不同于母語文字的創(chuàng)作,譯者的使命就是要讓讀者多了解異域文化,體會異域情調(diào)。此外,保留原語文本的語言特色,還能豐富譯入語的表達方式,這也是翻譯的目的之一。意譯派主張不同的語言文字有其自身特有的文化內(nèi)涵,一種語言文字中的某些含義,有時候很難通過譯文用另一種語言文字表達出來,在這種情況下,譯者需要做的是犧牲表面上的文字對應,另辟蹊徑,采用意譯的方法再現(xiàn)原文的藝術(shù)形象和藝術(shù)意境,使譯文讀者獲得同原文讀者近似的感受。,我們認為直譯和意譯作為兩種最基本的翻譯方法,適用于不同的翻譯目的、讀者類型、文本性質(zhì)和作者意圖等,因而各有其優(yōu)勢和價值。直譯和意譯并非互相排斥,非彼即此,而是可以并行不悖,相輔相成。沒有絕對直譯或絕對意譯的譯文,直譯和意譯都是相對的說法,它們并不像自然科學中的某些概念一樣,可以有決然的界限。周作人譬如英文的LYINGONHISBACK一句,不譯作“仰臥著”而譯為“臥著在他的背上”,那便是欲求信而反不詞了。據(jù)我的意見,“仰臥著”是直譯,也可以說即意譯;將它略去不譯,或譯作“坦腹高臥”以至“臥北窗下自以為羲皇上人”,是“胡譯”;“臥著在他的背上”這一派乃是死譯。,STUDIESSERVEFORDELIGHT,FORORNAMENT,ANDFORABILITYTHEIRCHIEFUSEFORDELIGHT,ISINPRIVATENESSANDRETIRINGFORORNAMENT,ISINDISCOURSEANDFORABILITY,ISINTHEJUDGMENTANDDISPOSITION(FRANCISBACON,OFSTUDIES)譯文A讀書是為了娛樂,裝飾和增長才能。其娛樂方面的主要用途在于獨處和引退之時;其裝飾方面的主要用途在于言談之中;其增長才能方面的主要用途在于對事務的判斷和處理。(東旭譯)譯文B讀書可以作為消遣,可以作為裝飾,也可以增長才干。孤獨寂寞時,閱讀可以消遣。高談闊論時,知識可以裝飾。處世行事時,正確運用知識意味著才干。(何新譯)譯文C讀書足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以長才。其怡情也,最見于獨處幽居之時;其傅彩也,最見于高談闊論之中;其長才也,最見于處世判事之際。(王佐良譯),注意避免兩種傾向第一個傾向避免死譯(RIGIDTRANSLATION),死譯是指不顧目的語的表達習慣而采用同原文的語言形式亦步亦趨的翻譯方法。THEDEVELOPMENTOFANECONOMICALARTIFICIALHEARTISONLYAFEWTRANSIENTFAILURESAWAY發(fā)展一個經(jīng)濟的人工心臟只是幾個短暫的失敗。只消再經(jīng)過幾次失敗,就能造出價格低廉的人工心臟了。第二個傾向避免過度意譯(UNDULYFREEOROVERFREETRANSLATION)。過度意譯實際上就是胡譯、亂譯或者曲譯。具體表現(xiàn)要么附加過多的額外信息,要么信息含量不能夠等同原文的信息含量,要么改變了原文的信息,要么歪曲了原文的歷史、文化等背景信息。,1、直譯不等于硬譯所謂“硬譯”,也叫逐詞翻譯,翻譯時是以詞為單位進行考慮的,力求目的語的每個詞都能與原語的每個詞對等。這也叫“對號入座”。硬譯過于拘泥于原文形式,一味追求形式對等,置翻譯效果于不顧。(1)ITWASANOLDANDRAGGEDMOON譯文一那是一個又老又破的月亮。譯文二這是一彎下弦殘月。(2)IGUESSEDVAGUELYFROMMYMOTHER’SSIGNSANDFROMTHEHURRYINGTOANDFROINTHEHOUSETHATSOMETHINGUNUSUALWASTOHAPPEN譯文一我猜到模模糊糊從母親的手勢和匆忙去來在房子里某件事不尋常要發(fā)生。譯文二從家里人來回匆忙的走動及母親的手勢,我隱隱約約地猜到有什么不尋常的事就要發(fā)生。,(3)櫥窗里擺著的是什么東西譯文一SHOPWINDOWINDISPLAYEDISWHATTHING譯文二WHAT’STHATINTHESHOPWINDOW(4)在我生活的那個寂靜無聲、黑暗的世界里,沒有強烈的感情,也沒有溫柔。譯文一INILIVEDTHATQUIETSOUNDLESSANDDARKWORLDTHEREWASNOSTRONGFEELINGSORTENDERNESS譯文二INTHESTILLDARKWORLDINWHICHILIVEDTHEREWASNOSTRONGSENTIMENTORTENDERNESS(5)IGAVEMYYOUTHTOTHESEAANDICAMEHOMEANDGAVEMYWIFEMYOLDAGE譯文一我把我的青春獻給了大海,我回到家里,給了我的妻子我的老年。譯文二我把青春獻給了大海,我回到家里和我妻子共度晚年。譯文三我把青春獻給了海洋,等我回到家里時,已經(jīng)是白發(fā)蒼蒼了。,2、意譯不等于胡譯所謂“胡譯”,就是為了所謂“表達的順暢”,在沒有真正理解原文的情況下,往往望文生義,對上下文進行隨意的闡釋,增添原文中并不存在的內(nèi)容或刪減、遺漏原文所包含的內(nèi)容。(6)HEISLYINGONHISBACK,FIXINGHISEYESONSHININGSTARSINTHESKY譯文一他坦腹高臥,遙望星空,神游天際。譯文二他仰臥著,直目天空中閃爍的群星。(7)ANDHECOULDNOTTAKETHECHANCEOFPUTTINGHISCERTAINIGNORANCEAGAINSTTHISMAN’SPOSSIBLEKNOWLEDGE譯文一他可不能冒失地以自己的愚昧無知來對抗這人的真知灼見。譯文二他不能冒這個險,以自己的全然無知去否認此人的可能了解。(8)我不會拖你的后腿。譯文一IWON’TPULLYOURLEG譯文二IWON’TBEINYOURWAY,3、能直譯就盡量直譯(9)IHAVEEATENMORESALTTHANYOUOVERTHEYEARS直譯我比你多吃了幾年鹽。意譯我比你經(jīng)驗豐富。(10)CRIMINALSMUSTBEMADETOSEETHECONSEQUENCESOFTHEIRCRIMES“ANEYEFORANEYEANDATOOTHFORATOOTH”ISTHEVERYBASISOFJUSTICE直譯必須使罪犯看到自己犯罪的結(jié)果,“以眼還眼,以牙還牙”正是法制的基礎。意譯必須使罪犯看到自己犯罪的結(jié)果,“以其人之道還治其人之身”正是法制的基礎。,(11)DURINGTHERUSHHOURS,YOUCANOFTENSEEABOILINGSEAOFBICYCLESRUNNINGINALLDIRECTIONS直譯在高峰期間,你可經(jīng)常看到沸騰的自行車海洋涌向四面八方。意譯在高峰期間,你可經(jīng)常看到無數(shù)的自行車涌向四面八方。(12)AMONGSOMANYWELLDRESSEDANDCULTUREDPEOPLE,THECOUNTRYGIRLFELTLIKEAFISHOUTOFWATER直譯同這么多穿著體面而又有教養(yǎng)的人在一起,這位鄉(xiāng)下姑娘頗有如魚離水之感。意譯同這么多穿著體面而又有教養(yǎng)的人在一起,這位鄉(xiāng)下姑娘感到很不自在。,,4、不能直譯就采取意譯(13)HEDESCRIBEDMEASANONPRACTICINGCHRISTIAN直譯他把我說成是一個不積極參加活動的基督徒。意譯他把我說成是一個掛名的基督徒。(14)BUTOFALLTHEBEAUTYSPOTSOFTHEWESTLAKE,THEFIRSTIHEARDOFWASLEIFENGPAGODAMYGRANDMOTHEROFTENTOLDMETHATLADYWHITESNAKEWASAPRISONERUNDERNEATHIT直譯然而在所有的西湖美景中,我最先知道的卻是這雷峰塔。我的祖母曾經(jīng)常常對我說,白娘子就是這塔底下的一個罪人。意譯然而在所有的西湖美景中,我最先知道的卻是這雷峰塔。我的祖母曾經(jīng)常常對我說,白娘子就被壓在這塔底下。,(15)BOBBYRD,FORMERLYTHOUGHTTOBEATWORSTACOURTLY,FIDDLEPLAYINGGASBAG,ISPORTRAYEDASAVORACIOUSMONSTEROFTHEPORKBARREL直譯伯德議員從前最糟糕也不過被人認為是個圓滑的、愛拉小提琴的、話太多的人。現(xiàn)在他被描述為大桶豬肉的貪婪怪物。意譯從前伯德議員最糟糕的也不過是被認為過于圓滑,愛拉小提琴而話又太多,現(xiàn)在他被描述為爭奪政治撥款的貪婪怪物。(16)DOYOUSEEANYTHINGGREENINMYEYE直譯你看到我眼中有綠色的東西嗎意譯你以為我幼稚可欺嗎,(17)“ITHREWYOURSTAMPALBUMINTHEFURNACE,RICHARD,”SHETOLDHIMOUTOFACLEARSKYAFTERSUPPERONENIGHT直譯“我把你的集郵冊扔到火爐里去了,理查德,”一天晚上吃過晚飯,天空晴朗無云,她對他說。意譯“我把你的集郵冊扔到火爐里去了,理查德,”一天晚上吃過晚飯,她突如其來地對他這么說。(18)HISRETORTWASDELIVEREDWITHASTRONGNOTEOFVINEGAR譯文一他的反駁是帶著強烈的酯意發(fā)出的。譯文二他用非常尖酸刻薄的口氣進行了反駁。(19)ITSEEMSTOMEWHATISSAUCEFORTHEGOOSEISSAUCEFORTHEGANDER直譯我覺得煮母鵝用什么醬油,煮公鵝也要用什么醬油。意譯我認為如何律人就應如何律己/兩種情況都適合。,(20)你真是不到黃河不死心。直譯YOUREALLYDOREFUSETOGIVEINUNTILTHEYELLOWRIVERISREACHED意譯YOUREALLYDOREFUSETOGIVEINUNTILALLHOPEISGONE(21)在園里面是人間的樂園,有的是吃不了的大米白面,穿不完的綾羅綢緞,花不完的金銀財寶。直譯INSIDETHEGARDENISAPARADISEONEARTH,WITHMORERICEANDWHITEFLOURTOEAT,MORESILKCLOTHESTOWEARANDMORESUCHTREASURESASGOLDANDSILVERTHANENOUGHTOSPEND意譯THEGARDENWASAPARADISEONEARTH,WITHMOREFOODANDCLOTHESTHANCOULDBECONSUMEDANDMOREMONEYTHANCOULDBESPENT,(22)我曾多次見他畫小雞,毛茸茸,很可愛;也見過他畫的魚鷹,水是綠的,鉆進水里的,很生動。直譯FORSEVERALTIMES,IHAVESEENHIMPAINTCHICKS,FLUFFYANDLOVELYIHAVEALSOSEENCORMORANTSPAINTEDBYHIMTHEWATERISGREEN,THEYPUTTHEIRHEADSINTHEWATERANDTHEVIEWISVIVID意譯ONSEVERALOCCASIONSIWATCHEDHIMPAINTFLUFFYLITTLECHICKSANDVIVIDCORMORANTSWITHTHEIRHEADSINCLEARGREENWATER,5、直譯和意譯并用互補(23)INTHISCASE,WHAT’SMOREIMPORTANTFORUSISTOFINDAPERSONWHOCANBELLTHECAT譯文在這種情況下,對我們而言更重要的是找到一個能為大家的利益承擔危險的人。(24)THEEVIDENCEISRAPIDLYMOUNTINGTHATHEISTHEREALDECISIONMAKERINTHISGIGANTICENTERPRISE譯文急劇增多的證據(jù)表明,他是這家巨型企業(yè)的真正決策者。,(25)THENEEDTOPRODUCEGOODSANDSERVICESATQUALITYLEVELSPREVIOUSLYTHOUGHTIMPOSSIBLETOOBTAININMASSPRODUCTIONREQUIRESTHEMANAGERSTORECRUITAMOREHIGHLYEDUCATEDWORKFORCE譯文以前人們認為在大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)中無法做到提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品和服務,而對于兩者的需求要求經(jīng)理人員雇用受教育水平更高的勞動力。(26)我最不愿做的事情就是與他爭辯,因為他很容易失去耐心。譯文THELASTTHINGI’DLIKETODOISTOARGUEWITHHIMSINCEHEISPRONETOLOSE
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