簡介：1網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下高校群體性事件的預(yù)防機(jī)制研究文獻(xiàn)綜述摘要摘要網(wǎng)絡(luò)的廣泛應(yīng)用在給大學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)生活帶來積極影響的同時，也為高校群體性事件的防控帶來了挑戰(zhàn)。本文通過對網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下高校群體性事件的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了述評，把相關(guān)理論文獻(xiàn)歸納整理成三個方面進(jìn)行述評網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下高校群體性事件的特征、事件成因、應(yīng)急管理機(jī)制。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境高校群體性事件預(yù)防機(jī)制一、引言一、引言高校群體性事件已經(jīng)成為影響社會及高校穩(wěn)定的重要因素，從而成為學(xué)界和政界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。我國在公共危機(jī)及群體性事件預(yù)防機(jī)制的探索以及發(fā)達(dá)國家的實(shí)踐研究，形成了大量的學(xué)術(shù)研究和取得了豐厚的成果，為本文的研究提供了重要的參考文獻(xiàn)和分析框架。通過中國知網(wǎng)的搜索（以高校危機(jī)管理為標(biāo)題進(jìn)行高級搜索，時間跨度為2010年至2014年），檢出291篇論文。（以高校群體性事件為標(biāo)題進(jìn)行高級搜索，時間跨度為2010年至2014年），檢出96篇論文，其中有33篇論文是基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下進(jìn)行研究的，其中碩士學(xué)位論文10篇、博士論文2篇、中國會議3篇，其余為期刊。（以高校群體性事件預(yù)防為標(biāo)題進(jìn)行高級搜索，時間跨度為2010年2014年），檢出46篇論文，其中碩士學(xué)位淪為為8篇、博士論文1篇、中國會議1篇，其余為期刊。因此本文主要從期刊論文、學(xué)位論文和學(xué)術(shù)著作3個方面對網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下高校群體性事件的特征、成因及應(yīng)急管理機(jī)制進(jìn)行述評。二、二、網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下高校群體性事件的網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下高校群體性事件的特征特征網(wǎng)絡(luò)具有的相互連通、短時間內(nèi)集散快捷、信息量大、無地域限制、無需實(shí)名身份認(rèn)證等特點(diǎn)，使得網(wǎng)絡(luò)輿情的爆發(fā)成為可能。大學(xué)生具有一定的科學(xué)文化知識，又具有較強(qiáng)的社會責(zé)任感和歷史使命感，思想活躍，但他們又是一個急需引導(dǎo)的群體，他們的心理和思想有待進(jìn)一步成熟，他們的世界觀、人生觀、價(jià)值觀需要更加完善，上述原因使得網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下高校群體事件呈現(xiàn)出以下特點(diǎn)。（一）傳播速度快以張麗娟等為代表的學(xué)者認(rèn)為，群體性事件的爆發(fā)往往帶有突發(fā)性，雖然事前具有一定潛伏期，高校大學(xué)生之間的溝通與聯(lián)系主要通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)，然而網(wǎng)絡(luò)非實(shí)名制以及法律法規(guī)規(guī)定的個人隱私保護(hù)，高校難以捕捉規(guī)律和掌控群體事3（四）不可預(yù)見性和難控性以殷向陽等為代表的學(xué)者認(rèn)為，大學(xué)生從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)中獲得信息具有不確定性和難以控制性，相比于傳統(tǒng)媒體，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在傳播中更多的是情緒的發(fā)泄，而非對事實(shí)理性的闡述。4大學(xué)生竟受過高等教育，具有較高的素質(zhì)，在面對一些問題時通常能夠正確認(rèn)識，由于現(xiàn)實(shí)因素，網(wǎng)絡(luò)及現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中所見到的社會陰暗面，一時難以理解，在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中難以求得答案，就通過虛擬的網(wǎng)絡(luò)排解心中復(fù)雜情緒。往往一過而止，潛伏下來。但不可避免地引起類似的其他事件的再次被關(guān)注，往往沉寂很久的帖子再次成為焦點(diǎn)，跟帖者及發(fā)貼者廣泛共鳴。原來潛伏的事件逐步積聚，形成突發(fā)群體性事件。（五）連鎖性當(dāng)今社會復(fù)雜的社會關(guān)系和經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況，大多數(shù)學(xué)生都潛在的影射其背后家庭成員的利益。姜健認(rèn)為通常1名大學(xué)生所結(jié)合的家庭成員為48名或者更多。群體性事件一旦發(fā)生，借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)及通訊的傳輸，迅速傳遞，產(chǎn)生連鎖性反映，通常“一點(diǎn)多發(fā)”，“蝴蝶效應(yīng)”明顯。5三、網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下高校群體性事件的成因三、網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下高校群體性事件的成因?qū)τ诟咝Ｈ后w性事件的發(fā)生，不同學(xué)者從不同的角度進(jìn)行了分析。（一）社會因素殷向陽認(rèn)為一是社會上各種不良勢力為了達(dá)到其不可告人的目的，利用大學(xué)生愛國熱情高、思維活躍，但是不夠成熟、易沖動等心理特點(diǎn)，把大學(xué)生當(dāng)作自己的替罪羊，遇到敏感事件便伺機(jī)煽動學(xué)生鬧事，以達(dá)到其險(xiǎn)惡的政治目的。二是國際敵對勢力把大學(xué)生當(dāng)作反華的工具。國際敵對勢力打著宗教傳播、文化交流等各種旗號，通過多種途徑不斷向大學(xué)生宣揚(yáng)西方國家所謂的“民主”、“自由”思想，宣傳資產(chǎn)階級的價(jià)值體系，使大學(xué)生對社會主義制度和馬克思主義產(chǎn)生懷疑和動搖，從而引發(fā)對黨和政府的不滿。6溫志嵩認(rèn)為是社會矛盾的積聚，由社會矛盾產(chǎn)生各種社會問題誘發(fā)意見，意見在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的普遍化可視為網(wǎng)絡(luò)輿情的形成。71963年美國著名的氣象學(xué)家愛德華羅倫茲在提交給紐約科學(xué)院的一篇論文中提及一個海鷗扇動翅膀就足以使得天氣發(fā)生變化。在這之后的演講和論文寫作過程中他采用蝴蝶來進(jìn)行闡述。網(wǎng)絡(luò)輿論中的“蝴蝶效應(yīng)”是指“在動力系統(tǒng)中，初始條件的一些微小變化都有可能會帶動整個系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生一種長期、巨大的連鎖反應(yīng)，甚至?xí)?dǎo)致不可預(yù)料的事件發(fā)生。即“一只蝴蝶在巴西輕拍4殷向陽網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下高校群體性事件的防控策略分析J社科縱橫，2013，（28）5姜健高校網(wǎng)絡(luò)群體性事件現(xiàn)狀與原因分析J現(xiàn)代教育管理，2010，（6）6殷向陽網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下高校群體性事件的防控策略分析J社科縱橫，2013，（28）7溫志嵩網(wǎng)絡(luò)輿情與高校群體性事件的預(yù)警和應(yīng)急對策探析J福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)2009，（1）

簡介：本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述設(shè)計(jì)論文題目電器外罩塑料注射模具設(shè)計(jì)作者所在系別材料工程系作者所在專業(yè)材料成型及控制工程共8頁第頁2第1章前言1111中國模具行業(yè)發(fā)展簡介眾所周之中國模具工業(yè)在過去的幾年中取得了飛速的發(fā)展，但是許多模具設(shè)計(jì)加工方面與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比仍然有非常大的差距。例如，對于精密加工設(shè)備的模具設(shè)計(jì)在模具加工中就處于比較落后的階段，而這些軟肋正是這些年困惑我過模具設(shè)計(jì)的主要原因，在我國由于這方面的模具設(shè)計(jì)達(dá)不到設(shè)計(jì)的要求，致使相當(dāng)一部分大型、精密、復(fù)雜和長壽命模具都依賴與從國外進(jìn)口。這不僅影響了我國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展也給我國的模具行業(yè)帶來了前所未有的壓力和打擊，所以，我們不斷的努力奮斗，用我們國家人民的聰明才智去開發(fā)模具行業(yè)，使我國的模具設(shè)計(jì)得到進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展，逐漸縮短與發(fā)達(dá)國家的差距。近年來，模具行業(yè)迅猛發(fā)展，其地域分布特色也日漸成形。從地區(qū)分布來看，以珠三角、長三角以及安徽等地發(fā)展較快。

簡介：文獻(xiàn)綜述文獻(xiàn)綜述鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)綜述鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)綜述1框架結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展及所適應(yīng)的建筑類型隨著社會的發(fā)展,鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)的建筑物越來越普遍由于鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)與砌體結(jié)構(gòu)相比較具有承載力大、結(jié)構(gòu)自重輕、抗震性能好、建造的工業(yè)化程度高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)；與鋼結(jié)構(gòu)相比又具有造價(jià)低、材料來源廣泛、耐火性好、結(jié)構(gòu)剛度大、使用維修費(fèi)用低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。因此，在我國鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)是多層框架最常用的結(jié)構(gòu)型式。近年來，世界各地的鋼筋混凝土多層框架結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展很快，應(yīng)用很多?？蚣芙Y(jié)構(gòu)體系是骨架承重體系中最常用的一種。骨架承重結(jié)構(gòu)體系與墻承重體系對于建筑空間的布置的不同在構(gòu)思上主要在于用兩根柱子和一根橫梁來取代一片承重墻。這樣原來在承重結(jié)構(gòu)體系中被承重墻體占據(jù)的空間就盡可能的釋放出來，使得建筑結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件所占據(jù)的空間大大的減少，而且在骨架結(jié)構(gòu)承重系統(tǒng)中，內(nèi)、外墻均不承重，可以靈活布置和移動，因此較適用于那些需要靈活分隔空間的建筑物，如學(xué)校、醫(yī)院、賓館，或是內(nèi)部空曠的建筑物，如商場、辦公樓、體育館，而且建筑立面處理也較為靈活1。建筑結(jié)構(gòu)是由結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件，即梁、板（受彎構(gòu)件）及墻、柱（受壓構(gòu)件）和基礎(chǔ)等構(gòu)件組成的，結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件通過正確連接，組成能承重并傳遞荷載等作用的房屋骨架。鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)有鋼筋和混凝土兩種材料組成?；炷量箟簭?qiáng)度較高而抗拉強(qiáng)度較低。鋼材的抗壓強(qiáng)度和抗拉強(qiáng)度都很高。把混凝土和鋼筋兩種材料結(jié)合在一起共同工作，使混凝土主要承受壓力，鋼筋主要承受拉力，因而可以合理的利用混凝土和鋼筋的受力性能。鋼筋混凝土具有耐久性好、整體性好、耐火性好、可模性好、可就地取材的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。在合理的高度和層數(shù)的情況下，框架結(jié)構(gòu)能夠提供較大的建筑空間，其平面布置比較的靈活，可適合多種工藝與使用功能的要求2。多層鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)可以分為四個階段一是方案設(shè)計(jì)階段，二是初步設(shè)計(jì)階段，三是技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)階段設(shè)，四是繪施工圖。結(jié)構(gòu)分析和構(gòu)件設(shè)計(jì)是結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中的計(jì)算階段，在現(xiàn)代，已由電子計(jì)算機(jī)承擔(dān)這一工作，常采用PKPM建模計(jì)算。但是，結(jié)構(gòu)的計(jì)算并不能代替結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)。良好的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的重要前提，應(yīng)該是合理組織與綜合解決結(jié)構(gòu)的傳力系統(tǒng)、傳力方式，良好的結(jié)構(gòu)方案是良好結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的重要前提3。2關(guān)于框架結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)回顧21框架結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)框架結(jié)構(gòu)體系是由橫梁與柱子連接而成梁柱連接處稱為節(jié)點(diǎn)一般為剛性24框架梁和柱的電算結(jié)果的人工調(diào)整框架梁配筋的人工調(diào)整，其目的是解決梁的裂縫寬度超限和“強(qiáng)剪弱彎”問題。當(dāng)裂縫寬度超限時，首先應(yīng)考慮將大直徑的鋼筋改用小直徑的鋼筋驗(yàn)算，如裂縫寬度仍然超限，就應(yīng)增大梁的配筋和混凝土的強(qiáng)度等級，或加大梁的截面尺寸，調(diào)整至滿足規(guī)范的要求。為了保證“強(qiáng)剪弱彎”，可進(jìn)行以下幾項(xiàng)調(diào)整一是適當(dāng)增大梁端截面；二是適當(dāng)增大梁端箍筋直徑，加密箍筋間距；三是梁端負(fù)彎矩鋼筋不放大，梁跨中受拉鋼筋適當(dāng)放大1．1～1．2倍；四是按構(gòu)造要求對跨度7M的框架梁增加彎起鋼筋5。在地震力作用下，框架柱尤其是角柱和大開間、大進(jìn)深的邊柱，一般均處于雙向偏心受壓狀態(tài)，而電算程序是按兩個方向分別為單向偏心受壓的平面框架計(jì)算配筋。因此，文獻(xiàn)6中認(rèn)為框架柱配筋應(yīng)進(jìn)行如下調(diào)整一是選擇最不利的方向進(jìn)行框架計(jì)算，也可對兩個方向均進(jìn)行計(jì)算后取較大值方向的配筋，并采用對稱配筋；二是控制柱單邊方向鋼筋的最少根數(shù)。四是選擇井字形或菱形的框架柱箍筋形式，以增強(qiáng)箍筋對混凝土的約束；五是由于多層框架電算一般不考慮溫度應(yīng)力和基礎(chǔ)不均勻沉降問題，當(dāng)多層框架水平尺寸較大以及地基為軟弱土層或地基土層不均勻時，可適當(dāng)再稍放大框架柱的配筋5。25周期折減系數(shù)的取用進(jìn)行框架結(jié)構(gòu)的周期和剛度計(jì)算時。往往忽略框架填充墻的影響。但實(shí)際情況中填充墻磚砌體在早期彈性工作階段參與工作的能力是較大的。使結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際的剛度大于計(jì)算剛度，實(shí)際的周期小于計(jì)算周期，地震作用計(jì)算偏小。結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)偏于不安全。為了避免較大誤差，在設(shè)計(jì)過程中應(yīng)該對計(jì)算周期應(yīng)該進(jìn)行折減。一般情況．周期折減系數(shù)的取值當(dāng)填充墻為砌體時，取0．6～0．7；為輕質(zhì)砌塊或砌體填充墻較少時，取0．7～0．8；當(dāng)填充墻為輕質(zhì)墻體板材時，取0．9；無填充墻的純框架取1．0?？梢钥闯?，填充墻的剛度越小對框架的周期影響越小，吸收地震作用的能力也越弱5。3結(jié)語由于框架結(jié)構(gòu)具有空間大、平面布局靈活多樣的特點(diǎn)，滿足了人們不斷追求使用個性化的要求。隨著社會的不斷發(fā)展和人們物質(zhì)生活水平的提高，框架結(jié)構(gòu)住宅、公共建筑將會得到較大發(fā)展。設(shè)計(jì)多層框架結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)計(jì)人應(yīng)首先判斷結(jié)構(gòu)方案的可行性，對可能碰到的問題，提前采取措施予以解決，并對所有計(jì)算結(jié)果認(rèn)真分析、判斷，準(zhǔn)確無誤后方可應(yīng)用于實(shí)際工程。綜上所述,對于我來說,在做畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)鋼筋混凝土框架辦公樓設(shè)計(jì)時,要根據(jù)規(guī)范以及實(shí)際的環(huán)境,選取構(gòu)件參數(shù)和設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)此外,還要多了解一些結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)部構(gòu)造等設(shè)計(jì)通過查看規(guī)范,雜志等文獻(xiàn)資料,對建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)有一個具體的

簡介：畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）文獻(xiàn)綜述畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）文獻(xiàn)綜述題目攝影學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)站的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)系數(shù)理與信息學(xué)生姓名專業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)班級指導(dǎo)教師起止日期2態(tài)服務(wù)器網(wǎng)頁技術(shù)3。因?yàn)锳SP語言易學(xué)簡單，所以現(xiàn)在有很多的網(wǎng)站都是由ASP語言開發(fā)的。ASP實(shí)質(zhì)是一種服務(wù)器端腳本環(huán)境。ASP腳本呈現(xiàn)將在服務(wù)器端運(yùn)行?？蛻舳酥灰褂每蓤?zhí)行HTML代碼的瀏覽器，即可瀏覽通過ASP設(shè)計(jì)出來的頁面內(nèi)容。當(dāng)程序執(zhí)行完后，服務(wù)器僅將執(zhí)行的結(jié)果返回給客戶端瀏覽器，這樣也就減輕了客戶端瀏覽器的負(fù)擔(dān)，大大提高了交互的速度。ASP并不是一種純粹的編程語言，它使用的語言是VBSCRIPT和JSCRIPT語言。在一個ASP應(yīng)用程序中可以用其中的一種腳本語言，也可以結(jié)合這兩種腳本語言使用。ASP可以在WINDOWSNT、WINDOWS2000、WINDOWSXP、WINDOWS2003、WINDOWS7以及VISTA上運(yùn)行。ASP提供了幾個內(nèi)部對象和內(nèi)部組件，利用它們可以很方便地實(shí)現(xiàn)表單上傳、存取數(shù)據(jù)庫、操作服務(wù)器上的文件等基本功能。除此之外，還可以使用第三方提供的專用組件解決如發(fā)送EMAIL、文件上傳等功能。如果還有特殊的需要，可以開發(fā)自己的組件。因此，理論上說ASP幾乎可以實(shí)現(xiàn)任何功能。22數(shù)據(jù)庫數(shù)據(jù)庫數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)產(chǎn)生于20世紀(jì)60年代中期，是數(shù)據(jù)管理的最新技術(shù)，也是計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)的重要分支。數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)是僅次于用戶與操作系統(tǒng)之間的一層數(shù)據(jù)管理軟件。數(shù)據(jù)庫在建立、使用和維護(hù)時由數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)一管理、統(tǒng)一控制。數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)使用戶能方便地定義數(shù)據(jù)和操縱數(shù)據(jù)，并能夠保證數(shù)據(jù)的安全性、完整性、多用戶對數(shù)據(jù)的并發(fā)使用及發(fā)生故障后的系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)。SQLSERVER是MICROSOFT公司推出的一個高性能大型關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)，它為廣大的企業(yè)客戶和創(chuàng)建商業(yè)應(yīng)用程序的獨(dú)立軟件供應(yīng)商提供了數(shù)據(jù)庫管理平臺，它使用方便、功能強(qiáng)大4。該產(chǎn)品不僅可以有效的執(zhí)行大規(guī)模聯(lián)機(jī)事務(wù)處理，而且還可以完成數(shù)據(jù)倉庫和電子商務(wù)應(yīng)用等等許多的具有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作。SQL繼承了MICROSOFT公司產(chǎn)品的一貫特點(diǎn)，在可靠性、可編程性、可用性、易用性、性能等方面都相當(dāng)出色。23其他軟件其他軟件DREAMWEAVER的出現(xiàn)，使得制作一個具有強(qiáng)大功能的網(wǎng)站變得很容易。可以輕易做出以前認(rèn)為很復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)站。DREAMWEAVER是一款專業(yè)的HTML編輯器，它用于對WEB站點(diǎn)、WEB頁和WEB應(yīng)用程序進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)編碼和開發(fā)。無論直接編寫HTML代碼的駕馭感還是偏愛在可視化編輯環(huán)境中工作，DREAMWEAVER都會提供幫助良多的工具，豐富WEB創(chuàng)作體驗(yàn)。并且，借助DREAMWEAVER，還可以使用服務(wù)器語言（例如ASP、ASPNET、COLDFUSION標(biāo)記語言（CFML）、JSP和PHP）生成支持動態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)庫的WEB應(yīng)用程序。使用DREAMWEAVER也可以制作出整個網(wǎng)站，只是DREAMWEAVER本身不適合處理圖片，需要PHOTOSHOP或者FIREWORKS的配合。

簡介：1英文原文REHABILITATIONOFRECTANGULARSIMPLYSUPPORTEDRCBEAMSWITHSHEARDEFICIENCIESUSINGCFRPCOMPOSITESAHMEDKHALIFAA,,ANTONIONANNIBADEPARTMENTOFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFALEXANDRIA,ALEXANDRIA21544,EGYPTBDEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFMISSOURIATROLLA,ROLLA,MO65409,USARECEIVED28APRIL1999RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM30OCTOBER2001ACCEPTED10JANUARY2002ABSTRACTTHEPRESENTSTUDYEXAMINESTHESHEARPERFORMANCEANDMODESOFFAILUREOFRECTANGULARSIMPLYSUPPORTEDREINFORCEDCONCRETERCBEAMSDESIGNEDWITHSHEARDEFICIENCIESTHESEMEMBERSWERESTRENGTHENEDWITHEXTERNALLYBONDEDCARBONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERCFRPSHEETSANDEVALUATEDINTHELABORATORYTHEEXPERIMENTALPROGRAMCONSISTEDOFTWELVEFULLSCALERCBEAMSTESTEDTOFAILINSHEARTHEVARIABLESINVESTIGATEDWITHINTHISPROGRAMINCLUDEDSTEELSTIRRUPS,ANDTHESHEARSPANTOEFFECTIVEDEPTHRATIO,ASWELLASAMOUNTANDDISTRIBUTIONOFCFRPTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSINDICATEDTHATTHECONTRIBUTIONOFEXTERNALLYBONDEDCFRPTOTHESHEARCAPACITYWASSIGNIFICANTTHESHEARCAPACITYWASALSOSHOWNTOBEDEPENDENTUPONTHEVARIABLESINVESTIGATEDTESTRESULTSWEREUSEDTOVALIDATEASHEARDESIGNAPPROACH,WHICHSHOWEDCONSERVATIVEANDACCEPTABLEPREDICTIONS2002ELSEVIERSCIENCELTD○CALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSREHABILITATIONSHEARCARBONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMER1INTRODUCTIONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERFRPCOMPOSITESYSTEMS,COMPOSEDOFFIBERSEMBEDDEDINAPOLYMERICMATRIX,CANBEUSEDFORSHEARSTRENGTHENINGOFREINFORCEDCONCRETERCMEMBERS1–7MANYEXISTINGRCBEAMSAREDEFICIENTANDINNEEDOFSTRENGTHENINGTHESHEARFAILUREOFANRCBEAMISCLEARLYDIFFERENTFROMITSFLEXURALFAILUREINSHEAR,THEBEAMFAILSSUDDENLYWITHOUTSUFFICIENTWARNINGANDDIAGONALSHEARCRACKSARECONSIDERABLYWIDERTHANTHEFLEXURALCRACKS8THEOBJECTIVESOFTHISPROGRAMWERETO3THEMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFTHEMATERIALSUSEDFORMANUFACTURINGTHETESTSPECIMENSARELISTEDINTABLE1FABRICATIONOFTHESPECIMENSINCLUDINGSURFACEPREPARATIONANDCFRPINSTALLATIONISDESCRIBEDELSEWHERE10TABLE122STRENGTHENINGSCHEMESONESPECIMENFROMEACHSERIESSW31,SW41,SO31ANDSO41WASLEFTWITHOUTSTRENGTHENINGASACONTROLSPECIMEN,WHEREASEIGHTBEAMSPECIMENSWERESTRENGTHENEDWITHEXTERNALLYBONDEDCFRPSHEETSFOLLOWINGTHREEDIFFERENTSCHEMESASILLUSTRATEDINFIG2INSERIESSW3,SPECIMENSW32WASSTRENGTHENEDWITHTWOCFRPPLIESHAVINGPERPENDICULARFIBERDIRECTIONS90°/0°THEFIRSTPLYWASATTACHEDINTHEFORMOFCONTINUOUSUWRAPWITHTHEFIBERDIRECTIONORIENTEDPERPENDICULARTOTHELONGITUDINALAXISOFTHESPECIMEN90°THESECONDPLYWASBONDEDONTHETWOSIDESOFTHESPECIMENWITHTHEFIBERDIRECTIONPARALLELTOTHEBEAMAXIS（0°）THISPLYIE0°PLYWASSELECTEDTOINVESTIGATETHEIMPACTOFADDITIONALHORIZONTALRESTRAINTONSHEARSTRENGTHINSERIESSW4,SPECIMENSW42WASSTRENGTHENEDWITHTWOCFRPPLIESHAVINGPERPENDICULARFIBERDIRECTION90°/0°ASFORSPECIMENSW32FOURBEAMSPECIMENSWERESTRENGTHENEDINSERIESSO3SPECIMENSO32WASSTRENGTHENEDWITHONEPLYCFRPSTRIPSINTHEFORMOFUWRAPWITH90°FIBERORIENTATIONTHESTRIPWIDTHWAS50MMWITHCENTERTOCENTERSPACINGOF125MMSPECIMENSO33WASSTRENGTHENEDINAMANNERSIMILARTOTHATOFSPECIMENSO32,BUT

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目CHANGINGROLESOFTHECLIENTSARCHITECTSANDCONTRACTORSTHROUGHBIM文獻(xiàn)、資料來源ENGINEERING,CONSTRUCTION,ARCHITECTUALMANAGEMENT文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期20102院（部）管理工程學(xué)院專業(yè)班級姓名學(xué)號指導(dǎo)教師翻譯日期201263山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文21INTRODUCTIONHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTS,AREOFKEYIMPORTANCE,ANDINVOLVESIGNIFICANTINVESTMENT,ANDUSUALLYTAKEALONGTERMDEVELOPMENTPERIODHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTSAREALSOVERYCOMPLEXDUETOTHECOMPLICATEDREQUIREMENTSREGARDINGHYGIENE,SAFETY,SPECIALEQUIPMENTS,ANDHANDLINGOFALARGEAMOUNTOFDATATHEBUILDINGPROCESSISVERYDYNAMICANDCOMPRISESITERATIVEPHASESANDINTERMEDIATECHANGESMANYACTORSWITHSHIFTINGAGENDAS,ROLESANDRESPONSIBILITIESAREACTIVELYINVOLVED,SUCHASTHEHEALTHCAREINSTITUTIONS,NATIONALANDLOCALGOVERNMENTS,PROJECTDEVELOPERS,FINANCIALINSTITUTIONS,ARCHITECTS,CONTRACTORS,ADVISORS,FACILITYMANAGERS,ANDEQUIPMENTMANUFACTURERSANDSUPPLIERSSUCHBUILDINGPROJECTSAREVERYMUCHINFLUENCED,BYTHEHEALTHCAREPOLICY,WHICHCHANGESRAPIDLYINRESPONSETOTHEMEDICAL,SOCIETALANDTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTS,ANDVARIESGREATLYBETWEENCOUNTRIESWORLDHEALTHORGANIZATION,2000INTHENETHERLANDS,FOREXAMPLE,THEWAYABUILDINGPROJECTINTHEHEALTHCARESECTORISORGANISEDISUNDERGOINGAMAJORREFORMDUETOAFUNDAMENTALCHANGEINTHEDUTCHHEALTHPOLICYTHATWASINTRODUCEDIN2008THERAPIDLYCHANGINGCONTEXTPOSTSANEEDFORABUILDINGWITHFLEXIBILITYOVERITSLIFECYCLEINORDERTOINCORPORATELIFECYCLECONSIDERATIONSINTHEBUILDINGDESIGN,CONSTRUCTIONTECHNIQUE,ANDFACILITYMANAGEMENTSTRATEGY,AMULTIDISCIPLINARYCOLLABORATIONISREQUIREDDESPITETHEATTEMPTFORESTABLISHINGINTEGRATEDCOLLABORATION,HEALTHCAREBUILDINGPROJECTSSTILLFACESSERIOUSPROBLEMSINPRACTICE,SUCHASBUDGETOVERRUN,DELAY,ANDSUBOPTIMALQUALITYINTERMSOFFLEXIBILITY,ENDUSER’SDISSATISFACTION,ANDENERGYINEFFICIENCYITISEVIDENTTHATTHELACKOFCOMMUNICATIONANDCOORDINATIONBETWEENTHEACTORSINVOLVEDINTHEDIFFERENTPHASESOFABUILDINGPROJECTISAMONGTHEMOSTIMPORTANTREASONSBEHINDTHESEPROBLEMSTHECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENDIFFERENTSTAKEHOLDERSBECOMESCRITICAL,ASEACHSTAKEHOLDERPOSSESSESDIFFERENTSETOFSKILLSASARESULT,THEPROCESSESFOREXTRACTION,INTERPRETATION,ANDCOMMUNICATIONOFCOMPLEXDESIGNINFORMATIONFROMDRAWINGSANDDOCUMENTSAREOFTENTIMECONSUMINGANDDIFFICULTADVANCEDVISUALISATIONTECHNOLOGIES,LIKE4DPLANNINGHAVETREMENDOUSPOTENTIALTOINCREASETHECOMMUNICATIONEFFICIENCYANDINTERPRETATIONABILITYOFTHEPROJECTTEAMMEMBERSHOWEVER,THEIRUSEASANEFFECTIVECOMMUNICATIONTOOLISSTILLLIMITEDANDNOTFULLYEXPLOREDDAWOODANDSIKKA,2008THEREAREALSOOTHERBARRIERSINTHEINFORMATIONTRANSFERANDINTEGRATION,FORINSTANCEMANY

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簡介：中文中文3290字出處出處GRüNBERGTAREVIEWOFIMPROVEMENTMETHODSINMANUFACTURINGOPERATIONSJWORKSTUDY,2003,5228993制造業(yè)改進(jìn)方法綜述托馬斯格魯貝格52卷/號碼2/2003/8993作者簡介作者簡介托馬斯格魯貝格是是瑞典皇家技術(shù)學(xué)院的工業(yè)博士生，現(xiàn)在在瑞典郵政服務(wù)系統(tǒng)工作。摘要摘要有一系列的方法論和技術(shù)旨在提高運(yùn)作活動的效益和效率。例如有業(yè)務(wù)流程重組、全面質(zhì)量管理和組織發(fā)展。在怎么實(shí)現(xiàn)和實(shí)施“改進(jìn)”，甚至提高改進(jìn)什么上，這些方法各自都不同。在本文中主要討論一些改進(jìn)方法以及它們的目的和實(shí)施過程。這明顯區(qū)別于在可用文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上的改進(jìn)方法綜述，其提出的方法在鑒別應(yīng)該改進(jìn)提高什么和怎么發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的改進(jìn)領(lǐng)域上都不是十分在行。本文提出性能系數(shù)模型和計(jì)量模型來彌補(bǔ)這一缺口，他們指導(dǎo)分析什么和如何衡量改進(jìn)工作。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞運(yùn)營管理、業(yè)績評估、改進(jìn)、方法論1緒論自工業(yè)時代開始，努力提高公司的績效一直很重要。在績效改進(jìn)領(lǐng)域第一個已知的和有依據(jù)的事實(shí)的是ADAMSMITH（1776,ELIWHITNEY（1800、BAGGAGE（1832,LILLIANGILBRETH（1900,TAYLO（1903和HENRYFORD（1913,（JOHANSSON，1997，OLHAGER,2000。20世紀(jì)50年代以來,由于市場變得越來越全球化，企業(yè)之間的競爭更加激烈,沒有跡象表明這種激烈的競爭會有所緩解。這些增加的競爭創(chuàng)造出一個對一流改進(jìn)方法的更大需求，其會維持這種競爭。當(dāng)今使用的大量運(yùn)作改進(jìn)方法的起源在二戰(zhàn)前后有一個蓬勃發(fā)展的時期特別是在美國。這些方法被日本引進(jìn)和改進(jìn)，豐田公司有實(shí)例（WOMACKETAL,1996。這些方法有全面預(yù)防維修制TPM）和全面質(zhì)量管理（TQM）,全面預(yù)防維修制的簡單概念來自于美國的預(yù)防性管理NORDETAL,1997，而全面質(zhì)量管理由朱蘭和戴明發(fā)展而來BERGMANANDKLEFSJO,1995。美國的原始方法成功的輸入到日本，很快變成日本的工作方式。從簡單、基本概念和方法來看,豐田生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)TPS是各自HAWKINGS,2001GUNASEKARANETAL,1998。其次,大多數(shù)的方法通常包括一個或兩個階段的測量和實(shí)施階段,例如全面質(zhì)量管理（TQM）包含統(tǒng)計(jì)控制階段GUNASEKARANETAL,1998；務(wù)流程再造BPR包含過程籌劃階段（VAKOLA和REZGUI,2000以及測量仿真方法（JOHANSSONANDGRU¨NBERG,2001。“最終”階段通常由某種形式的評估和重啟改進(jìn)循環(huán)。這是真實(shí)的,從組織發(fā)展（OD）（PORRASANDROBERTSON,1992到精益生產(chǎn)。其中最著名的循環(huán)方法例子是戴明改進(jìn)循環(huán)圖見圖1。圖1戴明改進(jìn)循環(huán)圖這說明一個非常簡單的術(shù)語可能在實(shí)踐中的是一個復(fù)雜的活動?；顒邮紫纫?jì)劃,然后實(shí)施。在下一步的術(shù)語開始計(jì)劃，循環(huán)開始一輪之前,結(jié)果就被運(yùn)行出來和評估。3焦點(diǎn)核心焦點(diǎn)核心盡管這些方法有許多相似之處,他們之間的差異是其各自的核心焦點(diǎn)。例如組織發(fā)展，更多的將重心放在人際交往相比其他方法。這沒有什么少見多怪的，因?yàn)樗旧砭推鹪从诮M織行為學(xué)就像列文在20世紀(jì)三十年代一樣（WESTLANDER,1999。相比約束理論（TOC）和全面質(zhì)量管理（TQM），組織發(fā)展（OD）則少了很多連續(xù)的技術(shù)。這是相當(dāng)?shù)湫偷?。每個方法都有一個特殊的背景并被創(chuàng)建/發(fā)展用來解決特定的改進(jìn)問題或者在特定背景情況下的問題。例如全面質(zhì)量管理（TPM）,重心主要放在提高機(jī)器的可靠性和提高整個設(shè)備的效率（JOSTESANDHELMS,1994。約束理論重視瓶頸。它指出最重要的是要增加在生產(chǎn)過程中任何一個瓶頸中的最大生產(chǎn)能力（RAHMAN,1998。計(jì)劃執(zhí)行處理檢查

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簡介：THEMEDSECTIONVECTORDESIGNANDDRUGDELIVERYREVIEWTWENTYYEARSOFCELLPENETRATINGPEPTIDESFROMMOLECULARMECHANISMSTOTHERAPEUTICSFREDERICHEITZ,MAYCATHERINEMORRISANDGILLESDIVITACENTREDERECHERCHESDEBIOCHIMIEMACROMOLéCULAIRE,UMR5237,CNRS,UM1,UM2,CRBMDEPARTMENTOFMOLECULARBIOPHYSICSANDTHERAPEUTICS,1919ROUTEDEMENDE,MONTPELLIER,FRANCETHERECENTDISCOVERYOFNEWPOTENTTHERAPEUTICMOLECULESTHATDONOTREACHTHECLINICDUETOPOORDELIVERYANDLOWBIOAVAILABILITYHAVEMADEOFDELIVERYAKEYSTONEINTHERAPEUTICDEVELOPMENTSEVERALTECHNOLOGIESHAVEBEENDESIGNEDTOIMPROVECELLULARUPTAKEOFTHERAPEUTICMOLECULES,INCLUDINGCELLPENETRATINGPEPTIDESCPPSCPPSWEREFIRSTDISCOVEREDBASEDONTHEPOTENCYOFSEVERALPROTEINSTOENTERCELLSNUMEROUSCPPSHAVEBEENDESCRIBEDSOFAR,WHICHCANBEGROUPEDINTOTWOMAJORCLASSES,THEFIRSTREQUIRINGCHEMICALLINKAGEWITHTHEDRUGFORCELLULARINTERNALIZATIONANDTHESECONDINVOLVINGFORMATIONOFSTABLE,NONCOVALENTCOMPLEXESWITHDRUGSNOWADAYS,CPPSCONSTITUTEVERYPROMISINGTOOLSFORNONINVASIVECELLULARIMPORTOFCARGOANDHAVEBEENSUCCESSFULLYAPPLIEDFORINVITROANDINVIVODELIVERYOFTHERAPEUTICMOLECULESVARYINGFROMSMALLCHEMICALMOLECULE,NUCLEICACIDS,PROTEINS,PEPTIDES,LIPOSOMESANDPARTICLESTHISREVIEWWILLFOCUSONTHESTRUCTURE/FUNCTIONANDCELLULARUPTAKEMECHANISMOFCPPSINTHEGENERALCONTEXTOFDRUGDELIVERYWEWILLALSOHIGHLIGHTTHEAPPLICATIONOFPEPTIDECARRIERSFORTHEDELIVERYOFTHERAPEUTICMOLECULESANDPROVIDEANUPDATEOFTHEIRCLINICALEVALUATIONBRITISHJOURNALOFPHARMACOLOGY2009157,195–206DOI101111/J14765381200800057XPUBLISHEDONLINE20MARCH2009THISARTICLEISPARTOFATHEMEDSECTIONONVECTORDESIGNANDDRUGDELIVERYFORALISTOFALLARTICLESINTHISSECTIONSEETHEENDOFTHISPAPER,ORVISITHTTP//WWW3INTERSCIENCEWILEYCOM/JOURNAL/121548564/ISSUEYEARYEAR2009KEYWORDSCELLPENETRATINGPEPTIDENONCOVALENTDELIVERYSYSTEMSIRNANANOPARTICLEDRUGDELIVERYMOLECULARMECHANISMSTHERAPEUTICSABBREVIATIONSCPP,CELLPENETRATINGPEPTIDEGAG,GLUCOSAMINOGLYCANNLS,NUCLEARLOCALIZATIONSEQUENCEPMO,PHOSPHORODIAMIDATEMORPHOLINOOLIGOMERPNA,PEPTIDENUCLEICACIDPTD,PROTEINTRANSDUCTIONDOMAINSINTRODUCTIONCHALLENGESINDRUGDELIVERYOVERTHEPAST10YEARS,INORDERTOCIRCUMVENTLIMITATIONSOFSMALLMOLECULEANDGENEBASEDTHERAPIES,WEHAVEWITNESSEDADRAMATICACCELERATIONINTHEPRODUCTIONOFNEWLARGETHERAPEUTICMOLECULES,WHICHDONOTFOLLOWLIPINSKI’SRULES,SUCHASPROTEINS,PEPTIDESANDNUCLEICACIDTHERAPEUTICSHOWEVER,THEIRDEVELOPMENTISRESTRICTEDBYVERYSPECIFICISSUESINCLUDINGPOORSTABILITYINVIVO,LACKOFCELLULARUPTAKEANDINSUFFICIENTCAPABILITYTOREACHTARGETSTHISISASSOCIATEDWITHTHECOMPLETELOSSOFPHARMACEUTICALPOTENCYORATLEASTWITHTHEREQUIREMENTFORHIGHDOSESANDRISKOFMAJORSIDEEFFECTSTHEREFORE,DELIVERYCONSTITUTESAMAJORPIECEOFTHETHERAPEUTICPUZZLE,ANDTHEREISAREALDEMANDFORNEWANDMOREEFFICIENTDRUGDELIVERYSYSTEMSMAJORRULESHAVETOBESATISFIED,INPARTICULARIDELIVERYEFFICIENCYINDIFFERENTANDCHALLENGINGCELLLINESIIRAPIDENDOSOMALRELEASEIIIABILITYTOREACHTHETARGETIVACTIVITYATLOWDOSESVLACKOFTOXICITYANDVIFACILITYOFTHERAPEUTICAPPLICATIONSUBSTANTIALPROGRESSHASBEENMADEINTHEDESIGNOFNEWTECHNOLOGIESTOIMPROVECELLULARUPTAKEOFTHERAPEUTICCOMPOUNDSOPALINSKAANDGEWIRTZ,2002J?RVERANDLANGEL,2004GLOVERETAL,2005TORCHILIN,2005DEFOUGEROLLESETAL,2007KONGANDMOONEY,2007ANUMBEROFNONVIRALSTRATEGIESHAVEBEENPROPOSEDINCLUDINGLIPID,POLYCATIONIC,NANOPARTICLEANDPEPTIDEBASEDFORMULATIONSASREPORTEDINTHISSPECIALISSUEMORRISETAL,2000OGRISANDWAGNER,2002J?RVERANDLANGEL,2004TORCHILIN,2005,BUTONLYASUBSETOFTHESETECHNOLOGIESAREEFFICIENTLYAPPLIEDINVIVOATEITHERPRECLINICALORCLINICALLEVELSPROTEINTRANSDUCTIONDOMAINSPTDSORCELLPENETRATINGPEPTIDESCPPSCORRESPONDTOSHORT30RESIDUESYNTHETICPEPTIDESANDAREPARTOFTHEMOSTPROMISINGSTRATEGYTOOVERCOMEBOTHEXTRACELLULARANDINTRACELLULARLIMITATIONSOFVARIOUSBIOMOLECULESOFINCLUDINGPLASMIDDNA,CORRESPONDENCEGILLESDIVITA,CENTREDERECHERCHESDEBIOCHIMIEMACROMOLéCULAIRE,UMR5237,CNRS,UM1,UM2,CRBMDEPARTMENTOFMOLECULARBIOPHYSICSANDTHERAPEUTICS,1919ROUTEDEMENDE,34293MONTPELLIER,FRANCEEMAILGILLESDIVITACRBMCNRSFRRECEIVED14JULY2008REVISED7OCTOBER2008ACCEPTED20OCTOBER2008BRITISHJOURNALOFPHARMACOLOGY2009,157,195–206?2009THEAUTHORSJOURNALCOMPILATION?2009THEBRITISHPHARMACOLOGICALSOCIETYALLRIGHTSRESERVED00071188/09WWWBRJPHARMACOLORGCOVALENTSTRATEGYCELLPENETRATINGPEPTIDEBASEDTECHNOLOGIESDESCRIBEDSOFARMAINLYINVOLVETHEFORMATIONOFACOVALENTCONJUGATEBETWEENTHECARGOANDTHECARRIERPEPTIDE,WHICHISACHIEVEDBYCHEMICALCROSSLINKINGORBYCLONINGFOLLOWEDBYEXPRESSIONOFACPPFUSIONPROTEINNAGAHARAETAL,1998GAIT,2003MOULTONANDMOULTON,2004ZATSEPINETAL,2005MOSTOFTHEWORKHASBEENREPORTEDFORPEPTIDESDERIVEDFROMTATFAWELLETAL,1994VIVESETAL,1997FRANKELANDPABO,1988,PENETRATINDEROSSIETAL,1994,POLYARGININEPEPTIDEARG8SEQUENCEWENDERETAL,2000FUTAKIETAL,2001ANDTRANSPORTAN,POOGAETAL,1998OTHERPROTEINDERIVEDPEPTIDESSUCHASVP22PROTEINFROMHERPESSIMPLEXVIRUSELLIOTTANDO’HARE,1997,PVECELMQUISTETAL,2001,CALCITONINDERIVEDPEPTIDESSCHMIDTETAL,1998KRAUSSETAL,2004,ANTIMICROBIALPEPTIDESBUFORINIANDSYNBPARKETAL,1998PARKETAL,2000,ASWELLASPOLYPROLINESWEETARROWPEPTIDEPUJALSETAL,2006HAVEALSOBEENSUCCESSFULLYUSEDTOIMPROVETHEDELIVERYOFCOVALENTLYLINKEDCARGOSJOLIOTANDPROCHIANTZ,2004ELANDALOUSSIETAL,2005MURRIELANDDOWDY,2006MORERECENTLY,NEWGENERATIONSOFCPPS,COMBININGDIFFE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簡介：CHAPTER13THEDILEMMAOFPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALPETERPROWSEANDJULIEPROWSEABSTRACTTHISPAPERDEALSWITHTHEDILEMMAOFMANAGINGPERFORMANCEUSINGPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALTHEAUTHORSWILLEVALUATETHEHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTOFAPPRAISALSANDARGUETHATTHECRITICALAREAOFLINEMANAGEMENTDEVELOPMENTTHATWASBEENIDENTIFIEDASACRITICALSUCCESSFACTORINAPPRAISALSHASBEENIGNOREDINTHELATERLITERATUREEVALUATINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFPERFORMANCETHROUGHAPPRAISALSTHISPAPERWILLEVALUATETHEAIMSANDMETHODSOFAPPRAISAL,THEDIFFICULTIESENCOUNTEREDINTHEAPPRAISALPROCESSITALSOREEVALUATESTHELACKOFTHEORETICALDEVELOPMENTINAPPRAISALANDMOVESFROMTHEPSYCHOLOGICALAPPROACHESOFANALYSISTOAMORECRITICALREALISATIONOFAPPROACHESBEFOREREEVALUATINGTHECHALLENGETOREMOVESUBJECTIVITYANDBIASINJUDGEMENTOFAPPRAISAL131INTRODUCTIONTHISPAPERWILLDEFINEANDOUTLINEPERFORMANCEMANAGEMENTANDAPPRAISALITWILLSTARTBYEVALUATINGWHATFORMOFPERFORMANCEISEVALUATED,THENDEVELOPLINKSTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFDIFFERENTPERFORMANCETRADITIONSPSYCHOLOGICALTRADITION,MANAGEMENTBYOBJECTIVES,MOTIVATIONANDDEVELOPMENTITWILLOUTLINETHEHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTOFPERFORMANCEMANAGEMENTTHENEVALUATEHIGHPERFORMANCESTRATEGIESUSINGPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALITWILLEVALUATETHECONTINUINGISSUEOFSUBJECTIVITYANDETHICALDILEMMASREGARDINGMEASUREMENTANDASSESSMENTOFPERFORMANCETHEPAPERWILLTHENEXAMINEHOWORGANISATIONSMEASUREPERFORMANCEBEFOREEVALUATIONOFRESEARCHONSOMERECENTTRENDSINPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALTHISCHAPTERWILLEVALUATETHEHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTOFPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALFROMMANAGEMENTBYOBJECTIVESMBOLITERATUREBEFOREEVALUATINGTHEDEBATESBETWEENLINKAGESBETWEENPERFORMANCEMANAGEMENTANDAPPRAISALITWILLOUTLINEPPROWSEBUNIVERSITYOFBRADFORD,BRADFORD,ENGLAND,UKEMAILPJPROWSEBRADFORDACUK195PTATICCHIED,BUSINESSPERFORMANCEMEASUREMENTANDMANAGEMENT,DOI101007/9783642048005_13,C?SPRINGERVERLAGBERLINHEIDELBERG201013THEDILEMMAOFPERFORMANCEAPPRAISAL197APPRAISALFEEDBACKBEYONDPERFORMANCEFORPROFESSIONALSANDMANAGERSTONEARLY95OFWORKPLACESINTHE2004WERSSURVEYSEETABLE131CLEARLYTHEUSEOFAPPRAISALSHASBEENTHEDEVELOPMENTANDEXTENSIONOFAPPRAISALSTOCOVERALARGEPROPORTIONOFTHEUKWORKFORCEANDTHECOVERAGEOFNONMANAGERIALOCCUPATIONSANDTHEEXTENDEDUSEINPRIVATEANDPUBLICSECTORS1322THEPURPOSEOFAPPRAISALSTHECRITICALISSUEISWHATISTHEPURPOSEOFAPPRAISALSANDHOWEFFECTIVEISITRESEARCHEDANDUSEDINPRACTICETHROUGHOUTORGANIZATIONSTHEPURPOSEOFAPPRAISALSNEEDSTOBECLEARLYIDENTIFIEDFIRSTLYTHEIRPURPOSERANDELL1994STATESTHEYAREASYSTEMATICEVALUATIONOFINDIVIDUALPERFORMANCELINKEDTOWORKPLACEBEHAVIOURAND/ORSPECIFICCRITERIAAPPRAISALSOFTENTAKETHEFORMOFANAPPRAISALINTERVIEW,USUALLYANNUAL,SUPPORTEDBYSTANDARDISEDFORMS/PAPERWORKTHEKEYOBJECTIVEOFAPPRAISALISTOPROVIDEFEEDBACKFORPERFORMANCEISPROVIDEDBYTHELINEMANAGERTHETHREEKEYQUESTIONSFORQUALITYOFFEEDBACK1WHATANDHOWAREOBSERVATIONSONPERFORMANCEMADE2WHYANDHOWARETHEYDISCUSSED3WHATDETERMINESTHELEVELOFPERFORMANCEINTHEJOBITHASBEENARGUEDBYONESCHOOLOFTHOUGHTTHATTHESEPROCESSCANNOTBEPERFORMEDEFFECTIVELYUNLESSTHELINEMANAGEROFPERSONPROVIDINGFEEDBACKHASTHEINTERPERSONALINTERVIEWINGSKILLSTOPROVIDETHATFEEDBACKTOPEOPLEBEINGAPPRAISEDTHISHASBEENDEFINEDASTHE“BRADFORDAPPROACH”WHICHPLACESAHIGHPRIORITYONAPPRAISALSKILLSDEVELOPMENTRANDELL,1994THISAPPROACHISOUTLINEDINFIG131WHICHIDENTIFIESTHELINKAGESBETWEENINVOLVING,DEVELOPING,REWARDINGANDVALUINGPEOPLEATWORK1323HISTORICALDEVELOPMENTOFAPPRAISALTHEHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTOFPERFORMANCEFEEDBACKHASDEVELOPEDFROMARANGEOFAPPROACHESFORMALOBSERVATIONOFINDIVIDUALWORKPERFORMANCEWASREPORTEDINROBERTOWENS’SSCOTTISHFACTORYINNEWLANARKINTHEEARLY1800SCOLE,1925OWENHUNGOVERMACHINESAPIECEOFCOLOUREDWOODOVERMACHINESTOINDICATETHESUPERINTENDENT’SASSESSMENTOFTHEPREVIOUSDAY’SCONDUCTWHITEFOREXCELLENT,YELLOW,BLUEANDTHENBLACKFORPOORPERFORMANCETHETWENTIETHCENTURYLEDTOFWTAYLORANDHISMEASUREDPERFORMANCEANDTHESCIENTIFICMANAGEMENTMOVEMENTTAYLOR,1964THE1930STRAITSAPPROACHESIDENTIFIEDPERSONALITYANDPERFORMANCEANDUSEDFEEDBACKUSINGGRAPHICRATINGSCALES,AMIXEDSTANDARDOFPERFORMANCESCALESNOTINGBEHAVIOURINLIKERTSCALERATINGSTHISWASUSEDTORECRUITANDIDENTIFY

簡介：RESEARCHREVIEWONBIOLEACHINGOFPBZNMINETAILINGSHUIGUO1,GUANGFEIQU1,PINGNING11FACULTYOFENVIRONMENTALSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,KUNMINGUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,KUNMING,CHINAPROFGUANGFEIQU,QGFLJY126COMABSTRACTINTHISPAPER,THERECOVERYPOTENTIALOFVALUABLEMETALSINLEADANDZINCMINETAILINGSISEVALUATEDTHERESEARCHADVANCEOFBIOLEACHINGTECHNOLOGY,MAINLYTHESTRAINBREEDINGMETHODSOFLEACHINGMICROORGANISMS,FOURKINDSOFBIOLEACHINGPROCESSANDTHEAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTOFBIOLEACHINGTECHNOLOGY,AREGENERALLYDESCRIBEDITCANBECONCLUDETHATTHEREISGREATEXPLOITATIONPOTENTIALFORLEADZINCMINETAILINGSANDUSINGBIOLEACHINGTECHNOLOGYFORRECYCLINGVALUABLEMETALSINLEADANDZINCTAILINGSISFEASIBLEKEYWORDSPBZNMINETAILINGSBIOLEACHINGSTRAINBREEDINGMETHODSBIOLEACHINGPROCESSRESEARCHADVANCEIINTRODUCTIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFLEADANDZINCINDUSTRYBRINGSENORMOUSECONOMICBENEFITS,BUTALSOLEADSTOSERIOUSENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFLEADANDZINCRESOURCEPRODUCESALARGEAMOUNTOFLEADANDZINCMINETAILINGS,THEABANDONEDLEADANDZINCTAILINGPILESMAYCONCENTRATETOXICMETALSONTHEWEATHERINGPRODUCTSITISDIFFICULTTOREMOVETHECONCENTRATEDHEAVYMETALSFROMTHETAILINGS,MAKINGTHEMANAGEMENTOFHEAVYMETALPOLLUTIONISVERYDIFFICULTLEADANDZINCMINETAILINGSCONTAINHIGHCONCENTRATIONSOFHEAVYMETALSSUCHASLEAD,ZINC,COPPER,CADMIUM,THEREFORE,THESOILISNOTCONDUCIVETOPLANTGROWTH,RESULTINGINABANDONEDLAND1THELARGENUMBEROFMINETAILINGSHASRESTRICTEDTHESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMININGSANDHASBECOMEANIMPORTANTFACTORWHICHENDANGERTHESURROUNDINGENVIRONMENTOFMININGMANYTAILINGSOFTHEMINESCONTAINALARGENUMBEROFUSEFULELEMENTSSUCHASLEAD,SILVER,ZINC,IRON,GOLDANDTHETOTALAMOUNTISRELATIVELYLARGE,IFTHEUSEFULELEMENTSARERECOVERED,BETTERENVIRONMENTALANDECONOMICBENEFITSCANBEACHIEVEDESPECIALLYFORTHOSEMININGSWITHEXHAUSTEDRESOURCES,THEDEVELOPMENTANDUTILIZATIONOFTAILINGSISANIMPORTANTCHANNELTOGOOUTOFTHEPREDICAMENTASTHEMAINSOURCEOFZINC,NATURALSULFIDEMINERALRESOURCESAREDEPLETINGANDITISRECOGNIZEDTHATRECOVERINGZINCFROMLEADANDZINCTAILINGSISANEWOPTION2INRECENTYEARS,MICROBIALLEACHINGTECHNOLOGYGETSMOREANDMOREATTENTIONFROMDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALMINERALPROCESSINGINDUSTRYTHISTECHNOLOGYHASWIDERANGEOFAPPLICATIONS,THEPROCESSISRELATIVELYSIMPLEANDEASYTOMANAGE,THEDISCHARGEOFWASTECOMPLYSWITHENVIRONMENTALREQUIREMENTSITCANDEALWITHLOWGRADEORESANDTAILINGSWHICHCANONLYBEABANDONEDINTRADITIONALMINERALPROCESSINGTHEREFORE,USINGMICROORGANISMSTOTREATTHELEADANDZINCTAILINGSCANNOTONLYSOLVETHEENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSOFTAILINGS,ALSOREALIZETHEDEVELOPMENTANDUTILIZATIONOFSECONDARYRESOURCESIITHERECOVERYPOTENTIALOFMETALSINPBZNMINETAILINGSATPRESENT,THEREAREABOUT11BILLIONTONSOFMINETAILINGSINOURCOUNTRY,BUTTHEUTILIZATIONRATEISONLY6MOSTOFTHETAILINGSCONTAINAVARIETYOFNONFERROUSMETALS,FERROUSMETALS,RAREMETALS,RAREEARTHMINERALSANDNONMETALLICMINERALSANDOTHERCOMPONENTS,SOTHEREUSEPOTENTIALOFRESOURCESISHUGEDUETOTHELIMITEDDEVELOPMENTOFPRODUCTIVEFORCESANDMINING,MINERALPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY,MANYUSEFULRESOURCESARENOTUSEDSUFFICIENTLYANDSOMELOWGRADEORETAILINGSAREPUTINTOTAILINGSSOMEMINESTREATTHEPYRITECONCENTRATEASTAILINGSAFTERSELECTINGTHEMAINMETALSFOREXAMPLE,THEHOUPOAOLEADZINCMININGINGUANGDONGTREATTHESULPHURMINEASTAILINGS,THESULPHURMINECONTAINS0145OFTIN,071OFLEAD,14OFZINC,SILVER200G/TACCORDINGTOTHESURVEYONLEADANDZINCMINERESOURCESINEASTERNCHINA,MANYTAILINGSOFTHEMINESCONTAINALARGENUMBEROFUSEFULELEMENTSFOREXAMPLE,THEPBZNMINETAILINGSOFXILINMININGINHEILONGJIANGCONTAIN027OFLEAD,THERESERVESIS9720TONSCONTAINS041OFZINC,THERESERVESIS14,760TONSCONTAINS1798OFIRON,THERESERVESIS647,280TONSCONTAINS18G/TOFSILVERTHERESERVESIS648TONSTHETAILINGSOFBAJIAZILEADZINCMININGCONTAINS0312OFLEAD,THERESERVESIS1325376TONSCONTAINS091OFZINC,THERESERVESIS51519TONSCONTAINS431G/TSILVER,THERESERVESIS183TONSTHETAILINGSOFBAOSHANLEADSILVERMININGINHUNANCONTAINS049OFLEAD047OFZINC032G/TOFGOLD2331G/TOFSILVER3THETAILINGSOFYUNNANLANCANGLEADINDUSTRYCOMPANYLIMITEDHASARELATIVELYHIGHCONTENTOFLEAD,ZINC,SILVERANDSULFUR,THECONTENTSARE94000T,67000T,180T,210MILLIONT,SEPARATELYINTHECURRENTINCREASINGLYTENSERESOURCESITUATION,EFFECTIVERECOVERYOFTHISPARTOFRESOURCESISWORTHCONCERN4INVIEWOFOURLIMITEDLEADANDZINCRESOURCESWHILETHEDEMANDOFLEADANDZINCHASRAPIDLYINCREASED,OUREXISTINGLEADZINCRESOURCESCANNOTGUARANTEESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTANDUTILIZATIONIFTHEUSEFULMETALSINTAILINGSCANBERECOVERED,ITWILLNOTONLYEXTENDTHETIMELIMITOFTHEEXPLOITATIONOFMINERALRESOURCES,BUTALSOCANPROMOTETHEMININGINDUSTRYOFOURCOUNTRYANDINCREASETHELEVELOFPROTECTINGMINERALRESOURCES94___________________________________9781612844787/11/2600?2011IEEEWORLDSFIRSTTAILINGTREATMENTPLANTTHECHINGOLAPLANTISUSINGTHISMETHODTOPROCESSTAILINGSIVAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTOFBIOLEACHINGTECHNOLOGYONEIMPORTANTAPPLICATIONOFTHEBIOLEACHINGTECHNOLOGYININDUSTRYISTHEUSEOFMICROORGANISMSFORCOPPERHEAPLEACHING,THEMECHANISMISACIDITHIOBACILLUSFERROOXIDANSSOXIDATIONONCOPPERSULFIDEANOTHERIMPORTANTAPPLICATIONISTHEBIOOXIDATIONPRETREATMENTOFREFRACTORYGOLDORES11ADOMESTICAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTOFBIOLEACHINGTECHNOLOGYINOURCOUNTRY,BIOLEACHINGTECHNOLOGYRESEARCHSTARTEDINTHE1970S,WHILETHEAPPLICATIONWASINTHEEARLY1990STHETECHNOLOGYISMAINLYUSEDINTHELEACHINGPROCESSOFCOPP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簡介：JURNALPENGURUSAN24200577103EARNINGSMANAGEMENTANDBOARDCHARACTERISTICSEVIDENCEFROMMALAYSIANORMANMOHDSALEHTAKIAHMOHDISKANDARMOHDMOHIDRAHMATABSTRACTTHEMALAYSIANCODEOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEWASINTRODUCEDTOIMPROVETHEMONITORINGFUNCTIONOFTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORS,AUDITCOMMITTEEANDTHEEXTERNALAUDITTHISSTUDYASSESSESTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFSOMEBOARDCHARACTERISTICSTOMONITORMANAGEMENTBEHAVIORWITHRESPECTTOTHEIRINCENTIVESTOMANAGEEARNINGSWEFOUNDDISCRETIONARYACCRUALSASAPROXYFOREARNINGSMANAGEMENTISNEGATIVELYRELATEDTOMANAGEMENTOWNERSHIP,BUTPOSITIVELYRELATEDTOTHEEXISTENCEOFCEOCHAIRMANDUALITY,AFTERCONTROLLINGFORSIZE,LEVERAGEANDPERFORMANCETHERESULTSHOWSMULTIPLEDIRECTORSHIPSFACTORISNEGATIVELYRELATEDTOEARNINGSMANAGEMENTPROXYONLYINFIRMSWITHNEGATIVEUNMANAGEDEARNINGSTHISIMPLIESMULTIPLEDIRECTORSHIPSFACTORISEFFECTIVETODETECTEARNINGSMANAGEMENTPRACTICESTOAVOIDLOSSESEXAMINATIONOFTHEDATAALSOSHOWSTHATTHERATIOOFINDEPENDENTBOARDMEMBERSISNOTSIGNIFICANTLYRELATEDTOEARNINGSMANAGEMENTINFIRMSWITHDUALITYSTATUSABSTRAKKODTADBIRURUSKORPORATDIPERKENALKANDIMALAYSIAUNTUKMENINGKATKANKEBERKESANANFUNGSIPEMANTAUANLEMBAGAPENGARAH,JAWATANKUASAAUDITDANAUDITLUARANKAJIANINIMENILAIKEBERKESANANCIRITERTENTULEMBAGAPENGARAHDALAMMEMANTAUKELAKUANPIHAKPENGURUSANBERHUBUNGDENGANINSENTIFUNTUKMENGURUSPEROLEHANKAJIANINIMENDAPATIAKRUANBOLEHPILIHYANGMENJADIPROKSIKEPADAPENGURUSANPEROLEHANMEMPUNYAIHUBUNGANYANGNEGATIFDENGANPEMILIKANPENGURUSAN,DANMEMPUNYAIHUBUNGANYANGPOSITIFDENGANKEWUJUDANCEOPENGERUSIBERDWIPERANAN,SETELAHMENGAWALFAKTORFAKTORSAIZ,LEVERAJDANPRESTASIHASILKAJIANJUGAMENUNJUKKANBAHAWAFAKTORPENGARAHBERBILANGMEMPUNYAIHUBUNGANYANGNEGATIFDENGANPROKSIPENGURUSANPEROLEHANTETAPIHANYABAGISYARIKATYANGMENCATATKANPEROLEHANTIDAKDIURUSYANGNEGATIFKEADAANINIMENGGAMBARKANFAKTORPENGARAHBERBILANGADALAHEFEKTIFBAGIMENGESANAMALANPENGURUSANPEROLEHANYANGBERTUJUANUNTUKMENGELAKKERUGIANPEMERIKSAANKEATASDATAJUGAMENUNJUKANNISBAHAHLILEMBAGAPENGARAHBEBASTIDAKMEMPUNYAIHUBUNGANDENGANPENGURUSANPEROLEHANDALAMFIRMAYANGMEMPUNYAICEOPENGERUSIBERDWIPERANANINTRODUCTIONEARNINGSMANAGEMENTANDBOARDCHARACTERISTICS79EXPECTEDASSOCIATIONSBETWEENSOMECORPORATEGOVERNANCECHARACTERISTICSANDEARNINGSMANAGEMENTNEXT,THERESEARCHMETHODANDDATACOLLECTINGPROCESSAREDESCRIBED,FOLLOWEDBYADISCUSSIONOFTHEEMPIRICALRESULTSANDSENSITIVITYANALYSESTHEPAPERENDSWITHACONCLUSIONFINANCIALREPORTINGENVIRONMENTINMALAYSIATHEAPPROVEDACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSISSUEDBYTHEMALAYSIANACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDMASBAREBASICALLYDEVELOPEDBASEDONTHEINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSIASINTHEEARLYSTAGEOFTHEPROFESSIONALDEVELOPMENT,MALAYSIAMODELEDCLOSELYTHEUKFINANCIALREPORTINGSYSTEMWITHTHEEMPHASISGIVENONTHECOMPANIESACT1965INREGULATINGTHEREPORTINGPRACTICESTAKIAHETAL2003TAN2000THECOMPANIESACT1965OFMALAYSIADEALSWITHFUNDAMENTALRULESGOVERNINGPROCEDURESFORINCORPORATION,CONSTITUTIONALSTRUCTUREANDDISSOLUTIONOFCOMPANIESTHEACTTHROUGHTHENINTHSCHEDULE,WHICHWASREVISEDIN1985,PRESCRIBESTHEMINIMUMDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTSTHEDIRECTORSHAVETOPRESENTTOSHAREHOLDERSANAUDITEDPROFITANDLOSSSTATEMENTS,ANAUDITEDBALANCESHEET,ADIRECTOR’SREPORT,ASTATEMENTOFCHANGESINFINANCIALPOSITIONANDNOTESTOTHEACCOUNTSHOWEVER,THEACTDOESNOTMAKEANYREFERENCETOACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSISSUEDBYPROFESSIONALACCOUNTINGBODIESDURINGTHISEARLYSTAGE,THEMALAYSIANINSTITUTEOFACCOUNTANTSMIAANDTHEMALAYSIANINSTITUTEOFCERTIFIEDPUBLICACCOUNTANTSMICPA,THENKNOWNASTHEMALAYSIANASSOCIATIONOFCERTIFIEDPUBLICACCOUNTANTSMACPA,ADOPTEDTHEINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSIASSINADDITION,CUSTOMIZEDMALAYSIANACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSMASSWEREISSUEDTODEALWITHDOMESTICACCOUNTINGSPECIFICISSUESBY1997,ATOTALOF24IASSAND8MASSWEREISSUEDHOWEVER,THEREWASNOREGULATORYMECHANISMTOENFORCETHECOMPLIANCETOTHESESTANDARDSASMANDATORYTAN2000AREVIEWMECHANISMWASSETUPBYBOTHMIAANDMICPATHROUGHTHEIROWNFINANCIALSTATEMENTREVIEWCOMMITTEETHATCONDUCTTHOROUGHREVIEWSOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSPREPAREDANDAUDITEDBYTHEIRMEMBERSDEPARTURESFROMAPPROVEDSTANDARDSMAYRESULTINAFORMALENQUIRYBEINGCONDUCTEDANDACTIONMAYBETAKENIFFOUNDGUILTYTAN2000INORDERTOESTABLISHAREGULATORYMECHANISM,THEFINANCIALREPORTINGACT,1997WASPASSED,UNDERWHICHTHEMASBWASFORMEDTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGACT1997SETSOUTREGULATIONSABOUTTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGITGIVESSTATUTORYPOWERTOTHEMALAYSIANACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDMASBTOISSUEREPORTINGSTANDARDSANDMADECOMPLIANCETOTHESTANDARDSMANDATORYTHEMASBWASGIVENTHEAUTHORITYTOISSUE,REVIEW,REVISEORADOPTACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSWITHTHEESTABLISHMENTOFMASB,ALLIASSPREVIOUSLYADOPTEDAREREVIEWEDANDREVISEDORREPLACEDBYSTANDARDSKNOWNASMASBACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOTHTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGACT1997ANDTHECOMPANIESACT1965

簡介：MIXEDDSP/FPGAIMPLEMENTATIONOFANERRORRESILIENTIMAGETRANSMISSIONSYSTEMBASEDONJPEG2000MARCOGRANGETTO,ENRICOMAGLI,MAURIZIOMARTINA,FABRIZIOVACCACERCOMCENTERFORWIRELESSMULTIMEDIACOMMUNICATIONSDIPARTIMENTODIELETTRONICAPOLITECNICODITORINOCORSODUCADEGLIABRUZZI2410129TORINOITALYGRANGETTOMAGLIPOLITOITMARTINAVACCAVLSILABOLPOLITOITPH390115644195FAX39011564099ABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESADEMONSTRATOROFANERRORRESILIENTIMAGECOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMOVERWIRELESSPACKETNETWORKS,BASEDONTHENOVELJPEG2000STANDARDINPARTICULAR,THEDECODERIMPLEMENTATIONISADDRESSED,WHICHISTHEMOSTCRITICALTASKINTERMSOFCOMPLEXITYANDPOWERCONSUMPTION,INVIEWOFUSEONAWIRELESSPORTABLETERMINALFORCELLULARAPPLICATIONSTHESYSTEMIMPLEMENTATIONISBASEDONAMIXEDDSP/FPGAARCHITECTURE,WHICHALLOWSTOPARALLELIZESOMECOMPUTATIONALTASKS,THUSLEADINGTOEFICIENTSYSTEMOPERATION1INTRODUCTION’NOWADAYS,THEREISAGROWINGINTERESTINTHEENDTOENDTRANSMISSIONOFIMAGES,ESPECIALLYMOTIVATEDBYTHESHORTTERMDEPLOYMENTOFNEXTGENERATIONMOBILECOMMUNICATIONSERVICESUMTSIMT2000HOWEVER,TRANSMISSIONINANETWORKED,TETHERLESSENVIRONMENTPROVIDESBOTHOPPORTUNITIESANDCHALLENGESTHEWIRELESSCONTEXTIMPLIESTHATTHEDATAMAYUNDERGOBITERRORSANDPACKETLOSSES,MAKINGITNECESSARYTOFORESEEERRORRECOVERYMODALITIESITISTHEREBYNECESSARYTHATIMAGECOMMUNICATIONTECHNIQUESAREPROVIDEDWITHTHEABILITYTORECOVER,ORATLEASTCONCEAL,THEEFFECTOFSUCHLOSSESTHEFORTHCOMINGJPEG2000IMAGECOMPRESSIONSTANDARDHASBEENDESIGNEDTOMATCHTHESEREQUIREMENTS,ANDEMBEDSSOMEERRORDETECTIONANDCONCEALMENTTOOLSTHISPAPERADDRESSESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFADEMONSTRATOROFANERRORRESILIENTJPEG2000111DECODERIMPLEMENTATIONFORIMAGECOMMUNICATIONOVERALOSSYPACKETNETWORKTHEROBUSTNESSTOPACKETERASURESISACHIEVEDBYCOMBININGTHEFLEXIBILITYOFTHEJPEG2000FRAMEWORKWITHTHEPOWERFULNESSOFSOURCECHANNEL078037147X/01/100002001IEEEADAPTIVE,OPTIMIZEDREEDSOLOMONCODESTHEDECODERIMPLEMENTATIONISPARTICULARLYSIGNIFICANTINTHECONTEXTOFWIRELESSPORTABLETERMINALSFORNEXTGENERATIONCELLULARSYSTEMS,WHERETHELIMITEDPOWERBUDGETANDAVAILABLEDIMENSIONSIMPOSESEVERECONSTRAINTSONTHEDESIGNOFAMULTIMEDIAPROCESSINGSYSTEM2SYSTEMOVERVIEWTHEFUNCTIONALUNITSOFTHEIMPLEMENTEDSYSTEM21JPEG2000IMAGECOMPRESSIONJPEG2000ISTHENOVELIS0STANDARDFORSTILLIMAGECODING,ANDISINTENDEDTOPROVIDEINNOVATIVESOLUTIONSACCORDINGTOTHENEWTRENDSINMULTIMEDIATECHNOLOGIESATTHETIMEOFTHISWRITING,THESTANDARDISINADVANCEDPUBLICATIONSTAGETHEFINALCOMMITTEEDRAFTLISTHEMOSTRECENTJPEG2000DESCRIPTIONPUBLICLYAVAILABLE,WHICHOURIMPLEMENTATIONCONFORMSTOJPEG2000NOTONLYYIELDSSUPERIORPERFORMANCEWITHRESPECTTOEXISTINGSTANDARDSINTERMSOFCOMPRESSIONCAPABILITYANDSUBJECTIVEQUALITY,BUTALSONUMEROUSADDITIONALFUNCTIONALITIES,SUCHASIOSSLESSANDLOSSYCOMPRESSION,PROGRESSIVETRANSMISSION,ANDERRORRESILIENCETHEARCHITECTUREOFTHEJPEG2000ISBASEDONTHETRANSFORMCODINGAPPROACHANIMAGEMAYBEDIVIDEDINTOSEVERALSUBIMAGESTILES,TOREDUCEMEMORYANDCOMPUTINGREQUIREMENTSABIORTHOGONALDISCRETEWAVELETTRANSFORMDWTISFIRSTAPPLIEDTOEACHTILE,WHOSEOUTPUTISASERIESOFVERSIONSOFTHETILEATDIFFERENTRESOLUTIONLEVELSSUBBANDSTHEN,THETRANSFORMCOEFFICIENTSAREQUANTIZED,INDEPENDENTLYFOREACHSUBBAND,WITHANEMBEDDEDDEADZONEQUANTIZEREACHSUBBANDOFTHEWAVELETDECOMPOSITIONISDIVIDEDINTORECTANGULARBLOCKSCODEBLOCKS,WHICHAREININTHEFOLLOWINGWEPROVIDEABRIEFDESCRIPTIONOF1330CODETHERECEIVEDBITSTREAMMAKESTHEUSEOFAREEDSOLOMONFPGAIMPLEMENTATIONVERYATTRACTIVETHEJPEG2000DECODERMODULE,ENTIRELYIMPLEMENTEDONDSP,ISCOMPOSEDBYFOURMAINBLOCKSSYNTAXPARSER,ENTROPYDECODEREBCOT,UNIFORMSCALARDEQUANTIZER,ANDINVERSEWAVELETTRANSFORMMOREOVER,TWOADDITIONALTASKS,DEVOTEDTOCOMMUNICATIONMANAGEMENTBETWEENDSP,FPGAANDAPERSONALCOMPUTER,HAVEBEENINTRODUCED31SYNTAXPARSERTHEPARSERISTHEFUNCTIONALBLOCKTHATINTERFACESTHEJPEG2000DECODERWITHTHERSDECODERITRETRIEVESRSDECODEDPACKETS,ANDEXTRACTSFROMTHECOMPRESSEDJPEG2000BITSTREAMALLTHERELEVANTINFORMATIONNEEDEDTOPERFORMIMAGERECONSTRUCTIONFIRSTLY,THEBITSTREAMMAINHEADERISREAD,WHICHCONTAINSINFORMATIONONTHEPARAMETERSUSEDDURINGTHEENCODINGPROCESSEGIMAGESIZE,WAVELETFILTERUSED,NUMBEROFDECOMPOSITIONLEVELS,QUANTIZATIONTHRESHOLDS,ANDSOONAFTERTHAT,TILEHEADERSAREREAD,WHICHPROVIDEINFORMATIONSPECIFICTOEACHIMAGETILEFINALLY,EACHPACKETCONTAINEDINTHEBITSTREAMISREAD,ANDTHEDATAANDPARAMETERSOFEACHCODEBLOCKAREEXTRACTED,ANDFEDASINPUTSTOTHEEBCOTDECODER32EBCOTRIGHTAFTERTHEBITSTREAMSYNTAXPARSER,THESUBSEQUENTSTAGEINTHEJPEG2000DECOMPRESSIONCHAINISTHEENTROPYDECODEREBCOTFROMANALGORITHMICPOINTOFVIEW,EBCOTISABLOCKBASEDBITPLANEENCODERFOLLOWEDBYAREDUCEDCOMPLEXITYARITHMETICCODERMQITSUBDIVIDESEACHWAVELETSUBBANDINTOADISJOINTSETOFRECTANGULARBLOCKS,CALLEDCODEBLOCKSTHENTHECOMPRESSIONALGORITHMISINDEPENDENTLYAPPLIEDTOEVERYCODEBLOCKTHESAMPLESOFEVERYCODEBLOCKAREARRANGEDINTOSOCALLEDBITPLANESTODECODEACODEBLOCK,EBCOTALWAYSSTARTSFROMTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTBITPLANES,ANDTHENMOVESTOWARDSTHELEASTSIGNIFICANTONESTHECOMPRESSEDINFORMATIONOFEVERYCODEBLOCKISTHENARRANGEDINSEVERALQUALITYLAYERS,TOCREATEASCALABLECOMPRESSEDBITSTREAMCONCEPTUALLY,EACHQUALITYLAYERMONOTONICALLYINCREASESTHEKNOWLEDGEOFSAMPLESMAGNITUDES,IEINCREASESTHEQUALITYOFTHERECONSTRUCTEDIMAGEFORMALLY,EBCOTISMADEOFTHREEMAINSTEPS,NAMELYSIGNIFICANCEPROPAGATIONSP,MAGNITUDEREFINEMENTMR,ANDCLE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