簡介：畢業(yè)論文文獻綜述畢業(yè)論文文獻綜述信息與計算科學(xué)信息與計算科學(xué)淺談中國數(shù)學(xué)史及其對數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)的作用淺談中國數(shù)學(xué)史及其對數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)的作用一、國內(nèi)外狀況一、國內(nèi)外狀況今日世界的發(fā)展是多極的，不同國家和地區(qū)、不同民族之間在文化交流中共同發(fā)展，因而隨著多元化世界文明史研究的展開與西方中心論觀念的淡化，異質(zhì)的區(qū)域文明日益受到重視，從而不同地域的數(shù)學(xué)文化的比較以及數(shù)學(xué)交流史研究也日趨活躍。數(shù)學(xué)史的比較研究往往圍繞數(shù)學(xué)成果、數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)范式、數(shù)學(xué)發(fā)展的社會背景等三方面而展開。數(shù)學(xué)活動有兩項基本工作證明與計算，前者是由于接受了公理化（演繹化）數(shù)學(xué)文化傳統(tǒng)，后者是由于接受了機械化（算法化）數(shù)學(xué)文化傳統(tǒng)。在世界數(shù)學(xué)文化傳統(tǒng)中，以歐幾里得幾何原本為代表的希臘數(shù)學(xué)，無疑是西方演繹數(shù)學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)，而以九章算術(shù)為代表的中國數(shù)學(xué)無疑是東方算法化數(shù)學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)，它們東西輝映，共同促進了世界數(shù)學(xué)文化的發(fā)展。中國數(shù)學(xué)通過絲綢之路傳播到印度、阿拉伯地區(qū)，后來經(jīng)阿拉伯人傳入西方。而且在漢字文化圈內(nèi)，一直影響著日本、朝鮮半島、越南等亞洲國家的數(shù)學(xué)發(fā)展。二、進展情況二、進展情況數(shù)學(xué)史是研究數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)發(fā)生發(fā)展及其規(guī)律的科學(xué)，簡單地說就是研究數(shù)學(xué)的歷史。它不僅追溯數(shù)學(xué)內(nèi)容、思想和方法的演變、發(fā)展過程，而且還探索影響這種過程的各種因素，以及歷史上數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)的發(fā)展對人類文明所帶來的影響。從17世紀(jì)開始，西方歷史學(xué)便形成了考據(jù)學(xué)，在中國出現(xiàn)更早，尤其鼎盛于清代乾嘉時期，時至今日仍為歷史研究的主要方法，隨著時代的進步，考據(jù)方法的不斷改進，應(yīng)用范圍也在不斷拓寬。數(shù)學(xué)史既屬于史學(xué)領(lǐng)域，又屬于數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。數(shù)學(xué)史的研究既要遵循史學(xué)規(guī)律，又要遵循數(shù)理科學(xué)規(guī)律，因此將數(shù)理分析作為數(shù)學(xué)史研究的特殊的輔助手段，在缺乏史料或史料真?zhèn)文娴那闆r，對古代數(shù)學(xué)的內(nèi)容進行數(shù)學(xué)原理分析，以達到正本清源、理論概括以及提出歷史假說的目的。數(shù)學(xué)史研究的任務(wù)在于，弄清數(shù)學(xué)發(fā)展過程中的基本史實，再現(xiàn)其本來面貌，同時透過這些歷史現(xiàn)象對數(shù)學(xué)成就、理論體系與發(fā)展模式作出科學(xué)、合理的解釋、說明與評價，進而探究數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)發(fā)展的規(guī)律與文化本質(zhì)。作為數(shù)學(xué)史研究的基本方法與手段，常有歷史考證、數(shù)理分析、比較研究等方法。10趙堅對我國數(shù)學(xué)史研究中一些矛盾結(jié)論的探討J綜合研究20109495111李寶萍論高等數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)中數(shù)學(xué)史的重要性J宿州學(xué)院學(xué)報201025210610712李修昌張柏琴徐明躍數(shù)學(xué)史在高師院校數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)中的教育價值J繼續(xù)教育研究2009915615813李玉慧中國數(shù)學(xué)史的教學(xué)內(nèi)容與教學(xué)思想J和田師范?？茖W(xué)校學(xué)報漢文綜合版200727218818914李江中國數(shù)學(xué)發(fā)展史概略J數(shù)學(xué)愛好者2007525415茆芹談數(shù)學(xué)史在數(shù)學(xué)分析教學(xué)中的積極作用J滁州學(xué)院學(xué)報2010122100101

簡介：1（20_20__屆）屆）本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計信息與計算科學(xué)淺談中國古代數(shù)學(xué)史及其對數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)的作用淺談中國古代數(shù)學(xué)史及其對數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)的作用3不同地區(qū)的數(shù)學(xué)文化的比較和數(shù)學(xué)交流史也日趨活躍。數(shù)學(xué)史的比較研究往往圍繞數(shù)學(xué)成果、數(shù)學(xué)發(fā)展的社會背景、數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)范式等三方面而展開。（6）意義數(shù)學(xué)是中國古代歷史中一門重要的學(xué)科，它傳承久遠，成就輝煌。與其他學(xué)科相比，數(shù)學(xué)是門歷史性或者說累積性很強的科學(xué)。重大的數(shù)學(xué)理論綜述在繼承和發(fā)展原有理論基礎(chǔ)上建立起來的，他們不僅不會推翻原有的理論，往往總是包容原先的理論。數(shù)學(xué)史不僅是單純的數(shù)學(xué)成就的編年記錄。數(shù)學(xué)的發(fā)展道路是充滿坎坷曲折的，甚至?xí)媾R危機。數(shù)學(xué)史是數(shù)學(xué)家們克服和戰(zhàn)勝危機的斗爭記錄。對這些歷史的了解可使我們從前人的探索和奮斗中吸取經(jīng)驗，獲得鼓舞和增加信心?？梢哉f，不了解數(shù)學(xué)史就不能全面了解數(shù)學(xué)這門科學(xué)。很多人都覺得數(shù)學(xué)是枯燥乏味的，數(shù)學(xué)系出來的人都是迂腐成就，頑固不堪的，因而很多人害怕數(shù)學(xué)，其實這是有原因的。通常，我們的數(shù)學(xué)教科書上的內(nèi)容往往都是僵化的，一成不變的，沒有新意，不能吸引學(xué)生的注意力。如果嘗試著在數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)中滲透入相關(guān)數(shù)學(xué)史的內(nèi)容，就會令課堂生動不少，一些歷史性的內(nèi)容往往更能吸引學(xué)生的注意力，而且，通過數(shù)學(xué)史的的學(xué)習(xí)，往往更能生動地幫助學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和理解數(shù)學(xué)這門學(xué)科。中國數(shù)學(xué)有著悠久的歷史，14世紀(jì)之前一直是世界上數(shù)學(xué)最為發(fā)達的國家，出現(xiàn)過許多杰出的數(shù)學(xué)家，取得了很多輝煌成就，其源遠流長的以計算為中心、具有程序性和機械性的算法化數(shù)學(xué)模式與古希臘的以幾何定理的演繹推理為特征的公理化數(shù)學(xué)模式相輝映，交替影響著世界數(shù)學(xué)的發(fā)展。二、中國古代數(shù)學(xué)的發(fā)展（1）中國古代數(shù)學(xué)的起源中國古代數(shù)學(xué)起源于原始社會末期，私有制和貨物交換產(chǎn)生以后，數(shù)與形的概念有了進一步的發(fā)展，仰韶文化時期出土的陶器，上面已刻有表示1234的符號。到原始公社末期，已開始使用文字符號取代結(jié)繩記事了。西安半坡出土的陶器已經(jīng)有1～8個圓點組成的等邊三角形和分正方形為100個小正方形的圖案，半坡遺址的房屋基址都是圓形和方形。商代中期，在甲骨文中已產(chǎn)生一套十進制數(shù)字和計數(shù)法，其中最大的數(shù)字為三萬；同時，殷人用十個天干和十二個地支組成甲子、乙丑、丙寅、丁卯等60個名稱來記60天的日期；在周代，又把前用陰、陽符號構(gòu)成的八卦表示八種事物發(fā)展為六十四卦，表示64種事物。公元前一世紀(jì)的周髀算經(jīng)提到西周初期用矩測量高、深、廣、遠的方法，并舉出勾股形的勾三、股四、弦五以及環(huán)矩可以為圓等例子。

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯原文原文PUBLICVERSUSPRIVATEOLDAGEPENSIONSINEUROPETHEMODERNIDEAOFA‘WELFARESTATE’CONSTITUTESONEOFTHEMOSTIMPTANTACHIEVEMENTSOFEUROPEANPOLITICALTHOUGHTOLDAGEPENSIONSINTURNAREACRUCIALFEATUREOFAMODERNWELFARESTATEAMODERNSOCIALMARKETECONOMYPENSIONSARETHEMAINTOOLTOPROVIDECITIZENSONALARGESCALEBASISWITHACCEPTABLEWELFARELEVELSATRETIREMENTINTHEFACEOFTHISDEMOGRAPHICTRENDSINITIATEDINTHEPASTNOWSHOWINGMAJEFFECTSARECASTINGSERIOUSDOUBTSONTHEFUTURESUSTAINABILITYOFNATIONALPENSIONSYSTEMSASTHEYAREGANIZEDTODAYCOUNTRIESWLDWIDEAREDEALINGWITHINCREASINGBUDGETARYPROBLEMSINPAYINGOUTPENSIONSDUETOPOPULATIONAGEINGESPECIALLYINEUROPETOAHISTICALTENDENCYTOWARDSEARLYRETIREMENTAWARENESSOFTHISPHENOMENONHASTRIGGEREDAWIDESPREADDEBATEINALLMEMBERSTATESOFTHEEUROPEANUNIONTHROUGHOUTTHEWLDABOUTREFMINGNATIONALPENSIONSSYSTEMSCURRENTLYALMOSTEVERYOECDCOUNTRYEUMEMBERSTATEISDEBATINGTHEPENSIONPROBLEMUNDERTAKINGITSOWNREFMSHOWEVERPENSIONSYSTEMREFMISA‘SENSITIVETARGET’BECAUSEOFTHEVERYNATUREIMPTANCEOFPENSIONSTHEREAREECONOMICDEMOGRAPHICSOCIALPOLITICALASPECTSTHATMUSTBECONSIDEREDFURTHERMEFROMATECHNICALPOINTOFVIEWTHEREISCONTROVERSYABOUTTHEEMPIRICALMAGNITUDEOFTHEPENSIONPROBLEMTHEUNDERLYINGECONOMICTHEYCONSEQUENTLYABOUTBESTPRACTICESPOLICYADVICEFNATIONALGOVERNMENTSITISTHEREFENOSURPRISETHATTHEDEBATEONPENSIONREFMHASGROWNINTENSIVELYNOWSPANSAVARIETYOFDIMENSIONSFROMIDENTIFYINGAPPROPRIATEACTUARIALFMULAEFCOMPUTINGBENEFITSATRETIREMENTTOTHEGENERALECONOMICIMPACTOFDIFFERENTPENSIONDESIGNSTOTHEMEPOLITICALISSUESOFSOCIALCONSENSUSIMPLEMENTATIONWHENINEACHPERIODTHETOTALNOMINALCONTRIBUTIONSGIVENASTHECONTRIBUTIONRATETIMESTHEAVERAGEWAGETIMESTHENUMBEROFWKERSEQUALTHETOTALPENSIONEXPENSESGIVENASTHEAVERAGEPENSIONTIMESTHENUMBEROFPENSIONERSINOECDCOUNTRIESPUBLICSPENDINGFRETIREMENTPENSIONSTHATISTHERIGHTHSIDEOFTHEBALANCINGFMULAISEXPECTEDTORISEDRAMATICALLYINTHECOMINGDECADESRECENTPROJECTIONSFTHEPERIOD2000–2050SHOWTHATPUBLICAGERELATEDEXPENDITURESASAPERCENTAGEOFGDPMAYRISEONAVERAGEBYABOUTSEVENPOINTSINPARTICULARTHEPROPTIONOFGDPREPRESENTEDBYPUBLICSPENDINGFRETIREMENTPENSIONEARLYRETIREMENTPROGRAMMERSISPROJECTEDTOINCREASEBYALMOST10INNWAYBY8INSPAINKEABY5INGERMANYBYALMOST4INFRANCEFTHEEUROPEANUNIONECOFINPROJECTSANINCREASEOFTHEGROSSBEFETAXESPUBLICSPENDINGINPENSIONSOF2322PERCENTAGEPOINTSOFGDPRESPECTIVELYFTHEEU15EU25THISIMPLIESTHATBY2050THEEU15WILLSPENDALMOST13OFITSGDPTOFINANCEPUBLICPENSIONSWHILETHEEU25WILLSPEND128THEPROJECTEDINCREASEINLONGEVITYCOMBINEDWITHATENDENCYTOWARDSEARLYRETIREMENTISRESPONSIBLEFTHEEXPECTEDINCREASEINTHEEXPENDITUREFRETIREMENTPENSIONSATTHESAMETIMEPROJECTEDPENSIONCONTRIBUTIONSAREEXPECTEDTOFALLBECAUSEOFTHEDECREASINGFERTILITYRATESINDEEDLOWERFERTILITYRATESTENDTOLEADTOADECREASEINTHEWKINGPOPULATIONUNDERREASONABLEASSUMPTIONSABOUTPRODUCTIVITYTOONLYAMODERATEEXPANSIONOFGDPASARESULTGIVENTHECURRENTPUBLICPENSIONFMULAETHESYSTEMWILLEXPERIENCESERIOUSFISCALIMBALANCESPUBLICVERSUSPRIVATEPENSIONSCHEMESTHISSECTIONDISCUSSESHOWINCREASINGTHEROLEOFFUNDEDPENSIONSCHEMESCANHELPTOMAINTAINFISCALSUSTAINABILITYINTHEPRESENCEOFPOPULATIONAGEINGITALSOELABATESONTHEEFFECTSONPRIVATEPENSIONSSAVINGSGROWTHFINANCIALMARKETSTHEPROTECTIONOFINDIVIDUALSAGAINSTVARIOUSTYPESOFRISKMAKINGCOMPARISONSWITHAPAYGSYSTEMWHENNECESSARYFUNDINGALLOWSTHESYSTEMTOBEKEPTFINANCIALLYBALANCEDINTHEFACEOFPOPULATIONAGEINGINAFULLYFUNDEDSYSTEMEACHINDIVIDUALINAGIVENGENERATIONCALL

簡介：外文文獻翻譯外文文獻翻譯原文PERFMINGANINTERNALCONTROLFUNCTIONTOSUSTAINSOX404IMPROVERISKMANAGEMENTEVIDENCEFROMEUROPETHEGLOBALECONOMICCRISISWEHAVEALLEXPERIENCEDSINCETHEFALLOF2008RESULTEDFROMACOMPLEXSETOFFACTSONEOFTHEMOSTAPPARENTCAUSESWASFLAWEDMANAGEMENTOFINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMSFEXAMPLEINEUROPEPARTICULARLYINFRANCEINTERNALCONTROLFAILURESSEVERELYIMPACTEDAIRBUSINDUSTRIEASUBSIDIARYOFTHEEADSGROUPIN2006SOCITGNRALEIN2008BOTHCASESMARKEDTHENEEDFGANIZATIONSTOMANAGETHEIRINTERNALCONTROLRISKMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSMEEFFECTIVELYINTHECASEOFAIRBUSINDUSTRIETHEFACTTHATATWOYEARPRODUCTIONDELAYONTHENEWAIRBUSA380WENTUNDETECTEDWASACLEARSIGNOFINTERNALCONTROLDYSFUNCTIONINTHECASEOFSOCITGNRALETHEFACTTHATFNEARLYAYEARTHETRADERJROMEKERVIELWASABLETOINVESTTENSOFBILLIONSOFEUROSUNBEKNOWNSTTOEITHEREXTERNALINTERNALAUDITSWASALSOASIGNOFINTERNALCONTROLFAILURE1ATTHESAMETIMETHATTHESEMALFUNCTIONSOCCURREDHOWEVEROPERATINGREPTSFBOTHCOMPANIESCONCLUDEDTHATINTERNALCONTROLRISKMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSWERESOLIDCURRENTLAWSONINTERNALCONTROLSECURITYWEREBEINGRESPECTED2INTHEAFTERMATHOFSUCHDEVELOPMENTSONALARGERSCALETHEENRONWLDCOMPARMALATSCALSMEASURESHAVEBEENTAKENTOREESTABLISHINVESTCONFIDENCEAMONGTHEMANEWSERIESOFNMSSUCHASTHESARBANESOXLEYACTSOXITSINTERNATIONALEQUIVALENTSFINSTANCETHELAWOFFINANCIALSECURITYLFSINFRANCEHAVECOMPELLEDCOMPANIESTO“INSTITUTIONALIZE”METHODSFMANAGINGRISKSACHIEVINGENTITYOBJECTIVES3ACCDINGTOPAULDIMAGGIOWALTERPOWELL“INSTITUTIONALIZATION”ISTHEPROCESSBYWHICHSOCIALPROCESSESTAKEONTHESTATUSOFRULESGOVERNINGCPATETHOUGHTACTION4THESENEWREGULATIONSHAVEHADTREMENDOUSIMPACTONMANAGEMENTPRACTICESOFLATECOMBINEDWITHTHECLIMATEOFECONOMICCRISISSUCHCHANGESHAVEFUELLEDINTENSEINTERESTININTERNALENTITYOBJECTIVESONTHEOTHERHTHEEXPLICITGOALOFSOXISTOIMPROVETHETRANSPARENCYTIMELINESSQUALITYOFFINANCIALREPTINGTHEINTERNALCONTROLREQUIREMENTSOFSOXSECTION404REQUIREMANAGEMENTTOTAKEOWNERSHIPOFINTERNALCONTROLSOVERFINANCIALREPTINGBYASSESSINGPUBLICLYREPTINGONTHEIREFFECTIVENESS8BUTBECAUSEIMPROVEDCONTROLSOVERFINANCIALREPTINGALSOHAVEBENEFICIALMANAGEMENTEFFECTSSOXHASPROFOUNDIMPLICATIONSFINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMSTHUSITISIMPTANTFANYONEINTERESTEDINMANAGEMENTCONTROLSYSTEMSTOUNDERSTTHEMAINELEMENTSOFSOX9ZABIHOLLAHREZAEEMICHAELHOLTHAVEEXPLAINEDTHEMANYLEGALSECTIONSOFSOXBUTTHEREARESPECIFICCOMPONENTSOFTHEACTTHATAREOFINTERESTTOMOSTCOMPANIES10SECTION108DEFINESWHAT“ACCEPTEDACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESPRACTICES”AREWHICHAREOBLIGATYINACOMPANY’SACCOUNTINGSYSTEMSECTIONS201202DEFINEWHICHSERVICESEXTERNALAUDITSCANPERFMSECTIONS204205301REQUIRETHEESTABLISHMENTOFANAUDITCOMMITTEEMOSTIMPTANTSECTION302REQUIRESTHATCEOSCFOSCERTIFYTHATTHEIRINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMWKSTHATTHEIRREPTSARECRECTINCONJUNCTIONWITH302SECTION404MAKESTHEESTABLISHMENTOFANEFFECTIVEINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMMATYSECTION406REQUIRESALLSENIFINANCIALEXECUTIVESTOSIGNACODEOFETHICSFINALLYSECTION906CALLSFPERIODICREPTSSTIPULATESTHEIRCONTENTREQUIRESTHATTHEYCONTAINALLPERTINENTINFMATIONTOCOMPLYWITHTHESESTARDSMOSTCOMPANIESHAVEADOPTEDTHEFRAMEWKOFTHECOMMITTEEOFSPONSINGGANIZATIONSOFTHETREADWAYCOMMISSIONCOSOTOCREATETHEIRINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMINBROADTERMSACCDINGTOTHEENTERPRISERISKMANAGEMENTINTEGRATEDFRAMEWKACOMPANYFIRSTNEEDSTOESTABLISHA“CONTROLENVIRONMENT”THATSETSTHETONEFTHEENTIREGANIZATIONINCREASESCONTROLAWARENESSWITHINITSSTAFFITSHOULDTHENPERFMACOMPANYWIDE“RISKASSESSMENT”INADDITIONITSHOULDFMULATE“CONTROLACTIVITIES”IEPOLICIESPROCEDURESTHATHELPENSURETHATMANAGEMENTDIRECTIVESARECARRIEDOUTMEOVERITSHOULDINSTITUTEA“MONITINGSYSTEM”TOVERIFYTHATTHEFEGOINGACTIVITIESARECARRIEDOUTADHEREDTO11TOACCOMPLISHTHESEOBJECTIVESEACHCOMPANYNEEDSTOSTRUCTURESYSTEMSTHATCODINATERECDCONTROLARCHIVETHEMYRIADACTIVITIESTHATCOMPANYEMPLOYEES

簡介：I摘要歐元從1999年誕生至今，迅速成為了繼美元之后的第二世界貨幣。然而一次由希臘開始引起的一系列歐盟國家債務(wù)危機卻終結(jié)了這樣的好勢頭，甚至由于歐洲債務(wù)危機的急劇發(fā)展引發(fā)了世界金融危機。目前，中國經(jīng)濟已經(jīng)逐漸步入了世界經(jīng)濟全球化之中，世界經(jīng)濟的變化很大程度上影響著中國經(jīng)濟的變化發(fā)展。本文從分析歐洲債務(wù)危機的演變進程入手，按照提出問題、分析問題、解決問題的思路來安排文章結(jié)構(gòu)，總共分為5個部分內(nèi)容第1部分為概述，主要介紹歐洲債危機的背景和現(xiàn)象；第2部分從歐債危機的開端，發(fā)展和升級3個階段介紹其演變過程；第3部分主要闡述歐洲債務(wù)危機產(chǎn)生的原因，并簡單的分析產(chǎn)生這些問題的因素；第4部分講述歐洲債務(wù)危機對已經(jīng)步入世界經(jīng)濟全球化的中國經(jīng)濟的影響。第5部分綜合上述論文的內(nèi)容提出自己對規(guī)避歐洲債務(wù)危機對中國經(jīng)濟影響的建議。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞歐洲債務(wù)危機；中國經(jīng)濟；影響III目錄一概述1（一）歐洲債務(wù)危機的背景1（二）歐洲債務(wù)危機表現(xiàn)出來的現(xiàn)象1二歐洲債務(wù)危機的演進路徑2（一）歐洲債務(wù)危機想歐洲銀行業(yè)的傳導(dǎo)2（二）歐洲債務(wù)危機向非金融私營部門的傳導(dǎo)3（三）歐洲債務(wù)危機向美國經(jīng)濟的傳導(dǎo)4三歐洲債務(wù)危機產(chǎn)生的原因5（一）歐洲的外部原因5（二）歐洲的內(nèi)部原因5四歐洲債務(wù)危機對中國經(jīng)濟的影響6（一）中國與歐洲在貿(mào)易和投資領(lǐng)域的關(guān)系6（二）短期國際資本流入對中國經(jīng)濟的影響7（三）匯率變動對中國出口的影響7（四）歐元貶值對中國外匯儲備的影響8五規(guī)避歐洲債務(wù)危機對中國經(jīng)濟影響的建議8（一）規(guī)避短期國際資本流入對中國經(jīng)濟的影響的建議8（二）規(guī)避匯率變動對中國出口的影響的建議8（三）規(guī)避歐元貶值對中國外匯儲備的影響的建議9參考文獻11致謝12

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簡介：原文原文ISEUROPEBECOMINGTHEMOSTDYNAMICKNOWLEDGEECONOMYINTHEWLDABSTRACTTHEARTICLEDISCUSSESTHECONDITIONPERSPECTIVEOFTHEEUROPEANUNIONINTHEKNOWLEDGEECONOMYTHEFEASIBILITYOFTHEGOALGIVENBYTHEEUROPEANCOUNCILATTHESUMMITSHELDINLISBONMARCH2000BARCELONAMARCH2002THATISTOINCREASEEUROPEANRINTRAEUROPEANDISTRIBUTIONOFRESOURCESCAPABILITIESASETOFTECHNOLOGICALINDICATSISPRESENTEDTOSHOWTHATEUROPEISSTILLCONSISTENTLYBEHINDWHENCOMPAREDTOJAPANTHEUSESPECIALLYINRARCHIBUGIPIANTA1992EUROPEISNOTTHEONLYREGIONCONCERNEDABOUTITSTECHNOLOGICALPERFMANCESIMILARWRIESWEREECHOEDINAMERICAKENNEDY1988PIANTA1988NELSON1989WEWOULDDOUBTLESSFINDCOMPARABLESTATEMENTSINTHEFAREASTASWELLBUTSAYINGTHATONE’SNEIGHBOUR’SGRASSISALWAYSGREENERDOESNOTMEANTHATONECANDISMISSTHEISSUEOFPOPERFMANCEBYTHEEUROPEANECONOMYINKEYASPECTSOFKNOWLEDGEBASEDPRODUCTIONASIMILARPATTERNEMERGESINTERMSOFBUSINESSRDBERDASAPERCENTAGEOFTHEDOMESTICPRODUCTOFINDUSTRYDPIREPTEDINTHERIGHTHCOLUMNSOFTABLE2INTHISCASETHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEFIRSTTHELASTEU25COUNTRYISEVENHIGHERSWEDENHASABERDINTENSITY25TIMESHIGHERTHANPOLSOMECONTRASTINGTENDENCIESALSOEMERGEINDUSTRIALRDHASDECREASEDINEASTERNEUROPEANCOUNTRIESSUCHASPOLSLOVAKIAWHILEITHASINCREASEDINALMOSTALLWESTERNEUROPEAN

簡介：外文翻譯FISCALSURVEILLANCEINEMUNEWISSUESCHALLENGESMATERIALSOURCEWLDBANKAUTHHANAPOLACKOVABRIXIWHYCONTINGENTLIABILITIESNEEDTOBETAKENINTOACCOUNTEXPERIENCEHASSUGGESTEDTHATGOVERNMENTSINCLUDINGTHOSEINNEWMEMBERSTATESMAYBEACCUMULATINGSIGNIFICANTOBLIGATIONSINTHEFMOFCONTINGENTLIABILITIESTHATARENEITHERRECDEDNANALYZEDINFISCALDOCUMENTS1PERHAPSNONEOFTHENEWMEMBERSTATESONLYFEWOFTHELONGSTINGEUMEMBERSHAVETHEINSTITUTIONALFRAMEWKSCAPACITIESTOEFFECTIVELYCONTROLMANAGECONTINGENTLIABILITIESNEWMEMBERSTATESHOWEVERHAVEBELONGEDTOTHECOUNTRIESPERHAPSMOSTPRONETOTHEACCUMULATIONOFCONTINGENTLIABILITIESRELATEDFISCALRISKFIRSTTHEHIGHCOSTOFTRANSITIONSTRUCTURALREFMSHASINVITEDTHECREATIONOFSCHEMESTHATINVOLVEGOVERNMENTCONTINGENTLIABILITIESWHICHAREEITHEREXPLICITIMPLICITASILLUSTRATEDINFIGURE1SHIFTPARTOFTHECOSTINTOTHEFUTURESECONDTHEPRIVATIZATIONOFSTATEFUNCTIONSDRIVENBYTHEFISCALCONSTRAINTASWELLASBYEFFICIENCYREASONSFINSTANCEINPENSIONSINFRASTRUCTUREHASDEMEDCONTINGENTGOVERNMENTSUPPTAGAINEITHEREXPLICITIMPLICITTOENTICEPRIVATEINTERESTTHIRDASALSOTHEEXPERIENCEOFTHELONGSTINGEUMEMBERSCANATTESTTHEPURSUITOFDEFICITTARGETSGENERATESINCENTIVESFGOVERNMENTSTOFAVOFFBUDGETFMSOFGOVERNMENTSUPPTTHATDONOTREQUIREIMMEDIATECASHTHATATLEASTFSOMETIMEHIDETHEUNDERLYINGFISCALCOST–WHILECREATINGCONTINGENTLIABILITIESSIMILARLYTHEPURSUITOFFISCALADJUSTMENTDEFICITTARGETSMAYELEVATETHELONGTERMFISCALRISKSASITCOMPLICATESSTRUCTURALREFMSINTHESOCIALASWELLASENTERPRISESECTSFINALLYTHEGROWINGDEVELOPMENTALROLEAUTONOMYOFLOCALGOVERNMENTSMAYBEASSOCIATEDWITHTHEELEVATIONOFLOCALGOVERNMENTCONTINGENTLIABILITIESDEBTSUCHLOCALGOVERNMENTOBLIGATIONSOFTENREPRESENTEITHERANEXPLICITIMPLICITCONTINGENTLIABILITYFTHENATIONALGOVERNMENTINASMUCHMARKETSINTHENEWMEMBERSTATESARESTILL“EMERGING”INTHESENSEVALUATIONMETHODOLOGIESTHISPAPERDRAWSLESSONSFROMTHISEXPINGRANGEOFEXPERIENCEPERHAPSTHEMAINPROBLEMINFULLYINCLUDINGCONTINGENTLIABILITIESINTHEFISCALSURVEILLANCEFRAMEWKISIMPLEMENTATIONEFFECTIVEIMPLEMENTATIONOFFISCALSURVEILLANCEWITHRESPECTTOCONTINGENTLIABILITIESDEPENDSONTHEWILLINGNESSOFGOVERNMENTSTOEXPOSERELEVANTINFMATIONCONTINGENTLIABILITIESMAYARISEINMANYDIFFERENTFMSINVOLVEDIFFERENTLEVELSOFGOVERNMENTMAYNOTBEDETECTEDUNTILTHEYFALLDUEEVENTHENABAILOUTMIGHTBECHESTRATEDTHROUGHAFINANCIALINSTITUTIONFINSTANCERATHERTHANTHEGOVERNMENTITSELFMANYCONTINGENTLIABILITIESREMAINUNKNOWNUNLESSTHEGOVERNMENTEXPOSESTHEMATITSOWNINITIATIVESOMEMAYNOTBEEVENKNOWNTOTHEGOVERNMENTASAWHOLEUNLESSTHEGOVERNMENTMONITSALLITSPOSSIBLESOURCESOFFISCALRISKINCLUDINGFINSTANCECONTINGENTLIABILITIESOFLOCALGOVERNMENTSSTATEOWNEDUTILITIESIFTHEWILLINGNESSOFGOVERNMENTSTOCOOPERATEINREVEALINGCONTINGENTLIABILITIESISIMPTANTTHENOBVIOUSLYINCENTIVESENFCEMENTMATTERINEFFECTARECOUNTRIESREWARDEDFTRANSPARENCYPUNISHEDSOMEEXPERIENCEAMONGNEWMEMBERSTATESSUGGESTSTHATCOUNTRIESMAYBEPUNISHEDATTHETIMEWHENTHEYREVEALCONTINGENTLIABILITIESBUTNOTPUNISHEDATTHETIMEWHENHIDDENCONTINGENTLIABILITIESFALLDUEFINSTANCEIN1997THEMINISTEROFFINANCEOFTHECZECHREPUBLICVOLUNTEEREDDETAILEDINFMATIONABOUTUNTILTHENUNKNOWNCONTINGENTLIABILITIESARISINGFROMTHESOCALLEDTRANSFMATIONINSTITUTIONS4OFFBUDGETFUNDSMEANWHILETHESEENTITIESHAVEBEENEITHERDISMANTLEDSCHEDULEDFDISMANTLINGBROUGHTUNDERTHEMAASTRICHTFISCALFRAMEWKFROMTHEMOMENTWHENTHECZECHMINISTRYOFFINANCEOPENEDAPUBLICDISCUSSIONABOUTCONTINGENTLIABILITIESHOWEVERMANYINTERNATIONALINSTITUTIONSALONGWITHSOVEREIGNCREDITRATINGAGENCIESOTHERSHAVEBEENEXPRESSINGCONCERNABOUTCONTINGENTLIABILITIESINTHECZECHREPUBLICTHEIRFOCUSWASNOTONTHEFACTTHATTHECZECHREPUBLICHASFINALLYBECOMEDETERMINEDTOBRINGITSCONTINGENTLIABILITIESUNDERCONTROLRATHERTHANCOMMENDINGONTHEFABLESTEPSTOWARDFISCALTRANSPARENCYDISCIPLINEANALYSTSRANGTHEBELLSOFWARNINGTAKINGCONTINGENTLIABILITIESINTOACCOUNTINFISCALSURVEILLANCETHECOMMISSIONMAYHAVETHELEVERAGETOENCOURAGEDISCLOSUREAPPROPRIATETREATMENTOFGOVERNMENTCONTINGENTLIABILITIESINNEWMEMBERSTATESLOCALGOVERNMENTRISK

簡介：湖北大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）歐洲銀行業(yè)聯(lián)盟的單一監(jiān)管制度研究歐洲銀行業(yè)聯(lián)盟的單一監(jiān)管制度研究ASINGLEEUROPEANBANKINGUNIONREGULATIONRESEARCH姓名學(xué)號專業(yè)年級專業(yè)年級化學(xué)工程與工藝化學(xué)工程與工藝指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師職稱副教授副教授20142014年0404月3030日湖北大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）2歐洲銀行業(yè)聯(lián)盟的單一監(jiān)管制度研究摘要國際金融危機爆發(fā)后歐盟及其成員國銀行業(yè)危機和主權(quán)債務(wù)危機呈現(xiàn)交叉感染和惡化的勢頭。這時候，歐洲當(dāng)局很多人要求建立歐洲銀行業(yè)聯(lián)盟，我們通過研究其中的單一監(jiān)管制度，包括它的成功的條件，它的內(nèi)容，地位還有意義，以及它為何由歐洲央行承擔(dān)，它實施的一些風(fēng)險?？梢杂行У陌盐账膩睚埲ッ}，知道它的前世今生，對于我們在金融領(lǐng)域中的學(xué)習(xí)也好，或者是便于借鑒歐洲這樣的發(fā)達的經(jīng)濟體，對于我國在這些領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展都有參考作用?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】歐洲銀行業(yè)聯(lián)盟單一監(jiān)管制度影響

簡介：本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）外文翻譯原原MERGERSACQUISITIONSBANKPERFMANCEINEUROPENONTECHNICALSUMMARYDURINGTHE1990SALARGEPROCESSOFFINANCIALCONSOLIDATIONHASTAKENPLACEINTHEEUROPEANUNIONALTHOUGHCROSSBDERMERGERSACQUISITIONSACTIVITYREMAINSLIMITEDINTHEBANKINGSECTGIVENTHECENTRALROLEPLAYEDBYBANKSINTHECREDITPROCESSTHEECONOMYINGENERALTHISPROCESSOFFINANCIALCONSOLIDATIONHASATTRACTEDSUBSTANTIALATTENTIONNOTONLYFROMMANAGERSSHAREHOLDERSBUTALSOFROMBROWERSPOLICYMAKERSWHILEINTHEUNITEDSTATESTHEREISEXTENSIVEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEONTHEEFFECTSOFFINANCIALCONSOLIDATIONTHEEMPIRICALLITERATUREREMAINSLIMITEDINEUROPETHISPAPERAIMSTOSHEDSOMELIGHTONTHECONSOLIDATIONPROCESSINTHEEUROPEANUNIONBANKINGSECTINTERMSOFMETHODOLOGYMOSTOFTHESTUDIESANALYZINGTHEEFFECTOFBANKCONSOLIDATIONONPERFMANCETENDTOFOLLOWTWOMAINKINDSOFEMPIRICALMETHODSONTHEONEHTHEREAREANUMBEROFSTUDIESCOMPARINGPREPOSTMERGERPERFMANCEONTHEOTHERHANOTHERSTROFTHEEMPIRICALLITERATUREUSESAEVENTSTUDYTYPEMETHODOLOGYINWHICHCHANGESINTHEPRICESOFSPECIFICFINANCIALMARKETASSETSAROUNDTHETIMEOFTHEANNOUNCEMENTOFTHEMERGERAREANALYZEDINTHISRESPECTTHEHFULOFCROSSCOUNTRYEUROPEANSTUDIESCONDUCTEDTODATEUSINGANEVENTSTUDYMETHODOLOGYTENDTOFINDTHATBANKSMERGERACQUISITIONSACCRUESIGNIFICANTSTOCKMARKETVALUATIONGAINSFBOTHTHETARGETBIDDERSEEFINSTANCECYBOOTTONEMURGIA2000WEUSETHEFMERAPPROACHBYCOMPARINGACTUALPREPOSTMERGERPERFMANCEINACOMPREHENSIVESAMPLEOFEUROPEANUNIONBANKSFROM1992TO2001THEUSEOFTHISMETHODALLOWSUSTOCOVERAWIDERSAMPLEOFEUROPEANUNIONBANKSBYTECHNOLOGYFINANCIALINNOVATIONSTRATEGIESARENEGATIVEFROMAPERFMANCEPERSPECTIVETHISRENDERSSUPPTTOTHEOFTENSTATEDDIFFICULTIESININTEGRATINGINSTITUTIONSWITHWIDELYDIFFERENTSTRATEGICIENTATIONTHESEFINDINGSFITWELLWITHTHEPROCESSOFFINANCIALCONSOLIDATIONOBSERVEDINRECENTYEARSINEUROPE1INTRODUCTIONMOTIVATIONSPEARHEADEDBYTHECREATIONOFTHESINGLEMARKETFFINANCIALSERVICESMERECENTLYBYTHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHEEUROANUNPRECEDENTEDPROCESSOFFINANCIALCONSOLIDATIONHASTAKENPLACEINTHEEUROPEANUNIONDURINGTHELATE1990STHEVOLUMENUMBEROFMERGERSACQUISITIONSMASINCREASEDINPARALLELWITHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFMOARYUNIONT1ACCDINGTOMOSTBANKERSACADEMICSHOWEVERTHEPROCESSOFBANKINGINTEGRATIONSEEMSFARFROMCOMPLETEDISEXPECTEDTOCONTINUERESHAPINGTHEEUROPEANFINANCIALLSCAPEINTHEYEARSTOCOMEFIRSTMANYOFTHEFCESUNDERPINNINGTHISCONSOLIDATIONPROCESS–SUCHASTHEEFFECTOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEFINANCIALGLOBALISATION–WILLCONTINUETOEXISTSECONDTHENUMBEROFBANKSPER1000INHABITANTSINTHEEUROPEANUNIONISALMOSTDOUBLETHENUMBERINTHEUNITEDSTATESSUGGESTINGTHATTHEREISROOMFCONSOLIDATIONINTHEEUROPEANUNIONTHIRDTHEREISSTILLACONSIDERABLEDEGREEOFHETEROGENEITYACROSSEUROPEANUNIONCOUNTRIESINTERMSOFTHECONCENTRATIONOFBANKSASINOTHERINDUSTRIESTHISPROCESSOFCONSOLIDATIONINTHEBANKINGINDUSTRYHASATTRACTEDSUBSTANTIALATTENTIONFROMMANAGERSSHAREHOLDERSINADDITIONTHEPIVOTALROLEPLAYEDBYTHEBANKINGSECTINTHEECONOMYHASALSOENSUREDADDITIONALINTERESTFROMBROWERSDEPOSITSPOLICYMAKERSALIKEONEOFTHECONCERNSFPOLICYMAKERSISTHEPOSSIBLEIMPACTOFCONSOLIDATIONONTHETRANSMISSIONMECHANISMSOFMOARYPOLICYTHEIMPACTOFBANKCONSOLIDATIONONTHETRANSMISSIONOFMOARYPOLICYISAMULTIDIMENSIONALISSUEACCDINGTOMOSTEMPIRICALSTUDIESANINCREASEINBANKINGCONCENTRATIONTENDSTODRIVELOANRATESUPINMANYLOCALMARKETSTHEREBYPROBABLYHAMPERINGTOSOMEEXTENDTHEPASSTHROUGHFROMMARKETTOBANKLENDINGRATESONTHEOTHERHINTERMSOFQUANTITIESEARLYCONCERNSABOUTLOANSUPPLYRESTRICTIONSTOSMALLMEDIUMENTERPRISESARISINGFROMBANKCONCENTRATIONSEEMTOHAVEBEEN

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯原文原文THEIMPACTOFCULTURALEVENTSONCITYIMAGEROTTERDAMCULTURALCAPITALOFEUROPE2001CITIESAREINCREASINGLYUSINGCULTURALEVENTSTOIMPROVETHEIRIMAGESTIMULATEURBANDEVELOPMENTATTRACTVISITSINVESTMENTASPARTOFITSEVENTLEDREGENERATIONSTRATEGYROTTERDAMSTAGEDTHECULTURALCAPITALOFEUROPEEVENTIN2001THEAIMSWERETOATTRACTVISITSTOSTIMULATECULTURALCONSUMPTIONAMONGRESIDENTSWHILEPOSITIONINGROTTERDAMASACULTURALDESTINATIONOVER2000QUESTIONNAIRERESPONSESBYRESIDENTNONRESIDENTVISITSTOTHECULTURALCAPITALEVENTWEREUSEDTOEVALUATETHEIMAGEEFFECTSOFTHEEVENTINDEPTHINTERVIEWSWEREALSOUNDERTAKENWITHPOLICYMAKERSCULTURALMANAGERSTOPERMITEVALUATIONOFSURVEYFINDINGSINTHECONTEXTOFRICHERQUALITATIVEMATERIALTHEIMAGEOFTHECITYASACULTURALDESTINATIONDIDIMPROVEIN2001BUTTHEPHYSICALTANGIBLEELEMENTSOFTHECITYSIMAGEMODERNARCHITECTUREWATERITSACTERASTHEWKINGCITYOFTHEHERLSCONTINUEDTODOMINATEABSTRACTFROMAUTHCITIESHAVELONGUSEDMEGAEVENTSSUCHASWLDFAIRSEXPOSSPTINGEVENTSASAMEANSOFREVITALISINGTHEIRECONOMIESCREATINGINFRASTRUCTUREIMPROVINGTHEIRIMAGEGETZ1991RECENTSTUDIESOFCITYMARKETINGTOURISMHAVEPOINTEDTOTHEINCREASINGUSEOFEVENTSASAMEANSTOMARKETPLACESMAJCITIESINPARTICULARFEXAMPLEROBERTSON1998WAITT19992003SCHUSTER2001THISPHENOMENONCANBELINKEDTOAGENERALINCREASEINCOMPETITIONBETWEENCITIESFTHEATTENTIONOFIMPTANTSTAKEHOLDERSINCLUDINGCONSUMERSINVESTSPOLICYMAKERSASARESULTOFTHEINCREASINGINTEGRATIONOFTHEGLOBALECONOMYAGREATERNUMBEROFPLACESAREDRAWNINTOTHISCOMPETITIVEENVIRONMENTATTHESAMETIMETHEBUILTENVIRONMENTINFRASTRUCTUREAMENITIESINDIFFERENTPLACESTENDTOBECOMEMESIMILARTHE‘FEELGOODEFFECT’ZUKINARGUESTHATCULTUREISAEUPHEMISMFTHECITY’SNEWREPRESENTATIONASACREATIVEFCEINTHEEMERGINGSERVICEECONOMY，CULTUREISTHESUMOFACITY’SAMENITIESTHATENABLEITTOCOMPETEFINVESTMENTJOBSITS‘COMPARATIVEADVANTAGE’ZUKIN1995P268ZUKIN’SVIEWOF‘CULTURE’ASCOVERINGALLTHEAMENITIESOFACITYREFLECTSTHEFACTTHATTHEVERYNOTIONOF‘CULTURE’HASEXPEDTOTAKEINNOTJUST‘TRADITIONAL’‘HIGH’CULTUREATTRACTIONSSUCHASMUSEUMSTHEATRESCONCERTHALLSBUTALSOINCREASINGLYINCLUDESELEMENTSOF‘POPULAR’CULTURESUCHASPOPMUSICFASHIONSPTBOTHHIGHCULTUREPOPULARCULTUREHAVEBECOMEIMPTANTSOURCESFTHEIMAGESWHICHAREUSEDTOUNDERPINTHE‘BRIMAGE’OFCITIESKEARNSPHILO1993INCREASINGCOMPETITIONBETWEENCITIESINACROWDEDFIELDOFIMAGESISONEOFTHEMAJFACTSSTIMULATINGCITIESTOADOPTSUCHBRINGSTRATEGIESEVEN‘HARDBRING’THATSEEKSTOTRANSFMFIXEDCULTURALCAPITALINTOCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGETHROUGHTHESTAGINGOFCULTURALEVENTSTHECONSTRUCTIONOFCULTURALLMARKSCITYBRINGUSEDTOBEASSOCIATEDWITHTHEFLIGHTFROMANINDUSTRIALPASTHOLCOMB1993BRAMWELLRAWDING1996BUTISNOWLINKEDTOENHANCINGTHEURBANLSCAPEWITHGLOBALLYBREDARTSENTERTAINMENTDESTINATIONSENCAPSULATEDINTHE‘FANTASYCITY’HANNIGAN1998ASHANNIGAN2003SUGGESTSASUCCESSFULBRSHOULDBEINSTANTLYRECOGNISABLEPLAYONTHEDESIREFCOMFTCERTAINTYPROVIDEAPOINTOFIDENTIFICATIONFCONSUMERSINACROWDEDMARKETPLACESOMEMAJCULTURALEVENTSHAVEARGUABLYBECOME‘BRS’INTHEIROWNRIGHTSUCHASTHEEDINBURGHFESTIVALTHECANNESFILMFESTIVALTHENOTTINGHILLCARNIVALTHEEUROPEANCULTURALCAPITALECCEVENTHASALSOARGUABLYBECOMEA‘BR’WHICHISNOWEXTENDINGTOOTHERCONTINENTSASWELLEVANS2003SUCHISTHEVALUEOFTHISBRTHATTHEHONOUROFSTAGINGTHEEVENTISALMOSTASFIERCELYCONTESTEDASTHEOLYMPICGAMESFEXAMPLE14UKCITIESCOMPETEDINTHESTARTINGLINEUPFTHEHONOUROFHOSTINGTHE2008ECCEVENTTHERESEARCHPRESENTEDHEREILLUSTRATESDIFFERENTASPECTSOFTHECOMPLEXPROCESSOFSTIMULATINGIMAGECHANGETHROUGHAMAJCULTURALEVENTTHEDATAINDICATEAMARKEDPOSITIVECHANGEINTHEIMAGEOFROTTERDAMAMONGRESIDENTSEXTERNAL

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簡介：學(xué)科代碼070301學(xué)號貴州師范大學(xué)（本科）畢業(yè)論文題目初中化學(xué)教學(xué)中應(yīng)用化學(xué)史進行化學(xué)教學(xué)情況調(diào)查與分析以貴陽市南明區(qū)部分學(xué)校為例學(xué)院化學(xué)與材料科學(xué)學(xué)院專業(yè)化學(xué)21、選題的背景、實際意義、選題的背景、實際意義選題的背景選題的背景在課程改革和學(xué)科交叉的今天，化學(xué)的課堂教學(xué)已不再滿足于單純的知識點的講解，更重視學(xué)生在理解知識的同時，能夠認識到科學(xué)體系的發(fā)展過程，因而化學(xué)史在課堂教學(xué)中的運用越來越受到重視?；瘜W(xué)教學(xué)與化學(xué)史的結(jié)合，既提高學(xué)生的科學(xué)素養(yǎng)，又提高學(xué)生的人文素養(yǎng)，還可以增強化學(xué)教學(xué)的歷史感；利用化學(xué)家們在研究過程中所體現(xiàn)出的科學(xué)態(tài)度和追求真理的高尚品質(zhì)來教育學(xué)生，無疑對學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動機、思想品質(zhì)乃至整個人生都會產(chǎn)生深遠的影響?；瘜W(xué)史作為科學(xué)史的一個組成部分，在中學(xué)化學(xué)教學(xué)中具有重要作用。新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大綱要求化學(xué)課堂教學(xué)以化學(xué)史為載體，讓學(xué)生審視科學(xué)，回歸科學(xué)發(fā)展的真實過程，這對人的培養(yǎng)非常重要。因此，化學(xué)教學(xué)中應(yīng)用化學(xué)史進行化學(xué)教學(xué)是有意義的。實際意義實際意義化學(xué)史教學(xué)可以激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣、培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的科學(xué)素養(yǎng)，具有潛在的價值。課堂上恰當(dāng)?shù)匾胗嘘P(guān)化學(xué)史內(nèi)容，就能夠吸引學(xué)生，把學(xué)生帶入課堂，是把握課堂的必備方法。因此加強化學(xué)史教學(xué)具有重要的意義。2、研究動態(tài)、見解、研究動態(tài)、見解研究動態(tài)研究動態(tài)近年來化學(xué)史教育備受國內(nèi)外的關(guān)注，歐洲、美國和日本等國家將科學(xué)史等有關(guān)內(nèi)容納入科學(xué)過程以提高科學(xué)教育的質(zhì)量，這已成為國際科學(xué)教育的發(fā)展趨勢。改革開放以來，化學(xué)史教育在我國化學(xué)教育中重新得到了重視，在新的課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和教材中對于化學(xué)史教學(xué)的加強都有積極的體現(xiàn)。研究見解研究見解通過對初中化學(xué)教學(xué)中應(yīng)用化學(xué)史進行化學(xué)教學(xué)情況的調(diào)查，了解初中化學(xué)史教育的重視程度，建立起有利于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的教學(xué)體系。

簡介：本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目外文題目EASTASIANFDIINEUROPEGERMANY出處處REVIEWOFWLDECONOMICSVOLUME140NUMBER3347375作者者SIEGFRIEDSCHULTZ譯文文東亞在歐洲和德國的直接投資東亞在歐洲和德國的直接投資在80年代外國直接投資（FDI）顯著擴大的同時外國直接投資的區(qū)域結(jié)構(gòu)也發(fā)生了變化。在工業(yè)化國家，以及工業(yè)化國家和發(fā)展中國家之間，這種關(guān)系是明顯的。尤其重要的是東亞和太平洋地區(qū)之間的國際貿(mào)易關(guān)系和經(jīng)濟動態(tài)。本文重點是東亞的外商投資在歐洲和德國的未來。外商直接投資對工業(yè)化國家（向內(nèi)和向外）增加了四倍，遠高于80年代和更具活力的國內(nèi)投資，國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和世界貿(mào)易。內(nèi)部放松管制，國際自由化，以及更深入的一體化，構(gòu)成了良好的基礎(chǔ)，為這個跨國投資增加流動性。在這一進程中的重要因素是越來越多的原籍國和目的地涉及外國直接投資。隨著外國地理結(jié)構(gòu)的不同，直接投資發(fā)生了變化。日本，伴隨著美國和英國是激增直接投資的主要貢獻者，變成一個最重要的原產(chǎn)地國家。在20世紀(jì)80年代，多樣化和全球化成為關(guān)鍵字，當(dāng)提到戰(zhàn)略日本企業(yè)時更是如此。到本世紀(jì)末，在所有經(jīng)合組織成員的新的外國直接投資中有將近一季度源于日本，使它成為最重要的原產(chǎn)地。有許多方法能夠說明外國直接投資的決定因素，但一般，切實和全面的理論并不存在?！帮w天雁”假設(shè)是用來解釋投資的最常用的模式。形象的比喻工業(yè)發(fā)展的進程，它描述了一個與前日本交錯形成，由新興工業(yè)化國家所遵循（下稱“四小虎”）和其他亞洲國家（馬來西亞和泰國）的動態(tài)發(fā)展，其中，中國方面應(yīng)基于對外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟。因此，一個明確的關(guān)系建立在工業(yè)增長和改變外國結(jié)構(gòu)型式經(jīng)濟關(guān)系之間。這個動態(tài)組件關(guān)系是這樣，通過技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)成員（S）的形成和常設(shè)的優(yōu)勢相對于其他成員單位，只能維持在前沿陣地。些資金經(jīng)過各種渠道進入中國后，充分利用給予外國投資者的優(yōu)惠待遇。亞洲國家仍然保持在以前的水平，有一個重要的例外日本經(jīng)歷了三年的顯著下降，新的投資減少到一定程度，沒有達到他以前的水平。相對于其他亞洲新興工業(yè)化國家，臺灣在1981年至1993年，有過這一時期整個最佳性能（見表2）。表1東亞的對外直接投資（累計流量，百萬美元）原產(chǎn)國原產(chǎn)國19801985199019921993199085199390日本165704203020245025043026417036993香港14864015112015187101韓國142487205644605516334390新加坡6521320427654686235265134臺灣9720412288816443188541291135馬來西亞414413753763144泰國134399702954中國13136868599949表2向外直接投資流動（百萬美元）原產(chǎn)國原產(chǎn)國19811985198619881989199019911992199319811993總額451911338702286132412151939711839141879821663260歐盟2565675706124128144124113600111684100557949490北美11344252164141734675371574466065025355303亞洲總額6322271665624259424385042485317995310124日本5094227374416048050307401724013740247611

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