簡介：英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯1畢業(yè)論文英文資料翻譯學(xué)院商學(xué)院專業(yè)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易班級國貿(mào)0804姓名學(xué)號0811200330指導(dǎo)教師2012年6月英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯3GRILICHES1998JORGENSONANDSTIROH2000DIFFUSIONOFNEWTECHNOLOGYKARSHENASANDSTONEMAN1995GEROSKI2000THEEFFECTOFMARKETSTRUCTUREONINNOVATIONSCHERER1986SUTTON1998MARKETFAILURESRELATEDTOINNOVATIONANDAPPROPRIATEPOLICYRESPONSESMARTINANDSCOTT2000THEECONOMICEFFECTSOFTHEPATENTSYSTEMJAFFE2000ANDTHEROLEOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEINENDOGENOUSMACROECONOMICGROWTHROMER1994GROSSMANANDHELPMAN1994INTHISPARTOFTHEARTICLE,WEPROVIDEAVERYBRIEFGUIDETOSOMEOFTHISRESEARCHINPARTICULAR,WEINTRODUCEAPPROACHESFORMEASURINGTECHNOLOGICALCHANGE,WEEXAMINECRITICALASPECTSOFTHEPROCESSOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGE,ANDWEDESCRIBEMODELINGAPPROACHESANDPOTENTIALMARKETFAILURESRELATINGTOTECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONANDDIFFUSION11MEASUREMENTOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGETHEMEASUREMENTOFTHERATEANDDIRECTIONOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGERESTSFUNDAMENTALLYONTHECONCEPTOFTHETRANSFORMATIONFUNCTION,10,,?TIYTWHEREYREPRESENTSAVECTOROFOUTPUTS,IREPRESENTSAVECTOROFINPUTS,ANDTISTIMEEQUATION1DESCRIBESAPRODUCTIONPOSSIBILITYFRONTIER,THATIS,ASETOFCOMBINATIONSOFINPUTSANDOUTPUTSTHATARETECHNICALLYFEASIBLEATAPOINTINTIMETECHNOLOGICALCHANGEISREPRESENTEDBYMOVEMENTOFTHISFRONTIERTHATMAKESITPOSSIBLEOVERTIMETOUSEGIVENINPUTVECTORSTOPRODUCEOUTPUTVECTORSTHATWERENOTPREVIOUSLYFEASIBLEINMOSTAPPLICATIONS,SEPARABILITYANDAGGREGATIONASSUMPTIONSAREMADETHATMAKEITPOSSIBLETOREPRESENTTHEECONOMY’SPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGYWITHAPRODUCTIONFUNCTION,2,,,TELKFY?WHEREISNOWAMEASUREOFAGGREGATEOUTPUTFOREXAMPLE,GROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,YANDTHELISTOFINPUTSONTHERIGHTHANDSIDEOFTHEPRODUCTIONFUNCTIONCANBEMADEARBITRARILYLONGFORILLUSTRATIVEPURPOSES,WECONCEIVEOFOUTPUTASBEINGMADEFROMASINGLECOMPOSITEOFCAPITALGOODS,,ASINGLECOMPOSITEOFLABORINPUTS,,ANDAKLSINGLECOMPOSITEOFENVIRONMENTALINPUTS,FOREXAMPLE,WASTEASSIMILATIONAGAIN,ETECHNOLOGICALCHANGEMEANSTHATTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESEINPUTSANDPOSSIBLEOUTPUTLEVELSCHANGESOVERTIMELOGARITHMICDIFFERENTIATIONOFTHEPRODUCTIONFUNCTIONEQUATION2WITH

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文翻譯譯文譯文俄羅斯經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型期的銀行體系和貨幣政策（節(jié)選）作者保羅繆林MOCTMOST553701992年1月，俄羅斯開始實(shí)施所謂“大爆炸”（休克療法）模式的激進(jìn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型。該模式的理論基礎(chǔ)主要建立在三個(gè)力量的快速和同時(shí)活化作用上，即自由化、穩(wěn)定化和私有化。這個(gè)合并策略的預(yù)期效果是在一個(gè)合理的價(jià)格體系、工業(yè)調(diào)整和國外競爭的刺激下，積極地反映總供給。主要會從三個(gè)方面控制緩解過度的直接的通貨膨脹壓力從供給與需求的關(guān)系作用來影響市場價(jià)格；通過開放的匯率制度的經(jīng)常性往來帳戶的名義錨效應(yīng)影響；而最重要的方式是通過財(cái)政政策來對貨幣供應(yīng)量和預(yù)算支出額進(jìn)行制約。在俄羅斯，由于產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的直接后果，在轉(zhuǎn)型的初期階段，產(chǎn)量下降和通貨膨脹的情況并沒有排除。同時(shí)，這個(gè)階段預(yù)期又是健康的，因?yàn)樗鼤P(guān)注那些生產(chǎn)不需要產(chǎn)品的過時(shí)的商品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)，而短期內(nèi)，市場力量又會快速地促使解放的資源用于新私有化和高效率的部門?！按蟊ā蹦Ｊ降恼卫碚摶A(chǔ)是1991年底的一個(gè)事實(shí)，即蘇聯(lián)的解體為俄羅斯的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型創(chuàng)造了必要和獨(dú)特的條件，時(shí)間對于改革者來說是一種缺乏而珍貴的資源。這個(gè)機(jī)會的窗口有可能隨時(shí)關(guān)閉，為了保證經(jīng)濟(jì)變革過程的不可逆性，俄羅斯認(rèn)為只有“大爆炸”模式能夠引進(jìn)一開始所需要的變化。表面上，政治理論基礎(chǔ)強(qiáng)于經(jīng)濟(jì)理論基礎(chǔ)，但是后來的事實(shí)證明，那些走施加了政治考慮的路線和步調(diào)的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革，很少產(chǎn)生預(yù)定的效果。事實(shí)上，對于俄羅斯經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型三年多過程的觀察，我們無法避免地感到深深的不安。從1992年到1994年，國民生產(chǎn)總值以年均12的速度下降，物價(jià)水平幾乎上漲到了1992年水平的40倍，預(yù)算赤字從國民生產(chǎn)總值的4飆升到了15。家庭和企業(yè)的金融性資產(chǎn)實(shí)質(zhì)上都被粉碎了，盧布的匯率貶值超過了10倍，并且境外帳戶和外債大大惡化到了危險(xiǎn)的程度。在這樣的一個(gè)戲劇性的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)情況下，公開失業(yè)率的增加少于本來的預(yù)期，然而，這完全不是一個(gè)好消息，這確實(shí)地翻印了繼續(xù)生存體系中直接援助的某個(gè)組成部分，通過保持高的隱蔽性失業(yè)率來變相地體現(xiàn)自己。這種情況的存在主要?dú)w結(jié)于俄羅斯當(dāng)局沒有能力及時(shí)地建立一個(gè)社會安全網(wǎng)，來解放零邊際生產(chǎn)率的工人，和允許工人建立的工業(yè)體系，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)更有效率的勞動力比率。實(shí)際上，這意味著，俄羅斯還沒有進(jìn)行真正的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整。而且私有化迄今為止尚未對資源的有效率的重新分配作出重大的貢獻(xiàn)。一些分析師給了這些消極負(fù)面的事態(tài)發(fā)展一個(gè)直截了當(dāng)?shù)慕忉專麄冋J(rèn)為，自由化、私有化正確的提出和發(fā)揮了他們的作用，但是穩(wěn)定化的部分應(yīng)該阻止或減弱前兩股力量運(yùn)作時(shí)的不平穩(wěn)，而不是一貫的被追求。貨幣政策仍然保持寬松。這反過來又使通貨膨脹偏差在經(jīng)長期的的借貸業(yè)務(wù)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)從制度上來說是正確的，有著許多功能性的特點(diǎn)。由于缺乏這方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，主體規(guī)則和條例還都不完善，尤其是缺少關(guān)于這方面的最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的銀行會計(jì)，這使得俄羅斯中央銀行不能有效的實(shí)施對銀行的監(jiān)管。中央銀行對商業(yè)銀行的再融資過程，因?yàn)槿狈鹑谫Y產(chǎn)而受到阻礙，通常會構(gòu)成這些抵押品商業(yè)票據(jù)和政府證券。特別是如果沒有后者，會使融資國庫發(fā)生系統(tǒng)性的通貨膨脹。此外，也還沒有真正的支付和結(jié)算系統(tǒng)，這使得該系統(tǒng)高度分割，還會阻礙出現(xiàn)一個(gè)高效率的銀行市場。商業(yè)銀行也遭受到了一系列的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的問題。這在很大程度上是俄羅斯系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)的特點(diǎn)這一原罪所引發(fā)的后果。19891991年在CBR登記的幾乎所有的銀行，公共機(jī)構(gòu)或者公共機(jī)構(gòu)式的，要建立一個(gè)自己的金融機(jī)構(gòu)，這將能夠使他們收集他們所產(chǎn)生的存款，并延伸到他們所需要的部分，這產(chǎn)生了獨(dú)特的情況，即成了數(shù)量有限的法人為主要股東、存款人和借款人的銀行。在這些領(lǐng)域有效地進(jìn)行干預(yù)并不是一件容易的任務(wù)，因?yàn)樗馕吨?zhǔn)混合行動的政策和機(jī)構(gòu)。如果俄羅斯當(dāng)局最終能夠認(rèn)識到工業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整是一個(gè)能夠成功轉(zhuǎn)型的關(guān)鍵變量，執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)任務(wù)就可能會變得更加容易，而且為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)，光靠自由化和私有化，甚至是在框架內(nèi)的限制性的貨幣政策都是不夠的。而必要的條件是建立能夠執(zhí)行革命原則的體系、方法和政策，如貨幣和信貸，作為索賠的真正資源是稀缺的資產(chǎn)，它的使用比例不足時(shí)就必須支付價(jià)格。反過來，建立這樣的機(jī)構(gòu)、方法和政策，將極大地推動一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)暮鸵恢碌牧髁考夹g(shù)來援助西部，特別是國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)。不幸的是，目前這些機(jī)構(gòu)所追求的業(yè)務(wù)戰(zhàn)略主要是基于資本轉(zhuǎn)移，引進(jìn)外資可以可以彌補(bǔ)像俄羅斯這樣一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型的大國的財(cái)政缺口這件事是值得人們懷疑的。資金流量應(yīng)伴隨著有技術(shù)援助的倡議能夠產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)在力量所需要掌握的整體經(jīng)濟(jì)的進(jìn)程。這將加強(qiáng)資金轉(zhuǎn)移的邊際生產(chǎn)率，并逐步將財(cái)政壓力的規(guī)?？刂苹匚鞣缴鐣?fù)擔(dān)得起的比例。

簡介：國際貿(mào)易專業(yè)剖析報(bào)告國際貿(mào)易專業(yè)剖析報(bào)告江西服裝學(xué)院商貿(mào)分院國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易本科專業(yè)開設(shè)于2012年，招生規(guī)模日益擴(kuò)大，2012年招收38人，2013年為41人，2014年70人，分為兩個(gè)班，截止2014年，在校學(xué)生目前已達(dá)149人?，F(xiàn)有教師10名，專職教師6人,校外兼職教師4人。對于該專業(yè)的剖析，本文將從3個(gè)方面著手，即專業(yè)設(shè)置與人才培養(yǎng)模式、課程體系與課程改革以及專業(yè)發(fā)展展望。一、專業(yè)設(shè)置與人才培養(yǎng)模式一、專業(yè)設(shè)置與人才培養(yǎng)模式（一）專業(yè)基本情況（一）專業(yè)基本情況1、發(fā)展前景目前中國是世界第一出口大國和世界第二進(jìn)口大國。根據(jù)商務(wù)部研究院后危機(jī)時(shí)代中國外貿(mào)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究的分析，未來十年中國將推動貨物和服務(wù)貿(mào)易雙雙“倍增”，同時(shí)繼續(xù)努力推動進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易平衡發(fā)展。到2020年，中國的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易額將達(dá)到53萬億美元左右。在2020年前鞏固我國貿(mào)易大國地位，推動貿(mào)易強(qiáng)國進(jìn)程；到2030年前后初步實(shí)現(xiàn)貿(mào)易強(qiáng)國的目標(biāo)。對于服裝企業(yè)來說，繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大進(jìn)口是未來服裝企業(yè)的外貿(mào)發(fā)展走向，而我國外向型經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展仍需要大量的國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易人才，從目前情況來看，既懂進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)流程操作又懂服裝，還通曉國際市場開拓的復(fù)合型人才缺口較大。但市場需求如此大的行業(yè)，最終需要怎樣的人才，該人才需要具備怎樣的專業(yè)能力呢，帶著這些問題，筆者進(jìn)行了相應(yīng)的市場調(diào)查。實(shí)地調(diào)查2015年5月底，我院老師前往珠江三角洲、環(huán)渤海地帶進(jìn)行了為期1周的市場調(diào)研，深入企業(yè)了解其對職業(yè)崗位和人才職業(yè)素養(yǎng)的需求。網(wǎng)絡(luò)調(diào)查由于國際貿(mào)易相關(guān)工作“面多線廣”等特點(diǎn)，我們通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)對行業(yè)及畢業(yè)生就業(yè)職業(yè)崗位進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析，了解市場需求以及發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與前景。2、就業(yè)群分析根據(jù)調(diào)查資料發(fā)現(xiàn)，國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專業(yè)學(xué)生主要從事以下企業(yè)崗位在擁有自營進(jìn)出口權(quán)的生產(chǎn)型企業(yè)的國際貿(mào)易部從事單證員、外銷員（或助理）工作；在流通型外貿(mào)企業(yè)從事跟單員或外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)員工作；在國際貨代公司從事跟單員、單證員工作；在專業(yè)報(bào)關(guān)行或外貿(mào)企業(yè)從事報(bào)關(guān)工作；還有其他如外貿(mào)日常管理工作或到銀行從事國際結(jié)算業(yè)務(wù)。就業(yè)方向主要是以基礎(chǔ)性的外貿(mào)工作如外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)、單證和跟單為主，以報(bào)關(guān)員、報(bào)檢員等為輔。外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)員從事商務(wù)談判、制單、接單、經(jīng)貿(mào)等業(yè)務(wù)。國際商務(wù)單證員根據(jù)銷售合約和信用證條款從事審核、繕制各種貿(mào)易結(jié)算單據(jù)和證書。國際商務(wù)跟單員以客戶訂單為依據(jù)，跟蹤產(chǎn)品服務(wù)運(yùn)作流向并督促定單落實(shí)。報(bào)關(guān)員能從事報(bào)關(guān)單證準(zhǔn)備與管理、報(bào)關(guān)作業(yè)實(shí)施與管理、報(bào)關(guān)核算、進(jìn)出口商品歸類與原產(chǎn)地確定、報(bào)關(guān)事務(wù)管理、海關(guān)行政救濟(jì)事務(wù)管理等工作。報(bào)檢員能代表企業(yè)向檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)做進(jìn)出口貨物的報(bào)檢申報(bào)，陪同施檢，領(lǐng)取證單等工作。這些崗位需要具備以下能力校企融合、課證融合、學(xué)做融合國際貿(mào)易業(yè)務(wù)操作能力、英語應(yīng)用能力、B2B網(wǎng)絡(luò)貿(mào)易能力面向中小企業(yè)培養(yǎng)高素質(zhì)的國際貿(mào)易技能型人才331人才培養(yǎng)模式三類融合三種能力一個(gè)人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)圖11改革人才培養(yǎng)模式改革人才培養(yǎng)模式二、課程體系與課程改革二、課程體系與課程改革1、課程體系課程體系是一個(gè)專業(yè)的核心內(nèi)容，最能體現(xiàn)專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)以及是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)目標(biāo)的方式之一。（1）課程體系形成過程，見圖2圖22課程體系形成課程體系形成

簡介：中文4480字本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）文）外文翻譯外文翻譯題目姓名專業(yè)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易學(xué)號指導(dǎo)教師二○一三年五月二○一三年五月POLICYMAKERSABOUTTHEHIGHRISKOFOPENINGUPTHECAPITALACCOUNTWITHOUTASOUNDFINANCIALSYSTEMINPLACEACAUTIOUSAPPROACHTOCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONHASGAINEDEVENGREATERCREDIBILITYINTHEAFTERMATHOFTHEASIANFINANCIALTURMOIL,THECHINESEAUTHORITIESINTENSIFIEDTHEIREFFORTSTOREFORMANDSTRENGTHENTHEFINANCIALSECTORINNOVEMBER2001,CHINACONCLUDEDITSACCESSIONTOTHEWORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONWTOASTHERESULTOFTHENEGOTIATIONS,CHINAHASAGREEDTOOPENDOMESTICFINANCIALMARKETSSUBSTANTIALLYTOFOREIGNINVESTMENTWHILEDETAILEDANALYSISISSTILLNEEDEDTOASSESSTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHOSECOMMITMENTSFORTHECURRENTCAPITALCONTROLREGIME,PRESSUREFORCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONWILLCERTAINLYINCREASECHINAHASMOVEDTOTHELASTFRONTIEROFITSFOREIGNEXCHANGEREFORMPREVIOUSREFORMSHAVEGENERALLYFOCUSEDONGRADUALLIBERALIZATIONOFTHECURRENTACCOUNTANDINWARDDIRECTINVESTMENT,AIMEDATSTRENGTHENINGTHEREALSECTORANDEXPORTCAPACITYOFTHEECONOMY,WHEREASTHENEXTPHASEOFCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONTENDSTOBECLOSELYRELATEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEDOMESTICFINANCIALSECTORCHINAISFACEDWITHAFORMIDABLETASKOFSHAPINGITSFINANCIALSECTORINAWAYTHATWOULDSUSTAINCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTWOFOLDFIRST,ITWILLDESCRIBETHEPROCESSOFCHINA’SFOREIGNEXCHANGEREFORMSASTHEYUNFOLDEDSINCE1979SECOND,THEPAPERWILLEXAMINEMAJORPOLICYCHANGESANDASSESSTHEIRIMPACTONTHEECONOMYTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSSECTION2BRIEFLYDESCRIBESTHEPREREFORMFOREIGNTRADEANDEXCHANGEREGIMESTOSERVEASASTARTINGPOINTFORTHEPAPERSECTION3DISCUSSESTHE1979EXTERNALREFORMANDTHEADOPTIONOFTHEINTERNALSETTLEMENTRATEISRFROM1981TO1984SECTION4FOCUSESONTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFTHEFOREIGNEXCHANGESWAPMARKETAFTERTHEMID1980SUNTIL1993SECTION5DESCRIBESTHEMARKETORIENTEDEXCHANGEREFORMIN1994ANDADDITIONALMEASURESTAKENTOACHIEVERMBCURRENTACCOUNTCONVERTIBILITYINLATE1996SECTION6DESCRIBESTHEPOLICYCHANGESBEFOREANDAFTERTHEASIANFINANCIALCRISISANDPOINTSOUTTHECONSTRAINTSOFTHEFINANCIALSECTORFORCHINA’SCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONANDSECTION7PROVIDESASUMMARYANDSOMECONCLUDINGREMARKS

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題CHINA–ASEANECONOMICRELATIONSAFTERESTABLISHMENTOFFREETRADEAREA外文作者M(jìn)INHUACHIANG文獻(xiàn)出處THEPACIFICREVIEW,2019如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文5710單詞，36058字符字符就是印刷符，中文8412漢字。（如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。）CHINA–ASEANECONOMICRELATIONSAFTERESTABLISHMENTOFFREETRADEAREAABSTRACTTHISPAPERAIMSTOCONTRIBUTETOANUNDERSTANDINGABOUTTHEMAJORCHANGESINCHINA–ASEANECONOMICRELATIONSAFTERESTABLISHMENTOFTHECHINA–ASEANFREETRADEAREACAFTAIN2010FIRST,CHINA’SMERCHANDIZETRADEBALANCEWITHASEANHASSHIFTEDFROMDEFICITTOSURPLUSSINCE2012THISREFLECTSCHINA’SIMPROVINGCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINMANUFACTURINGPRODUCTIONVISAVISASEANASAWHOLESECOND,WITHCHINA’SWAGEHIKE,ASEANINVESTORSCANNOLONGERTAKEADVANTAGEOFCHINA’SCHEAPLABORFORCECONCURRENTLY,CHINA’SINVESTMENTINASEANHASBEENINCREASINGANDBECOMEMOREDIVERSIFIED,RANGINGFROMENERGYTOMANUFACTURINGANDSERVICESSINGAPOREHASREMAINEDTHEMOSTIMPORTANTINVESTMENTDESTINATIONFORCHINESEINVESTORSANDTHELARGESTFOREIGNINVESTORINCHINAAMONGASEANCOUNTRIESTHIRD,CHINAHASCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESINPROVIDINGCONSTRUCTION,TELECOMMUNICATIONS,COMPUTERANDINFORMATIONSERVICESANDOTHERBUSINESSSERVICESTOASEANONTHEOTHERHAND,ASEAN,LEDBYSINGAPORE,HASOPPORTUNITIESINTHEFINANCIALSERVICESANDTOURISMMARKETSINCHINAFINALLY,THEDEVELOPMENTOFECONOMICREGIONALISM,NOTABLYTHEREGIONALCOMPREHENSIVEECONOMICPARTNERSHIPANDTRANSPACIFICPARTNERSHIP,WILLREMAINCRITICALFORTHECAFTA’SRELEVANCEINREGIONALECONOMICINTEGRATION,ASWELLASCHINA–ASEANRELATIONSINTHEFUTUREOTHERPREFERENTIALTREATMENTSBETWEENCHINAANDASEANONDIFFERENTOFFICIALOCCASIONSTHEASIANFINANCIALCRISISWASANOTHERIMPETUSFORSINOASEANECONOMICRAPPROCHEMENTZHA,2002THECRISISHADALERTEDASIANLEADERSOFTHENEEDTOCONSTRUCTAMORECOOPERATIVEFRAMEWORKAMONGTHESTATESINTHEREGIONSOASTOPREEMPTFUTUREFINANCIALCHAOSMANYASEANCOUNTRIESWEREHARDHITBYTHECRISISATTHESAMETIME,ASEANLEADERSCONSIDEREDTHEUSANDASIAPACIFICECONOMICCOOPERATIONAPECLESSTHANHELPFULDURINGTHECRISISANDTHECONDITIONALITYIMPOSEDBYTHEINTERNATIONALMONETARYFUNDIMFUNPALATABLETHEASEAN3NAMELYASEANPLUSCHINA,JAPANANDSOUTHKOREABECAMEANIMPORTANTMEANSTOREESTABLISHASEAN’SSTATUSANDRELEVANCEOWINGTODISAGREEMENTBETWEENCHINAANDJAPANOVERTHEFUTUREFORMATIONOFREGIONALISM,THEASEAN3DIDNOTMAKESIGNIFICANTADVANCEMENTINTHESUBSEQUENTYEARSCHIANG,2013CHUNG,2010THEPROGRESSIVEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECAFTABECAMEANOUTSTANDINGACHIEVEMENTOFREGIONALECONOMICENGAGEMENTCHENG,2004FROMCHINA’SPERSPECTIVE,ASTABLEANDCOOPERATIVERELATIONWITHASEANISIMPORTANTFORBEIJINGTOMAINTAINITSECONOMICGROWTHANDSOCIALSTABILITYTHECOMMUNISTPARTY’SPOLITICALLEGITIMACYRESTSLARGELYONTHECOUNTRY’SECONOMICSUCCESSSUN,2009THECAFTAALSOCOMPLEMENTSCHINA’S‘GOOUTPOLICY’WHICHAIMSATPROMOTINGCHINESEOUTWARDDIRECTINVESTMENTODITHECHINESEGOVERNMENTBELIEVEDTHATODIINMANUFACTURINGSECTORSWOULDPROMOTEITSEXPORTSOFINTERMEDIATEGOODSTODEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESFORFINALASSEMBLYANDFACILITATEITSDOMESTICINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGMINISTRYOFCOMMERCETHECHEAPLABORFORCE,GEOGRAPHICPROXIMITYANDSIMILARCULTUREMADEASEANANIDEALINVESTMENTDESTINATIONFORCHINESEENTREPRENEURSCHINESEFIRMSCOULDALSOACTIVELYPARTICIPATEINTHEHIGHLYDEVELOPEDREGIONALDIVISIONOFLABORTHROUGHODIINASEANINADDITION,CHINAWASMOTIVATEDBYDEVELOPINGASEAN’SMARKETTHEOVERDEPENDENCEONTHEWESTERNMARKETPROVEDFRAGILEAFTERTHETIANANMENSQUAREINCIDENTIN1989THEECONOMICSANCTIONSAFTER1989FROMTHEWESTERNCOUNTRIESMADECHINESELEADERSREALIZETHENECESSITYTODIVERSIFYITSEXPORTDESTINATIONSWANG,2013THEREWEREALSOCONSIDERATIONSOFACCELERATINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINA’SCENTRALANDWESTERNPROVINCESTHROUGHECONOMICCOOPERATIONWITHASEANCOUNTRIESWHICHSHAREBORDERSWITHCHINACHEN,2017CHENG,2013KUIK,2005ZHA,2002

簡介：5100英文單詞英文單詞,29萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文8400字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處MYSZKOWSKAMTHEIMPORTANCEOFSERVICESTRADEINGLOBALECONOMYJEKONOMIAXXIWIEKU,2014442845THEIMPORTANCEOFSERVICESTRADEINGLOBALECONOMYMAGDALENAMYSZKOWSKASUMMARYTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISARTICLEISTOPRESENTTHEMOSTIMPORTANTTENDENCIESINTHEINTERNATIONALSERVICESTRADEGEOGRAPHICALANDMATERIALDYNAMICSANDSTRUCTUREOFINTERNATIONALSERVICETRANSFERSWEREANALYSEDONTHEBASISOFTHEAVAILABLESTATISTICALDATATHEGROWINGROLEOFSERVICESTRADEINMATUREECONOMIESANDGROWINGIMPORTANCEOFSERVICESEXPORTOFTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESWEREPRESENTEDTHEAUTHORALSOPRESENTEDTHEPIVOTALROLEOFSERVICESINTHEONGOINGTRANSFORMATIONOFINTERNATIONALTRADEANDINVESTMENTMODEL,CHARACTERIZEDBYTHEDELOCALIZATIONOFSERVICEFUNCTIONSANDTHEPARTICIPATIONOFSERVICESINTHEGLOBALVALUECHAINSTHEATTENTIONWASALSODRAWNTOTHENEEDOFMEASURINGTRADE,INCLUDINGSERVICESTRADE,THROUGHTHECRITERIAOFVALUEADDEDATEVERYSTAGEOFPRODUCTIONKEYWORDSINTERNATIONALTRADEINSERVICES,COMMERCIALSERVICES,OFFSHORINGOFSERVICES,VALUEADDED,GLOBALVALUECHAINS1INTRODUCTIONGLOBALECONOMYHASBEENCHANGINGATANUNPRECEDENTEDPACEANDSERVICESHAVEBEENINTHECENTREOFTHISTRANSFORMATIONGLOBALIZATIONWOULDNOTHAVEBEENPOSSIBLEWITHOUTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONSTECHNOLOGIESGLOBALMANUFACTURINGNETWORKSCOULDNOTHAVEBEENCREATEDWITHOUTEFFICIENTANDSOLIDTRANSPORTATIONANDLOGISTICSERVICESSERVICESCONSTITUTETHEVERYBASEOFEACHSTAGEOFPRODUCTION,FROMRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT,THROUGHDESIGN,ENGINEERING,FINANCING,TRANSPORT,DISTRIBUTIONTOMARKETINGSERVICESCONTRIBUTETOTHEOCCURRENCEOFVALUEADDEDANDINNOVATIONSIMILARLYTOTHEGOODSTRADE,ASFARASSERVICESTRADEISCONCERNED,THECLEARDIVISIONINTOEXPORTERSANDIMPORTERSFADEDAWAYLONGTIMEAGOTHISCHARACTERISTICNOLONGEROPERATESNOWADAYS,THEPRODUCTIONOFSERVICESREPEATEDLYTAKESPLACEINIMPORTINGCOUNTRIES,WHILEFOREIGNSERVICESUPPLIERSGENERATELOCALEMPLOYMENTANDINCOMEFORMANYDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESSERVICESCONSTITUTEOVER70OFGDP,WHILEFORMANYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHISSHAREINCREASEDTO50WITHALLPROBABILITY,THISTRENDWILLCONTINUEINTHEFUTUREASCOMPANIESTRYTOINTRODUCEHIGHERVALUETOTHEIRPRODUCTSANDSERVICESMOVINGUPONTHEVALUECHAINISNECESSARYTOMAINTAINPROFITABILITY,ANDSERVICESARETHEKEYTOMOVETOITSUPPERLEVELSTHEARTICLE’SOBJECTIVEISTOPRESENTTHEMOSTUPTODATEANDTHEMOSTIMPORTANTTENDENCIESOCCURRINGINTHEINTERNATIONALSERVICESTRADETHEANALYSISHASBEENLIMITEDTOTHREEMETHODSOFPROVIDINGSERVICES1CROSSBORDERTRADE–SERVICESSUPPLIEDFROMTHETERRITORYOFONECOUNTRYINTOTHETERRITORYOFANOTHER,2CONSUMPTIONABROAD–SERVICESSUPPLIEDINTHETERRITORYOFONECOUNTRYTOTHECONSUMERSOFANOTHER,3MOVEMENTOFNATURALPERSONS–SERVICESSUPPLIEDBYNATIONALSOFONECOUNTRYINTHETERRITORYOFANOTHERCOMMERCIALPRESENCEINTHEFORMOFDIRECTFOREIGNINVESTMENTSISNOTINCLUDEDINTHEHEREBYRESEARCH,DUETOTHEFACTTHATTHISSERVICESTRADEMODELISNOTREGISTEREDINTHEBALANCEOFPAYMENTSONTHECURRENTACCOUNTAHANDBOOK2008,PP572SERVICESASTHEBASISFORTHEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTPROCESSESOCCURRINGINTHECONTEMPORARYWORLDECONOMYTRIGGEREDCHANGESWHICHEMBRACEDINCREASINGIMPORTANCEOFSERVICESINNATIONALECONOMIESANDINTHEINTERNATIONALTRADETOALARGEEXTENTSTEMSFROMTHEINCREASEINPRODUCTIONOFINDIRECTSERVICESEXPENSIVEANDKNOWLEDGEDEMANDINGINDIRECTSTAGESOFCOMPANIES’ACTIVITIESAREMOREANDMOREOFTENPASSEDONTOSPECIALIZEDMANUFACTURERSTHISPHENOMENONHASRESULTEDINTHEEMERGENCEOFNEWEXPORTSERVICESECTORS,WHICHOFFERAGREATPOTENTIALFORTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES6SERVICIZATIONOFECONOMICPROCESSESWHICHHASBEENONGOINGFORHALFOFTHE20THCENTURYHASTURNEDSERVICESINTOTHEMOSTIMPORTANTECONOMICSECTORINTHEMAJORITYOFCOUNTRIESANDTHEMOSTDYNAMICALLYDEVELOPINGTRADECOMPONENTK?OSI?SKI2002,P13THATCAUSEDTHECOMMENCEMENTOFTHEPOSTINDUSTRIALERA,INWHICHSERVICESSECTORPLAYSAPREDOMINANTROLE3SERVICESASTHEBASISFORTHEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTIN2011,VALUEOFTHEWORLDSERVICESEXPORTINCREASEDBY11TO417BILLIONUSD,TRANSCENDINGTHELEVELBEFORETHECRISIS385BILLIONUSDIN2008OVERALL,THESHAREOFSERVICESINTHETRADEONTHEBASISOFTHEBALANCEOFPAYMENTWASATTHELEVELOF18,6,WHICHCONSTITUTESTHELOWESTVALUESINCE1990WTO2012B,PP19,22DISAGGREGATIONOFPRODUCTS’VALUEHELPSTOILLUSTRATETHEIMPORTANCEOFSERVICESINTHEWORLDTRADEACCORDINGTOWORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONSPECIALISTS,SERVICESCONSTITUTEAPPROXIMATELY507OFTHEWORLDTRADEMEASUREDONTHEBASISOFVALUEADDEDTHISISTWICEASMUCHASWHATISASCRIBEDTOTHEMBYTHEOFFICIALSTATISTICSFRANCOIS,MANCHIN,TOMBERGER2013,P1ANNUALGROWTHRATESOFSERVICESEXPORTNOTEDIN2011VARIEDSIGNIFICANTLYBETWEENPARTICULARCOUNTRIESANDWORLDREGIONSTHECOMMONWEALTHOFINDEPENDENTSTATESCISWASTHEMOSTDYNAMICREGION,WITHTHEGROWTHRATEOFSERVICESEXPORTATTHELEVELOF19,WHEREASSOUTHANDCENTRALAMERICAWASRIGHTBEHINDITWITHTHEGROWTHOF13EUROPESHOWEDSIGNSOFRECOVERYWITHTHEANNUALGROWTHATTHELEVELOF11REVERSELY,ASIANECONOMICSHALVEDITSGROWTHRATE,MAINLYDUETOTHESLOWERDEVELOPMENTOFTRANSPORTATIONANDOTHERCOMMERCIALSERVICESSERVICESEXPORTOFTHENORTHAMERICAINCREASEDBY9,WHILEAFRICANEXPORTDIDNOTDEVELOPINTHEAFTERMATHOFTHESOCALLED“ARABSPRING”8,WHICHSTARTEDATTHEENDOF2010IN2011,THEUNITEDSTATESREMAINEDTHEMAJORSERVICEECONOMY,WITHTHEVALUEOFTRADEINSERVICESOFOVER976BILLIONUSD,REACHINGANEXPORTSURPLUSOF186BILLIONUSDTHEUNITEDKINGDOM,CLASSIFIEDONTHETHIRDPOSITION,ALSOOBTAINEDAPOSITIVETRADEBALANCE,WITH103BILLIONGERMANY–THES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簡介：中文中文5200字，字，3200單詞，單詞，17000英文字符英文字符出處出處ARMSTRONGSTHEECONOMICIMPACTOFTHEAUSTRALIA–USFREETRADEAGREEMENTJAUSTRALIANJOURNALOFINTERNATIONALAFFAIRS,2015,695513537THEECONOMICIMPACTOFTHEAUSTRALIA–USFREETRADEAGREEMENTSHIROARMSTRONGTHEAUSTRALIA–UNITEDSTATESFREETRADEAGREEMENTAUSFTACAMEINTOEFFECTIN2005ITWASTHESECONDPREFERENTIALTRADEAGREEMENTTHATAUSTRALIASIGNED,AFTERITSAGREEMENTWITHSINGAPORE,ANDMARKEDADEPARTUREFROMTHEPRIMACYOFAUSTRALIA’SPREVIOUSTRADEPOLICYOFUNILATERALANDMULTILATERALTRADELIBERALISATIONTOWARDPREFERENTIALLIBERALISATIONTHISPAPERASSESSESTHEECONOMICEFFECTSOFAUSFTABYAPPLYINGTHEPRODUCTIVITYCOMMISSION’SGRAVITYMODELOFTRADEFROMITSBILATERALANDREGIONALTRADEAGREEMENTSREVIEWTHEEVIDENCEREVEALSAUSFTARESULTEDINAFALLINAUSTRALIANANDUSTRADEWITHTHERESTOFTHEWORLDTHATTHEAGREEMENTLEDTOTRADEDIVERSIONESTIMATESALSOSHOWTHATAUSFTAISASSOCIATEDWITHAREDUCTIONINTRADEBETWEENAUSTRALIAANDTHEUNITEDSTATESKEYWORDSAUSFTAAUSTRALIAUNITEDSTATESRELATIONSFREETRADEAGREEMENTINTRODUCTIONTHEOPENINGUPANDLIBERALISATIONOFTHEAUSTRALIANECONOMYHASBEENKEYTOITSPROSPERITYANDCOMPETITIVENESSMOSTOFTHATTRADELIBERALISATIONINITIALLYOCCURREDUNILATERALLYTHROUGHOUTTHE1970S,1980SAND1990SASAUSTRALIAANDOTHEREASTASIANECONOMIESREMOVEDSIGNIFICANTTRADEBARRIERSWITHOUTBINDINGAGREEMENTSTHEREWASARECOGNITIONTHATACOUNTRYBENEFITEDFROMREMOVINGITSOWNBORDERANDBEHINDTHEBORDERBARRIERSTOTRADEANDTHATTHOSEBENEFITSWERECOMPOUNDEDIFOTHERSDIDSOASWELLTHISSTRATEGYCONTRIBUTEDPOSITIVELYTOTHEMULTILATERALTRADINGSYSTEMBYLIBERALISINGTRADEINANONDISCRIMINATORYMANNER,ASUNILATERALTRADELIBERALISATIONWASBOUNDTHROUGHSUBSEQUENTMULTILATERALNEGOTIATIONINTHEURUGUAYROUNDTHISCONCERTEDUNILATERALLIBERALISATIONSLOWLYCAMETOANENDAROUNDTHETIMEOFTHEASIANFINANCIALCRISISIN1997/98ASMUCHOFTHERELATIVELYEASYTOREMOVEBORDERBARRIERSHADBEENREDUCEDANDTHEREGIONSTARTEDLOOKINGTONEGOTIATEFURTHERLIBERALISATIONAFTERTHEURUGUAYROUNDAUSTRALIAANDEASTASIAEVENTUALLYJOINEDTHEGLOBALTRENDANDSTARTEDTOSIGNPREFERENTIALTRADEAGREEMENTSTHATLIBERALISETRADEANDINVESTMENTONAPREFERENTIALBASISBETWEENAGREEMENTMEMBERSBEFORESIGNINGANAGREEMENTWITHSINGAPOREIN2003,APARTFROMTHEBILATERALCLOSERECONOMICRELATIONSCERAGREEMENTWITHNEWZEALANDTHATWASSIGNEDINANOTHERERA,AUSTRALIAHADNOTBEENPARTYTOANYPREFERENTIALTRADEAGREEMENTSPTASSINCETHEERAOFBRITISHIMPERIALPREFERENCEALTHOUGHTHESINGAPOREAGREEMENTWASAFIRSTFORAUSTRALIA,ITSECONOMYWASONEOFTHEMOSTOPENINTERNATIONALLY,ITDIDNOTHAVEANAGRICULTURALSECTORANDITWASNOTAMAJORECONOMICPARTNEROFAUSTRALIAAMORESIGNIFICANTPOTENTIALSIGNOFDEPARTUREFROMTHEPRIMACYOFNONDISCRIMINATORYLIBERALISATIONOCCURREDWITHTHENEGOTIATIONOFTHEAUSTRALIAUSFREETRADEAGREEMENTAUSFTA,WHICHCAMEINTOEFFECTONJANUARY1,2005MUCHCONTROVERSY,THEREFORE,SURROUNDEDTHENEGOTIATIONOFTHEAGREEMENTINTHELEADUPTOITSCONCLUSIONTHEREWASDEBATEABOUTTHELIKELYIMPACTONTHEAUSTRALIANECONOMY,THEIMPLICATIONSFORAUSTRALIA’SOTHERTRADEANDINVESTMENTRELATIONSHIPSANDITSUSEINPROMOTINGOTHERNONECONOMICANDDIPLOMATICINTERESTSRANALD2009ASARESULTOFTHEAGREEMENT,97PERCENTOFTARIFFLINESCOVERINGAUSTRALIA’SNONAGRICULTURALEXPORTSTOTHEUNITEDSTATESEXCLUDINGTEXTILESANDCLOTHINGBECAMEDUTYFREE,SUBJECTTOTHEFTASTHATHAVEBEENSEENASAWAYTOREMOVETRADEANDOTHERBARRIERSAMONGCOUNTRIESTHATAREUSUALLYPOLITICALLYCLOSEMOSTAGREEMENTSAREFULLOFEXEMPTIONSANDCARVEOUTSOFSENSITIVESECTORS,INCLUDINGTHEEXCLUSIONOFSUGARINAUSFTA,DEMONSTRATINGTHELIMITATIONSOFTHISARGUMENTINITSREVIEWOFBILATERALANDREGIONALTRADEAGREEMENTS,THEAUSTRALIANPRODUCTIVITYCOMMISSIONCONCLUDEDTHATECONOMICBENEFITSOFFTASAREOFTENOVERSTATEDANDTHATTHEYAREOFTENMOREPOLITICALTHANECONOMICINNATUREPRODUCTIVITYCOMMISSION,2010APTASCANGOBEYONDTRADEINGOODSANDSERVICESANDINVESTMENTINTOAREASOFDOMESTICRULESANDREGULATIONSINDEED,AUSFTAWASSIGNIFICANTFORTHECHANGESITREQUIREDTOAUSTRALIANDOMESTICREGULATIONSANDINSTITUTIONSONELINEOFARGUMENTSUGGESTSTHATMERCHANDISETRADEISNOTAVERYSIGNIFICANTASPECTOFMODERNPTAS,ASMANYTARIFFLINESAREATORCLOSETOZEROINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESTHEBENEFITSTHATCIEMODELLINGPREDICTEDWEREDRIVENBYASSUMPTIONSINAREASOUTSIDEOFGOODSTRADEOTHERSHAVEEMPHASISEDTHE‘DEEPERINTEGRATION’ASPECTSOFAUSFTASTOLER2003YETTRADEINGOODSISCLOSELYLINKEDTOTRADEINSERVICES,INVESTMENTANDTHERULES,REGULATIONS,IMPEDIMENTSANDLIBERALISATIONSINTRODUCEDINPTASMOREOVER,GOODSTRADEORMERCHANDISETRADEREMAINSTHEOVERARCHINGCOMPONENTOFECONOMICRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENCOUNTRIESNEGOTIATINGPREFERENTIALMARKETACCESSAMONGMEMBERSONTRADEINGOODSISSTILLCENTRALTOMOSTAGREEMENTSTHEREISTHENTHEIMPORTANTQUESTIONOFWHETHERPREFERENTIALAGREEMENTSCREATETRADEAMONGMEMBERSANDTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEYDIVERTTRADEFROMNONMEMBERSALTHOUGHBORDERBARRIERSINMOSTCOUNTRIES,ESPECIALLYINTHEASIAPACIFIC,HAVEBEENREDUCEDWITHNONDISCRIMINATORYMOSTFAVOUREDNATIONRATESMFNTHATARELOWORZEROFORALARGERANGEOFPRODUCTS,SIGNIFICANTBORDERBARRIERSREMAINYETRULESOFORIGINROOSWHICHADDTOREDTAPE,VARYSUBSTANTIALLYBETWEENAGREEMENTSANDCOMPLICATETRADEDUETODIFFERENTTARIFFRATESBEINGAPPLIEDTOAGOODORSERVICEDEPENDINGONTHECOUNTRYINWHICHVALUEWASADDEDSTILLAFFECTTRADEANDAREASERIOUSTRADEPOLICYANDREGULATORYISSUEINASTUDYUSINGDISAGGREGATEDCUSTOMSDATA,POMFRET,KAUFMANN,ANDFINDLAY2010ANALYSETHEUTILISATIONRATESOFPREFERENCESINAUSTRALIANPTASANDFIN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簡介：濟(jì)源職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文論文題目低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)下我國對外貿(mào)易的問題研究學(xué)生姓名程艷__________________學(xué)生學(xué)號10050321_______________________系別經(jīng)濟(jì)管理系_______________________專業(yè)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易____________________指導(dǎo)教師楊倩_________________________職稱講師_______________________日期2012年11月16日__________________低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)下我國對外貿(mào)易的問題研究摘要隨著低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的到來，人們越來越深刻地認(rèn)識到低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)模式與低碳生活方式對實(shí)現(xiàn)社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要性，低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)對我國出口貿(mào)易也產(chǎn)生著巨大的影響。在全球氣候變暖的背景下，以低能耗、低污染為基礎(chǔ)的“低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)”成為全球熱點(diǎn)。低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)成為21世紀(jì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要趨勢，這一趨勢對于全球化環(huán)境中的中國經(jīng)濟(jì)和貿(mào)易發(fā)展提出了嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。在低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的挑戰(zhàn)面前，我國對外貿(mào)易發(fā)展模式應(yīng)向進(jìn)一步發(fā)展一般貿(mào)易、加工貿(mào)易本地化、扶持中小企業(yè)自主創(chuàng)新與出口、尋求市場多元化貿(mào)易等方向轉(zhuǎn)變。關(guān)鍵詞低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)；對外貿(mào)易；發(fā)展模式一、我國碳排放現(xiàn)狀1我國的碳交易主要通過我國的碳交易主要通過CDM機(jī)制進(jìn)行機(jī)制進(jìn)行碳排放權(quán)交易是一種利用市場手段來促進(jìn)減少碳排放的措施。CDM，全稱為CLEANDEVELOPMENTMECHANISM，即清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制。這是京都議定書中引入的三個(gè)靈活履約機(jī)制之一。CDM的核心是允許發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目級的減排量抵銷額的轉(zhuǎn)讓與獲得。對參與的雙方來說，CDM是一種雙贏的機(jī)制。對發(fā)達(dá)國家而言，CDM給予其一些履約的靈活性，使其得以較低成本履行義務(wù)。另一方面，對發(fā)展中國家而言，協(xié)助發(fā)達(dá)國家能夠利用減排成本低的優(yōu)勢從發(fā)達(dá)國家獲得資金和技術(shù)，促進(jìn)其可持續(xù)發(fā)展。中國作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中大國，具有全球最為豐富的減排資源。自2005年2月16日京都議定書生效以來，CDM在中國獲得了長足發(fā)展，從2005年剛開始的被質(zhì)疑，2006年以后蓬勃發(fā)展，一直到現(xiàn)在取得了巨大的成就。綜合EB（聯(lián)合國CDM執(zhí)行理事會）網(wǎng)站數(shù)據(jù)，截止到2011年3月15日，全球通過EB注冊的CDM項(xiàng)目數(shù)為2911個(gè)，增幅為495，中國通過EB注冊的CDM項(xiàng)目數(shù)為1273個(gè)，增幅為816。在新增的通過EB注冊的CDM項(xiàng)目中中國的占比從2007年的28上升到59。3碳排放使我國貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)惡化碳排放使我國貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)惡化我國傳統(tǒng)對外貿(mào)易發(fā)展模式是出口導(dǎo)向型，出口商品以勞動密集型為主，具有高投入高消耗低效益的特點(diǎn)。從我國目前的貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)看，出口產(chǎn)品集中在低技術(shù)、高耗能、高污染的勞動密集型和資源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)上，這些商品中礦物燃料、化學(xué)產(chǎn)品、原料制成品和高耗能金屬制品及一般低端機(jī)械設(shè)備等產(chǎn)品占出口的比重較高，而這些產(chǎn)品對生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響很大，均屬于低端加工產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條中環(huán)境污染密集型、能源耗費(fèi)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。同時(shí)，美、歐、日等發(fā)達(dá)國家的高耗能高污染產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨著失去競爭優(yōu)勢和價(jià)值貶損的局面，有可能借機(jī)以廉價(jià)的條件，向我國轉(zhuǎn)移，而某些地方政府有對環(huán)境問題和長遠(yuǎn)利益考慮不足，從而容易給這些發(fā)達(dá)國家的轉(zhuǎn)移帶來機(jī)會。此外，發(fā)達(dá)國家有對環(huán)保節(jié)能核心技術(shù)進(jìn)行封鎖，對于關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域，嚴(yán)格防止進(jìn)口的技術(shù)外溢效應(yīng)，這可能會使我國在進(jìn)

簡介：第1頁共34頁2010201120102011學(xué)年度第二學(xué)期復(fù)習(xí)大綱學(xué)年度第二學(xué)期復(fù)習(xí)大綱（期末考試的題型和題量和此模擬題相同，但復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容以公告欄里的復(fù)習(xí)題為主。）20102011年第一學(xué)期大學(xué)英語大學(xué)英語11期末考試說明一、考試范圍大學(xué)英語（1）LESSON110。教材版本大學(xué)英語一謝毅斌主編2008年4月第一版。二、考試題型II單項(xiàng)選擇題單項(xiàng)選擇題（STRUCTURESTRUCTUREVOCABULARYVOCABULARY）DIRECTIONSDIRECTIONSEACHEACHOFOFTHETHEFOLLOWINGFOLLOWINGSENTENCESSENTENCESISISPROVIDEDPROVIDEDWITHWITHFOURFOURCHOICESCHOICESCHOOSECHOOSETHETHEONEONETHATTHATBESTBESTCOMPLETESCOMPLETESTHETHESENTENCESENTENCE每題每題1分,共5050題IIII辨錯(cuò)題辨錯(cuò)題ERRORERRORIDENTIFICATIONIDENTIFICATIONCHOOSECHOOSETHETHEONEONEWORDWORDORORPHRASEPHRASETHATTHATMUSTMUSTBEBECHANGEDCHANGEDININORDERORDERFORFORTHETHESENTENCESENTENCETOTOBEBECORRECTCORRECT每題每題1515分,共1010題IIIIII完型填空完型填空DIRECTIONSDIRECTIONSFORFOREACHEACHBLANKBLANKTHERETHEREAREAREFOURFOURCHOICESCHOICESMARKEDMARKEDA,A,B,B,C,C,ANDANDDDCHOOSECHOOSETHETHEONEONETHATTHATBESTBESTFITSFITSINTOINTOTHETHEPASSAGEPASSAGE每題每題1515分,共1010題IVIV閱讀理解閱讀理解DIRECTIONSDIRECTIONSEACHEACHPASSAGEPASSAGEISISFOLLOWEDFOLLOWEDBYBYTENTENSTATEMENTSSTATEMENTSPLEASEPLEASEDECIDEDECIDEWHETHERWHETHERTHETHESTATEMENTSSTATEMENTSAREARETRUETRUEORORFALSEFALSE每題每題2分,共1010題三、出題比例課內(nèi)占70％，課外30％。復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)要以熟悉課文內(nèi)容、認(rèn)真完成課后練習(xí)以及公告欄中的練習(xí)題為重點(diǎn)，同時(shí)還要加強(qiáng)課外閱讀。四、期末復(fù)習(xí)題（請?jiān)诒菊n程答疑信箱中的公告欄里下載）。五、考試時(shí)間90分鐘附部分模擬題及答案在公告欄里。第3頁共34頁6ONLYWHENYOUHAVEACQUIREDAGOODKNOWLEDGEOFGRAMMAR,___C__WRITECORRECTLYACANYOUBCAN’TYOUCYOUCANDYOUWILL7__B___THECHILDSAIDWASWHISPEREDFROMONETOTHEOTHERAWHATBTHATCWHICHDWHEN8YESTERDAYIWASTOOBUSYTOGOSHOPPINGIHADMYSISTER__C___ATOGOBGOCGONEDGOING9IWASUSED_____A_______INANOISYROOMATOWORKINGBTOWORKCWORKDWORKING10YETMUCHOFTHEWORLDISSTILLRAGINGWAR__C________WOMENAFORBWITHCAGAINSTDBY11____D_____THEPOLICY,THEBANKMUSTMAKEITWORKAHAVINGDESIGNEDBDESIGNEDCDESIGNDBEINGDESIGNED12ITDIFFERSFROMOTHERFORMSOFPAYMENT__C________ITOFFERSBOTHTHEBUYERANDTHESELLERAMEANSOFSECURITYAINITBINTHATCINWHICHDINWHAT13LEAVEYOURUMBRELLAINTHESTANDINTHE___B__________ASTAIRSBHALLCSTALLDDESK

簡介：首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）開題報(bào)告畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）開題報(bào)告題目APP綜合管理信息系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)姓名劉揚(yáng)學(xué)號32011070005班級信管國際班一、選題意義及國內(nèi)外研究狀況選題意義個(gè)人智能手機(jī)更新?lián)Q代很快，此信息系統(tǒng)意在錄入每一任手機(jī)中的APP的信息，可以記錄使用過什么APP，可以評價(jià)APP，可以對APP信息進(jìn)行增刪改查。目標(biāo)使用人群包括對手機(jī)APP產(chǎn)品比較熱衷的學(xué)生、白領(lǐng)或職業(yè)移動產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理。國內(nèi)外研究狀況風(fēng)起云涌的高科技時(shí)代，智能終端的普及不僅推動了移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展，也帶來了移動應(yīng)用的爆炸式增長。根據(jù)IDC的預(yù)測，以2011年全球范圍內(nèi)的382億下載量計(jì)算，到2015年應(yīng)用下載量會上升到1827億。在海量的應(yīng)用中，企業(yè)應(yīng)用作為一個(gè)新式的營銷手段逐漸展示在我們眼前，而企業(yè)自建APP商店的構(gòu)想理念也不斷被提起。在美國，美國目前有超過110萬的智能手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序，半數(shù)百人以上的企業(yè)都已有自己的移動應(yīng)用程序，消費(fèi)者開始期望每個(gè)企業(yè)都提供應(yīng)用，世界五百強(qiáng)企業(yè)90以上都做了自己品牌的應(yīng)用，傳統(tǒng)企業(yè)運(yùn)用應(yīng)用與9億用戶互動，將是移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)行業(yè)一個(gè)巨大的市場。2013年3月，根據(jù)移動廣告網(wǎng)絡(luò)INMOBI調(diào)查顯示，中國四分之三的IOS和安卓系統(tǒng)用戶該月使用手機(jī)應(yīng)用個(gè)數(shù)達(dá)6個(gè)以上，其中27的用戶據(jù)庫,WINDOWS2003服務(wù)器等。三、寫作進(jìn)度與安排2015112015316按照下達(dá)的任務(wù)書，查閱資料，書寫開題報(bào)告20153172015420完成系統(tǒng)開發(fā)。20154212015510提交論文初稿20155152015525提交論文二稿201562201565論文定稿（答辯稿）完成指導(dǎo)教師審核意見導(dǎo)師簽字年月日