簡(jiǎn)介：LEARNINGMULTIROBOTJOINTACTIONPLANSFROMSIMULTANEOUSTASKEXECUTIONDEMONSTRATIONSMURILOFERNANDESMARTINSDEPTOFELECANDELECTRONICENGINEERINGIMPERIALCOLLEGELONDONLONDON,UKMURILOIEEEORGYIANNISDEMIRISDEPTOFELECANDELECTRONICENGINEERINGIMPERIALCOLLEGELONDONLONDON,UKYDEMIRISIMPERIALACUKABSTRACTTHECENTRALPROBLEMOFDESIGNINGINTELLIGENTROBOTSYSTEMSWHICHLEARNBYDEMONSTRATIONSOFDESIREDBEHAVIOURHASBEENLARGELYSTUDIEDWITHINTHEFIELDOFROBOTICSNUMEROUSARCHITECTURESFORACTIONRECOGNITIONANDPREDICTIONOFINTENTOFASINGLETEACHERHAVEBEENPROPOSEDHOWEVER,LITTLEWORKHASBEENDONEADDRESSINGHOWAGROUPOFROBOTSCANLEARNBYSIMULTANEOUSDEMONSTRATIONSOFMULTIPLETEACHERSTHISPAPERCONTRIBUTESANOVELAPPROACHFORLEARNINGMULTIROBOTJOINTACTIONPLANSFROMUNLABELLEDDATATHEROBOTSFIRSTLYLEARNTHEDEMONSTRATEDSEQUENCEOFINDIVIDUALACTIONSUSINGTHEHAMMERARCHITECTURESUBSEQUENTLY,THEGROUPBEHAVIOURISSEGMENTEDOVERTIMEANDSPACEBYAPPLYINGASPATIOTEMPORALCLUSTERINGALGORITHMTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTS,INWHICHHUMANSTELEOPERATEDREALROBOTSDURINGASEARCHANDRESCUETASKDEPLOYMENT,SUCCESSFULLYDEMONSTRATEDTHEEFFICACYOFCOMBININGACTIONRECOGNITIONATINDIVIDUALLEVELWITHGROUPBEHAVIOURSEGMENTATION,SPOTTINGTHEEXACTMOMENTWHENROBOTSMUSTFORMCOALITIONSTOACHIEVETHEGOAL,THUSYIELDINGREASONABLEGENERATIONOFMULTIROBOTJOINTACTIONPLANSCATEGORIESANDSUBJECTDESCRIPTORSI29ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEROBOTICSGENERALTERMSALGORITHMS,DESIGN,EXPERIMENTATIONKEYWORDSLEARNINGBYDEMONSTRATION,MULTIROBOTSYSTEMS,SPECTRALCLUSTERING1INTRODUCTIONASUBSTANTIALAMOUNTOFSTUDIESINMULTIROBOTSYSTEMSMRSADDRESSESTHEPOTENTIALAPPLICATIONSOFENGAGINGMULTIPLEROBOTSTOCOLLABORATIVELYDEPLOYCOMPLEXTASKSSUCHASSEARCHANDRESCUE,DISTRIBUTEDMAPPINGANDEXPLORATIONOFUNKNOWNENVIRONMENTS,ASWELLASHAZARDOUSTASKSANDFORAGING–FORANOVERVIEWOFTHEFIELD,SEE13DESIGNINGDISTRIBUTEDINTELLIGENTSYSTEMS,SUCHASMRS,ISAPROFITABLECITEASLEARNINGMULTIROBOTJOINTACTIONPLANSFROMSIMULTANEOUSTASKEXECUTIONDEMONSTRATIONS,MFMARTINS,YDEMIRIS,PROCOF9THINTCONFONAUTONOMOUSAGENTSANDMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSAAMAS2010,VANDERHOEK,KAMINKA,LESPéRANCE,LUCKANDSENEDS,MAY,10–14,2010,TORONTO,CANADA,PP?COPYRIGHTC?2010,INTERNATIONALFOUNDATIONFORAUTONOMOUSAGENTSANDMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSWWWIFAAMASORGALLRIGHTSRESERVEDFIGURE1THEP3ATMOBILEROBOTSUSEDINTHISPAPER,EQUIPPEDWITHONBOARDCOMPUTERS,CAMERAS,LASERANDSONARRANGESENSORSTECHNOLOGYWHICHBRINGSBENEFITSSUCHASFLEXIBILITY,REDUNDANCYANDROBUSTNESS,AMONGOTHERSSIMILARLY,ASUBSTANTIALAMOUNTOFSTUDIESHAVEPROPOSEDNUMEROUSAPPROACHESTOROBOTLEARNINGBYDEMONSTRATIONLBD–FORACOMPREHENSIVEREVIEW,SEE1EQUIPPINGROBOTSWITHTHEABILITYTOUNDERSTANDTHECONTEXTINWHICHTHEYINTERACTWITHOUTTHENEEDOFCONFIGURINGORPROGRAMMINGTHEROBOTSISANEXTREMELYDESIREDFEATUREREGARDINGLBD,THEMETHODSWHICHHAVEBEENPROPOSEDAREMOSTLYFOCUSSEDONASINGLETEACHER,SINGLEROBOTSCENARIOIN7,ASINGLEROBOTLEARNTASEQUENCEOFACTIONSDEMONSTRATEDBYASINGLETEACHERIN12,THEAUTHORSPRESENTEDANAPPROACHWHEREAHUMANACTEDBOTHASATEACHERANDCOLLABORATORTOAROBOTTHEROBOTWASABLETOMATCHTHEPREDICTEDRESULTANTSTATEOFTHEHUMAN’SMOVEMENTSTOTHEOBSERVEDSTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTBASEDONITSUNDERLYINGCAPABILITIESASUPERVISEDLEARNINGMETHODWASPRESENTEDIN4USINGGAUSSIANMIXTUREMODELS,INWHICHAFOURLEGGEDROBOTWASTELEOPERATEDDURINGANAVIGATIONTASKFEWSTUDIESADDRESSEDTHEPREDICTIONOFINTENTINADVERSARIALMULTIAGENTSCENARIOS,SUCHASTHEWORKOF3,INWHICHGROUPMANOEUVRESCOULDBEPREDICTEDBASEDUPONEXISTINGMODELSOFGROUPFORMATIONINTHEWORKOF5,MULTIPLEHUMANOIDROBOTSREQUESTEDATEACHER’SDEMONSTRATIONWHENFACINGUNFAMILIARSTATESIN14,THEPROBLEMOFEXTRACTINGGROUPBEHAVIOURFROMOBSERVEDCOORDINATEDMANOEUVRESOFMULTIPLEAGENTSALONGTIMEWASADDRESSEDBYUSINGACLUSTERINGALGORITHMTHEMETHODPRESENTEDIN9ALLOWEDASINGLEROBOTTOPREDICTTHEINTENTIONSOF2HUMANSBASEDONSPATIOTEMPORALRELATIONSHIPSHOWEVER,THECHALLENGEOFDESIGNINGANMRSSYSTEMINWHICHMULTIPLEROBOTSLEARNGROUPBEHAVIOURBYOBSERVATION931931938I1I2INF1F2FNSTATESATTM1M2MNPREDICTIONVERIFICATIONATT1PREDICTIONVERIFICATIONATT1PREDICTIONVERIFICATIONATT1P1P2PNFIGURE3DIAGRAMATICSTATEMENTOFTHEHAMMERARCHITECTUREBASEDONSTATEST,MULTIPLEINVERSEMODELSI1TOINCOMPUTEMOTORCOMMANDSM1TOMN,WITHWHICHTHECORRESPONDINGFORWARDMODELSF1TOFNFORMPREDICTIONSREGARDINGTHENEXTSTATEST1P1TOPNWHICHAREVERIFIEDATST1MAYPERFORMCERTAINACTIONSSEQUENTIALLYORSIMULTANEOUSLYRESULTINGINACOMBINATIONOFACTIONS,WHILETHEROBOTHASACCESSTOTHEJOYSTICKCOMMANDSONLYINORDERTORECOGNISEACTIONSFROMOBSERVEDDATAANDMANOEUVRECOMMANDS,THISPAPERMAKESUSEOFTHEHIERARCHICALATTENTIVEMULTIPLEMODELSFOREXECUTIONANDRECOGNITIONHAMMERARCHITECTURE7,WHICHHASBEENPROVENTOWORKVERYWELLWHENAPPLIEDTODISTINCTROBOTSCENARIOSHAMMERISBASEDUPONTHECONCEPTSOFMULTIPLEHIERARCHICALLYCONNECTEDINVERSEFORWARDMODELSINTHISARCHITECTURE,ANINVERSEMODELHASASINPUTSTHEOBSERVEDSTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTANDTHETARGETGOALS,ANDITSOUTPUTSARETHEMOTORCOMMANDSREQUIREDTOACHIEVEORMAINTAINTHETARGETGOALSONTHEOTHERHAND,FORWARDMODELSHAVEASINPUTSTHEOBSERVEDSTATEANDMOTORCOMMANDS,ANDTHEOUTPUTISAPREDICTIONOFTHENEXTSTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTASILLUSTRATEDINFIG3,EACHINVERSEFORWARDPAIRRESULTSINAHYPOTHESISBYSIMULATINGTHEEXECUTIONOFAPRIMITIVEBEHAVIOUR,ANDTHENTHEPREDICTEDSTATEISCOMPAREDTOTHEOBSERVEDSTATETOCOMPUTEACONFIDENCEVALUETHISVALUEREPRESENTSHOWCORRECTTHATHYPOTHESISIS,THUSDETERMININGWHICHROBOTPRIMITIVEBEHAVIOURWOULDRESULTINTHEMOSTSIMILAROUTCOMETOTHEOBSERVEDACTION3SYSTEMIMPLEMENTATIONTHEMRLBDAPPROACHPROPOSEDINTHISPAPERISDEMONSTRATEDUSINGTHEAFOREMENTIONEDPLATFORMFORROBOTTELEOPERATION,WHICHCONSISTSINACLIENT/SERVERSOFTWAREWRITTENINCTOCONTROLTHEP3ATROBOTSFIG1UTILISEDINTHEEXPERIMENTS,ASWELLASANIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEHAMMERARCHITECTUREFORACTIONRECOGNITIONANDAMATLABIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHESCALGORITHMSIMILARTOTHEONEPRESENTEDIN14ANOVERVIEWOFTHETELEOPERATIONPLATFORMCANBESEENINFIG4THESERVERSOFTWARECOMPRISESTHEROBOTCOGNITIVECAPABILITIESANDRESIDESONTHEROBOT’SONBOARDCOMPUTERTHESERVERISRESPONSIBLEFORACQUIRINGTHESENSORDATAANDSENDINGMOTORCOMMANDSTOTHEROBOT,WHEREASTHECLIENTSOFTWARERUNSONAREMOTECOMPUTERANDSERVESASTHEINTERFACEBETWEENTHEHUMANOPERATORANDTHEROBOT31THEROBOTCOGNITIVECAPABILITIESWITHINTHEROBOTCOGNITIVECAPABILITIESBLOCK,THESERVERCOMMUNICATESWITHTHEROBOTHARDWAREBYUSINGTHEWELLKNOWNROBOTCONTROLINTERFACEPLAYER6,WHICHISANETWORKSERVERTHATWORKSASAHARDWAREABSTRACTIONLAYERTOINTERFACEHUMANROBOTINTERFACEROBOTCOGNITIVECAPABILITIESWIFINETWORKJOYSTICKVISUALISATIONROBOTCONTROLENVIRONMENTPERCEPTIONPLAYERSERVERLOGGINGROBOTHARDWAREPLANEXTRACTIONACTIONRECOGNITIONHAMMERGROUPBEHAVIOURSEGMENTATIONMULTIROBOTPLANFIGURE4OVERVIEWOFTHETELEOPERATIONPLATFORMDEVELOPEDINTHISPAPERWITHAVARIETYOFROBOTICHARDWAREINITIALLY,THEINTERNALODOMETRYSENSORSAREREADTHISDATAPROVIDESTHECURRENTROBOT’SPOSE,WHICHISUPDATEDASTHEROBOTMOVESAROUNDANDUSEDASTHEGROUNDTRUTHPOSEFORCALCULATINGOBJECTS’POSEANDBUILDINGTHE2DMAPOFTHEENVIRONMENTODOMETRYSENSORSAREKNOWNFORINHERENTLYADDINGINCREMENTALERRORSANDHENCELEADTOINACCURATEPOSEESTIMATIONSBUTNEVERTHELESS,ITISSHOWNLATERONINSECTION5THATTHISINACCURACYWASIMMATERIALTOTHERESULTSTHEIMAGECAPTURED320X240PIXELS,COLOUREDFROMTHEROBOT’SCAMERAAT30FRAMESPERSECONDISCOMPRESSEDUSINGTHEJPEGALGORITHMANDSENTTOTHECLIENTSOFTWAREOVERATCP/IPCONNECTIONUSINGTHEWIFINETWORKADDITIONALLY,THEIMAGEISALSOUSEDTORECOGNISEOBJECTSBASEDUPONAKNOWNOBJECTSDATABASE,USINGTHEAPPROACHPRESENTEDIN15THISALGORITHMCONSISTSINDETECTINGTHEPOSECARTESIANCOORDINATESINTHE3DSPACE,PLUSROTATIONONTHERESPECTIVEAXESOFUNIQUEMARKERSTHEKNOWNOBJECTSDATABASECOMPRISESASETOFUNIQUEMARKERSANDTHEOBJECTTHATEACHMARKERISATTACHEDTO,ANDALSOOFFSETVALUESTOCOMPUTETHEPOSEOFTHEOBJECTBASEDUPONTHEDETECTEDMARKER’SPOSEASHORTMEMORYALGORITHM,BASEDUPONCONFIDENCELEVELS,WASALSOIMPLEMENTEDTOENHANCETHEOBJECTRECOGNITIONTHEOBJECT’SPOSEISTRACKEDFORAPPROXIMATELY3SECONDSAFTERITHASLASTBEENSEENTHISAPPROACHWASFOUNDEXTREMELYUSEFULDURINGTHEEXPERIMENTS,ASTHECOMPUTERVISIONALGORITHMCANNOTDETECTMARKERSFROMDISTANCESGREATERTHAN2METRESANDOCCLUSIONISLIKELYTOHAPPENINREALAPPLICATIONSTHESICKLMS200LASERRANGESCANNERPROVIDESMILLIMETREACCURACYDISTANCEMEASUREMENTSFROMUPTO80METRES,RANGINGFROM0DEGREESRIGHTHANDSIDEOFTHEROBOTTO180DEGREESLEFTHANDSIDEINADDITION,16SONARRANGESENSORS,PLACEDINARINGCONFIGURATIONONTHEROBOT,RETRIEVEMODERATELYACCURATEDISTANCEMEASUREMENTSFROM01TO5METRESANDA30DEGREEFIELDOFVIEWEACHDESPITETHELACKOFPRECISION,THESONARSENSORSPLAYAFUNDAMENTALROLEINTHEOVERALLOUTCOMEOFTHETELEOPERATIONPLATFORMASTHEHUMANOPERATORHASLIMITEDPERCEPTIONOFTHEENVIRONMENT,PARTICULARMANOEUVRESMAINLYWHENREVERSINGTHEROBOTMAYBEPOTENTIALLYDANGEROUSANDRESULTINACOLLISIONTHUS,OBSTACLEAVOIDANCEISACHIEVEDBYUSINGANIMPLEMENTATIONBASEDUPONTHEWELLKNOWNALGORITHMVFHVECTORFIELDHISTOGRAM2HOWEVER,THEHUMANOPERATORISABLETOINHIBITTHESONARREADINGSASDESIRED,FEATUREWHICHISUSEFULWHENPUSHINGOBJECTS,PASSINGTHROUGHNARROWGAPSAND933

簡(jiǎn)介：1SLEEETALAPYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMFORTHESMARTHOMEAPYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMFORTHESMARTHOMESUKLEE,MEMBER,IEEE,KYOUNGNAMHA,KYUNGCHANGLEE,MEMBER,IEEEABSTRACTSMARTHOMEISEXPECTEDTOOFFERVARIOUSINTELLIGENTSERVICESBYRECOGNIZINGRESIDENTSALONGWITHTHEIRLIFESTYLEANDFEELINGSONEOFTHEKEYISSUESFORREALIZINGTHESMARTHOMEISHOWTODETECTTHELOCATIONSOFRESIDENTSCURRENTLY,THERESEARCHEFFORTISFOCUSEDONTWOAPPROACHESTERMINALBASEDANDNONTERMINALBASEDMETHODSTHETERMINALBASEDMETHODEMPLOYSATYPEOFDEVICETHATSHOULDBECARRIEDBYTHERESIDENTWHILETHENONTERMINALBASEDMETHODREQUIRESNOSUCHDEVICETHISPAPERPRESENTSANOVELNONTERMINALBASEDAPPROACHUSINGANARRAYOFPYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORSPIRSENSORSTHATCANDETECTRESIDENTSTHEFEASIBILITYOFTHESYSTEMISEVALUATEDEXPERIMENTALLYONATESTBEDINDEXTERMSSMARTHOME,LOCATIONBASEDSERVICE,PYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORPIRSENSOR,LOCATIONRECOGNITIONALGORITHMIINTRODUCTIONTHEREISAGROWINGINTERESTINSMARTHOMEASAWAYTOOFFERACONVENIENT,COMFORTABLE,ANDSAFERESIDENTIALENVIRONMENT1,2INGENERAL,THESMARTHOMEAIMSTOOFFERAPPROPRIATEINTELLIGENTSERVICESTOACTIVELYASSISTINTHERESIDENT’SLIFESUCHASHOUSEWORK,AMUSEMENT,REST,ANDSLEEPHENCE,INORDERTOENHANCETHERESIDENT’SCONVENIENCEANDSAFETY,DEVICESSUCHASHOMEAPPLIANCES,MULTIMEDIAAPPLIANCES,ANDINTERNETAPPLIANCESSHOULDBECONNECTEDVIAAHOMENETWORKSYSTEM,ASSHOWNINFIG1,ANDTHEYSHOULDBECONTROLLEDORMONITOREDREMOTELYUSINGATELEVISIONTVORPERSONALDIGITALASSISTANTPDA3,43FREQUENCYIDENTIFICATIONRFIDTAGTHEREFORE,ITISIMPOSSIBLETORECOGNIZETHERESIDENT’SLOCATIONIFHEORSHEISNOTCARRYINGTHEDEVICEINCONTRAST,NONTERMINALMETHODSSUCHASEASYLIVINGANDSMARTFLOORCANFINDTHERESIDENT’SLOCATIONWITHOUTSUCHDEVICESHOWEVER,EASYLIVINGCANBEREGARDEDTOINVADETHERESIDENT’SPRIVACYWHILETHESMARTFLOORHASDIFFICULTYWITHEXTENDIBILITYANDMAINTENANCETHISPAPERPRESENTSANONTERMINALBASEDLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMTHATUSESANARRAYOFPYROELECTRICINFRAREDPIRSENSORS15,16THEPIRSENSORSONTHECEILINGDETECTTHEPRESENCEOFARESIDENTANDARELAIDOUTSOTHATDETECTIONAREASOFADJACENTSENSORSOVERLAPBYCOMBININGTHEOUTPUTSOFMULTIPLEPIRSENSORS,THESYSTEMISABLETOLOCATEARESIDENTWITHAREASONABLEDEGREEOFACCURACYTHISSYSTEMHASINHERENTADVANTAGEOFNONTERMINALBASEDMETHODSWHILEAVOIDINGPRIVACYANDEXTENDIBILITY,MAINTENANCEISSUESINORDERTODEMONSTRATEITSEFFICACY,ANEXPERIMENTALTESTBEDHASBEENCONSTRUCTED,ANDTHEPROPOSEDSYSTEMHASBEENEVALUATEDEXPERIMENTALLYUNDERVARIOUSEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSTHISPAPERISORGANIZEDINTOFOURSECTIONS,INCLUDINGTHISINTRODUCTIONSECTIONIIPRESENTSTHEARCHITECTUREOFTHEPIRSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMPILAS,ANDTHELOCATIONRECOGNITIONALGORITHMSECTIONIIIDESCRIBESARESIDENTDETECTIONMETHODUSINGPIRSENSORS,ANDEVALUATESTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESYSTEMUNDERVARIOUSCONDITIONSUSINGANEXPERIMENTALTESTBEDFINALLY,ASUMMARYANDTHECONCLUSIONSAREPRESENTEDINSECTIONIVIIARCHITECTUREOFTHEPIRSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMAFRAMEWORKOFTHESMARTHOMEGIVENTHEINDOORENVIRONMENTOFTHESMARTHOME,ANINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMMUSTSATISFYTHEFOLLOWINGREQUIREMENTSFIRST,THELOCATIONAWARESYSTEMSHOULDBEIMPLEMENTEDATARELATIVELYLOWCOSTBECAUSEMANYSENSORSHAVETOBEINSTALLEDINROOMSOFDIFFERENTSIZESTODETECTTHERESIDENTINTHESMARTHOMESECOND,SENSORINSTALLATIONMUSTBEFLEXIBLEBECAUSETHESHAPEOFEACHROOMISDIFFERENTANDTHEREAREOBSTACLESSUCHASHOMEAPPLIANCESANDFURNITURE,WHICHPREVENTTHENORMALOPERATIONOFSENSORSTHETHIRDREQUIREMENTISTHATTHESENSORSFORTHELOCATIONAWARESYSTEMHAVETOBEROBUSTTONOISE,ANDSHOULDNOTBEAFFECTEDBYTHEIRSURROUNDINGSTHISISBECAUSETHESMARTHOMECANMAKEUSEOFVARIOUSWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONMETHODSSUCHASWIRELESSLANORRADIOFREQUENCYRFSYSTEMS,WHICHPRODUCEELECTROMAGNETICNOISE,ORTHEREMAYBESIGNIFICANTCHANGESINLIGHTORTEMPERATURETHATCANAFFECTSENSORPERFORMANCEFINALLY,ITISDESIRABLETHATTHESYSTEM’SACCURACYISADJUSTABLEACCORDINGTOROOMTYPES

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文30653065字對(duì)女性插畫的解析對(duì)女性插畫的解析摘要摘要這篇論文描述了插畫再現(xiàn)的原因和現(xiàn)狀，簡(jiǎn)明分析了同時(shí)期插畫的差異，并且強(qiáng)調(diào)了女性插畫的地位。此外，在這篇論文里，通過分析不同時(shí)間段的女性插畫的代表作，研究了女性插畫的起源，圖片特色和發(fā)展過程，還分析了新媒體尤其是電腦的出現(xiàn)對(duì)女性插畫的創(chuàng)作方式和形式產(chǎn)生的影響。最后，通過分析同時(shí)期的女性插畫的案例與流行產(chǎn)業(yè)比較并取得很大測(cè)成功，論文表明女性插畫的產(chǎn)品的組合可以等價(jià)于與眾不同的藝術(shù)特色的產(chǎn)品，因此創(chuàng)造了極大的商業(yè)和文化價(jià)值，并在藝術(shù)和商業(yè)之間達(dá)成一種平衡。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞商業(yè)價(jià)值，女性插畫。11引言引言現(xiàn)如今，插畫正在經(jīng)歷一次重生。在過去幾十年，攝影構(gòu)成了人們主要的視覺文化并且覆蓋了雜志封面，海報(bào)和化妝品廣告的每個(gè)角落。然而，攝影的過度使用已經(jīng)帶來了人民的視覺疲勞。在這種情形下，插畫，一種古老的充滿詩意和自由表達(dá)的藝術(shù)形式，再次進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。插畫是一種通過插畫人的創(chuàng)新意識(shí)和不同表達(dá)形式來創(chuàng)造和表達(dá)的設(shè)計(jì)形式。插畫的不同可以在他們不同的風(fēng)格來反映出來有時(shí)他們跟隨傳統(tǒng)插畫藝術(shù)來展示他們的典雅和柔軟；有時(shí)他們通過譴責(zé)的和嘲弄的方式嘲笑世界上各種商業(yè)規(guī)則；有時(shí)他們以獨(dú)立的藝術(shù)品存在；有時(shí)他們出現(xiàn)在各種產(chǎn)品上以達(dá)到創(chuàng)造商業(yè)利潤(rùn)的目的。插畫可以同時(shí)有效的展現(xiàn)出藝術(shù)性和商業(yè)性，在各種書籍和雜志中扮演一個(gè)有趣獨(dú)特的角色，并且可以像小說形式一樣在廣告和時(shí)尚活動(dòng)中引起人們的注意?，F(xiàn)如今，有許多類型的插畫，比如經(jīng)典插畫，時(shí)尚和生活風(fēng)格，學(xué)院，基本的，城市，搖滾和矢量風(fēng)格。實(shí)際上，技術(shù)，方法，藝術(shù)形式，傳統(tǒng)，積極性和靈感都可以影響插畫。如此獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)形式可以給今天的視覺文化品牌形象，在那時(shí)是眾所周知的。插畫設(shè)計(jì)人的靈感來自于新藝術(shù)的裝飾類型。通過優(yōu)雅和撩人的曲線，他成功設(shè)置了新的女性形象區(qū)別于傳統(tǒng)的形象，因此使得這個(gè)品牌取得巨大的商業(yè)成功?，F(xiàn)如今，女性插畫因?yàn)閹啄昵暗臄z影的沖擊變得不夠的流行，隨著服裝業(yè)和其他懷舊的產(chǎn)品，又開始變得流行起來現(xiàn)在。比如，人們瘋搶克林姆的油畫和慕夏設(shè)計(jì)的玻璃，甚至一大波模仿品開始出現(xiàn)。此外，BACCARAT，一個(gè)法國(guó)晶體產(chǎn)品手工家，制作的花瓶和一些同時(shí)期的藝術(shù)家也在女性插畫的幫助下取得了巨大的商業(yè)成功。33女性插畫創(chuàng)作的新媒介女性插畫創(chuàng)作的新媒介在21世紀(jì)中，隨著現(xiàn)代科技的發(fā)展，插畫的媒介已經(jīng)從傳統(tǒng)紙張，玻璃，陶瓷和珠寶擴(kuò)展到了服裝，公共設(shè)施，電子產(chǎn)品，音頻產(chǎn)品等等。電腦的發(fā)展不僅改變了插畫創(chuàng)作的方式還影響了插畫的類型。拿矢量插畫作為一個(gè)例子，他們實(shí)際上是用電腦軟件制作出來的插畫。矢量插畫和分辨率沒有任何關(guān)系，因此他可以被更簡(jiǎn)單更廣泛的使用。舉個(gè)例子，鮮花和葡萄藤，如果插畫家不下很大的功夫他們是不可能被畫的很好，但是現(xiàn)在可以通過點(diǎn)擊復(fù)制和張貼來容易的畫出，導(dǎo)致在矢量風(fēng)格插畫中有太多重復(fù)的裝飾元素。多虧了矢量畫圖軟件，在插畫中，直線更圓潤(rùn)，輪廓更簡(jiǎn)潔，顏色更加統(tǒng)一和精美，所有的這些都對(duì)女性插畫的表達(dá)有幫助。很多的女性插畫能用矢量軟件來畫，通過這種方式，插畫的元素能更加與眾不同和更容易進(jìn)行定義。然而，電腦沒有完全支配今天的插畫類型，一些人為元素，比如鉛筆畫，墨水，抽象貼畫和剪紙等等，仍然能在YOSHITAJIMA，AUDREYKAWASAKI,CONTAINTER,和MAKIKAHORI的女性插畫中發(fā)現(xiàn)。此外，一些年輕插畫家也在追求這些技術(shù)在畫人物插畫時(shí)，試圖同新藝術(shù)時(shí)期的樣式和浪漫裝飾品中獲得靈感，以此來提升他們自己的插畫風(fēng)格。44女性插畫的商業(yè)價(jià)值女性插畫的商業(yè)價(jià)值隨著制作業(yè)和手工制造業(yè)的技術(shù)發(fā)展，女性插畫現(xiàn)在能被印在各種各樣的產(chǎn)品上。由于他們獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)感和裝飾感，擁有他們的產(chǎn)品被賦予了獨(dú)一無二的特征，因此被許多消費(fèi)者所喜愛。女性插畫和各種產(chǎn)品的組合不僅能突出插畫的藝術(shù)價(jià)值，還能增加產(chǎn)品的額外價(jià)值。

簡(jiǎn)介：外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯RECIRCULATINGAQUACULTURETANKPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSANOVERVIEWOFCRITICALCONSIDERATIONSTHOMASMLOSORDO,MICHAELPMASSERANDJAMESRAKOCYTRADITIONALAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONINPONDSREQUIRESLARGEQUANTITIESOFWATERAPPROXIMATELY1MILLIONGALLONSOFWATERPERACREAREREQUIREDTOFILLAPONDANDANEQUIVALENTVOLUMEISREQUIREDTOCOMPENSATEFOREVAPORATIONANDSEEPAGEDURINGTHEYEARASSUMINGANANNUALPONDYIELDOF5,000POUNDSOFFISHPERACRE,APPROXIMATELY100GALLONSOFWATERAREREQUIREDPERPOUNDOFFISHPRODUCTIONINMANYAREASOFTHEUNITEDSTATES,TRADITIONALAQUACULTUREINPONDSISNOTPOSSIBLEBECAUSEOFLIMITEDWATERSUPPLIESORANABSENCEOFSUITABLELANDFORPONDCONSTRUCTIONRECIRCULATINGAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSMAYOFFERANALTERNATIVETOPONDAQUACULTURETECHNOLOGYTHROUGHWATERTREATMENTANDREUSE,RECIRCULATINGSYSTEMSUSEAFRACTIONOFTHEWATERREQUIREDBYPONDSTOPRODUCESIMILARYIELDSBECAUSERECIRCULATINGSYSTEMSUSUALLYUSETANKSFORAQUACULTUREPRODUCTION,SUBSTANTIALLYLESSLANDISREQUIREDAQUATICCROPPRODUCTIONINTANKSANDRACEWAYSWHERETHEENVIRONMENTISCONTROLLEDTHROUGHWATERTREATMENTANDRECIRCULATIONHASBEENSTUDIEDFORDECADESALTHOUGHTHESETECHNOLOGIESHAVEBEENCOSTLY,CLAIMSOFIMPRESSIVEYIELDSWITHYEARROUNDPRODUCTIONINLOCATIONSCLOSETOMAJORMARKETSANDWITHEXTREMELYLITTLEWATERUSAGEHAVEATTRACTEDTHEINTERESTOFPROSPECTIVEAQUACULTURISTSINRECENTYEARS,AVARIETYOFPRODUCTIONFACILITIESTHATUSERECIRCULATINGTECHNOLOGYHAVEBEENBUILTRESULTSHAVEBEENMIXEDWHILETHEREHAVEBEENSOMENOTABLELARGESCALEBUSINESSFAILURESINTHISSECTOR,NUMEROUSSMALLTOMEDIUMSCALEEFFORTSCONTINUEPRODUCTIONPROSPECTIVEAQUACULTURISTSANDINVESTORSNEEDTOBEAWAREOFTHEBASICTECHNICALANDECONOMICRISKSINVOLVEDINTHISTYPEOFAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGYTHISFACTSHEETANDOTHERSINTHISSERIESAREDESIGNEDTOPROVIDEBASICINFORMATIONONRECIRCULATINGAQUACULTURETECHNOLOGYCRITICALPRODUCTIONCONSIDERATIONSALLAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSMUSTPROVIDEASUITABLEENVIRONMENTTOPROMOTETHEGROWTHOFTHEAQUATICCROPCRITICALENVIRONMENTALPARAMETERSINCLUDETHECONCENTRATIONSOFDISSOLVEDOXYGEN,UNIONIZEDAMMONIANITROGEN,NITRITENITROGEN,ANDCARBONDIOXIDEINTHEWATEROFTHECULTURESYSTEMNITRATECONCENTRATION,PH,ANDALKALINITYLEVELSWITHINTHESYSTEMAREALSOIMPORTANTTOPRODUCEFISHINACOSTEFFECTIVEMANNER,AQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSMUSTMAINTAINGOODWATERQUALITYDURINGPERIODSOFRAPIDFISHGROWTHTOENSURESUCHGROWTH,FISHAREFEDHIGHPROTEINPELLETEDDIETSATRATESRANGINGFROM15TO15PERCENTOFTHEIRBODYWEIGHTPERDAYDEPENDINGUPONTHEIRSIZEANDSPECIES15PERCENTFORJUVENILES,15PERCENTFORAMMONIAPRODUCTIONRATE,ANDTHEDESIREDCONCENTRATIONOFAMMONIANITROGENWITHINTHETANKDETERMINETHERECIRCULATINGFLOWRATEFROMTHETANKTOTHETREATMENTUNITUSINGTHEEXAMPLEOUTLINEDABOVE,IFATREATMENTSYSTEMREMOVES50PERCENTOFTHEAMMONIANITROGENINTHEWATERONASINGLEPASS,THENTHEFLOWRATEFROMTHETANKWOULDNEEDTOBETWICETHEFLOWREQUIREDIFFRESHWATERWEREUSEDTOFLUSHTHETANK93GPM/05186GPMAKEYTOSUCCESSFULRECIRCULATINGPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSISTHEUSEOFCOSTEFFECTIVEWATERTREATMENTSYSTEMCOMPONENTSALLRECIRCULATINGPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSREMOVEWASTESOLIDS,OXIDIZEAMMONIAANDNITRITENITROGEN,REMOVECARBONDIOXIDE,ANDAERATEOROXYGENATETHEWATERBEFORERETURNINGITTOTHEFISHTANKSEEFIG1MOREINTENSIVESYSTEMSORSYSTEMSCULTURINGSENSITIVESPECIESMAYREQUIREADDITIONALTREATMENTPROCESSESSUCHASFINESOLIDSREMOVAL,DISSOLVEDORGANICSREMOVAL,ORSOMEFORMOFDISINFECTIONWASTESOLIDSCONSTRAINTSPELLETEDFEEDSUSEDINAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONCONSISTOFPROTEIN,CARBOHYDRATES,FAT,MINERALSANDWATERTHEPORTIONNOTASSIMILATEDBYTHEFISHISEXCRETEDASAHIGHLYORGANICWASTEFECALSOLIDSWHENBROKENDOWNBYBACTERIAWITHINTHESYSTEM,FECALSOLIDSANDUNEATENFEEDWILLCONSUMEDISSOLVEDOXYGENANDGENERATEAMMONIANITROGENFORTHISREASON,WASTESOLIDSSHOULDBEREMOVEDFROMTHESYSTEMASQUICKLYASPOSSIBLEWASTESOLIDSCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOFOURCATEGORIESSETTLEABLE,SUSPENDED,FLOATABLEANDDISSOLVEDSOLIDSINRECIRCULATINGSYSTEMS,THEFIRSTTWOAREOFPRIMARYCONCERNDISSOLVEDORGANICSOLIDSCANBECOMEAPROBLEMINSYSTEMSWITHVERYLITTLEWATEREXCHANGESETTLEABLESOLIDSCONTROLSETTLEABLESOLIDSAREGENERALLYTHEEASIESTOFTHEFOURCATEGORIESTODEALWITHANDSHOULDBEREMOVEDFROMTHETANKANDFILTRATIONCOMPONENTSASRAPIDLYASPOSSIBLESETTLEABLESOLIDSARETHOSETHATWILLGENERALLYSETTLEOUTOFTHEWATERWITHIN1HOURUNDERSTILLCONDITIONSSETTLEABLESOLIDSCANBEREMOVEDASTHEYACCUMULATEONTHETANKBOTTOMTHROUGHPROPERPLACEMENTOFDRAINS,ORTHEYCANBEKEPTINSUSPENSIONWITHCONTINUOUSAGITATIONANDREMOVEDWITHASEDIMENTATIONTANKCLARIFIER,MECHANICALFILTERGRANULARORSCREEN,ORSWIRLSEPARATORTHESEDIMENTATIONANDSWIRLSEPARATORPROCESSESCANBEENHANCEDBYADDINGSTEEPINCLINETUBESTUBESETTLERSINTHESEDIMENTATIONTANKTOREDUCEFLOWTURBULENCEANDPROMOTEUNIFORMFLOWDISTRIBUTIONSUSPENDEDSOLIDSCONTROLFROMANAQUACULTURALENGINEERINGPOINTOFVIEW,THEDIFFERENCEBETWEENSUSPENDEDSOLIDSANDSETTLEABLESOLIDSISAPRACTICALONESUSPENDEDSOLIDSWILLNOTSETTLETOTHEBOTTOMOFTHEFISHCULTURETANKANDCANNOTBEREMOVEDEASILYINCONVENTIONALSETTLINGBASINSSUSPENDEDSOLIDSARENOTALWAYSDEALTWITHADEQUATELYINARECIRCULATINGPRODUCTIONSYSTEMIFNOTREMOVED,SUSPENDEDSOLIDSCANSIGNIFICANTLYLIMITTHEAMOUNTOFFISHTHATCANBEGROWNINTHESYSTEMANDCANIRRITATETHEGILLSOFFISHTHEMOSTPOPULARTREATMENTMETHODFORREMOVINGSUSPENDEDSOLIDSGENERALLYINVOLVESSOMEFORMOFMECHANICALFILTRATIONTHETWOTYPESOFMECHANICALFILTRATIONMOST

簡(jiǎn)介：目錄1外文文獻(xiàn)原文12外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯2SYSTEMSTHISISMOSTLYDUETOTHEFACTTHATRAILWAYTRANSPORTISCONSIDEREDBYRAILWAYOPERATORSANDPERCEIVEDBYTHEPUBLICASASAFEMEANOFTRANSPORTATIONTHISAPPROACHTOSAFETYMIGHTBEAPPLICABLETOTRADITIONALRAILWAYSYSTEMS,WHICHHAVEPROVENTHROUGHOUTTHEYEARSTHEIRPERFORMANCEITIS,HOWEVER,NOTENOUGHTOGUARANTEETHESAFETYOFRAILWAYSYSTEMSWHEREINNOVATIVEANDPARTICULARCONDITIONSAREPRESENT,OROFTHEEXISTINGLINESTHATHAVETOBEUPGRADEDTONEWEXERCISESTANDARDSFOREXAMPLE,THECOMBINATIONOFHIGHSPEEDTRANSIT,HIGHTRAFFICINTENSITY,COMBINEDTRANSPORTOFPASSENGERSANDDANGEROUSGOODSANDEXTREMELYLONGTUNNELS,MIGHTLEADTOUNACCEPTABLESAFETYLEVELSTHEREFORE,THEDESIGNERHASTOCHOOSEARAILWAYSYSTEMCONFIGURATIONTOGETHERWITHTHEPREVENTIVEANDMITIGATIVEMEASURESOFACCIDENTSTHATMINIMIZETHERISKANDULTIMATELYSHOULDVERIFYBYMEANSOFARISKANALYSISTHATTHEOBTAINEDSAFETYLEVELISBELOWAPREDEFINEDTARGETLEVELTHESCOPEOFTHISPAPERISTOILLUSTRATETHESTATEOFPRACTICERELATEDTOSAFETUNNELDESIGNANDASSOCIATEDRISKANALYSISASPECTSOFLONGRAILWAYTUNNELSFIRST,AMBITIOUSTUNNELPROJECTSAREBRIEFLYREVIEWEDFROMTHESAFETYPOINTOFVIEWTHERISKANALYSISPROCEDURESARETHENDESCRIBEDANDDISCUSSEDTHEPROBLEMOFRISKAPPRAISALISADDRESSEDANDQUANTITATIVETARGETSAFETYLEVELSAREPROPOSEDFINALLY,SAFETYSYSTEMSFORRISKREDUCTIONAREILLUSTRATED2MAJORTUNNELPROJECTSANDTHEASSOCIATEDRISKBASICDESIGNASPECTSINEXISTINGORUNDERDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONTUNNELSAREBRIEFLYSUMMARIZEDINTHISSECTIONTABLE1LISTOFEXISTINGLONGTUNNELSWORLDWIDENAMECOUNTRYLENGTHKMUNDERGROUNDDAISCHIMISUJAPAN222SIMPLONIIITALY/SWITZERLAND198APPENNINOITALY186ROKKOJAPAN162HARUNAJAPAN154GOTTHARDSWITZERLAND150NAKAYAMAJAPAN148LO¨TSCHBERGSWITZERLAND145HOKURIKUJAPAN139PRATOTIRESITALY135LANDRU¨CKENGERMANY108UNDERWATERSEIKANJAPAN539EUROTUNNELUK/FRANCE500SHINKANMONJAPAN187GREATBELTDENMARK80SEVERNUK70MERSEYUK49KANMONJAPAN36THEFOLLOWINGTUNNELSAREINCLUDEDATHECHANNELTUNNELBETWEENENGLANDANDFRANCEBTHESEIKANTUNNELINJAPANCTHEGOTTHARDTUNNELPLANNEDINSWITZERLANDDTHEBRENNERTUNNELPLANNEDBETWEENITALYANDAUSTRIA

簡(jiǎn)介：1使用基于重構(gòu)計(jì)算機(jī)平臺(tái)的FPGA分析高性能功率譜摘要功率譜分析是一種提供信號(hào)關(guān)鍵信息的重要工具。應(yīng)用的范圍包括通信系統(tǒng)到DNA測(cè)序。如果傳輸信號(hào)存在干擾，這可能是由于自然原因或疊加因素影響。在后一種情況下，其早期檢測(cè)和分析變得非常重要。在這種情況下有一個(gè)小觀察窗，在功率譜中快速查找可以顯示大量的信息，包括頻率和干擾源。在本文，我們提出基于重構(gòu)平臺(tái)FPGA功率譜分析的設(shè)計(jì)。這樣就可以達(dá)到實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)采集和對(duì)小時(shí)域輸入信號(hào)的采樣處理。處理過程包括通過一個(gè)輸入值的集合來計(jì)算其功率，平均值和峰值。該平臺(tái)支持四路輸入通道同步采集。1緒論功率譜信號(hào)的概念和使用是基礎(chǔ)工程，應(yīng)用在通信系統(tǒng)中、微波和雷達(dá)。最近，它也被用在不同的領(lǐng)域,如基因識(shí)別。在一個(gè)典型的發(fā)送接收信號(hào)系統(tǒng)中,如果接收到的信號(hào)是純粹的、就像預(yù)期的那樣,那么就沒有必要過濾。然而，在另一方面，一些干擾覆蓋所接收的信號(hào)，可能需要一定的分析，以了解更多的干擾。由于干擾往往增加接收電波的額外功率，功率成為了分析這類問題有用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。運(yùn)用逆向工程技術(shù),輸入信號(hào)的過剩電量信息可以幫助尋找接口的特點(diǎn),如頻率、電源等。一個(gè)功率譜表現(xiàn)各種頻率成分的大小的一個(gè)信號(hào)。通過看譜,你能看到多少能量或功率是包含在信號(hào)的頻率成分內(nèi)的。分析及評(píng)價(jià)功率譜是隔離噪音的其中一種方式。有一些產(chǎn)生功率譜的技巧,最常見的一種是通過使用傅里葉變換，其他技術(shù),如小波變換或最大熵方法也可以被使用。經(jīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,確定功率譜可以有三種方法（1）使用頻譜和信號(hào)分析儀一個(gè)商業(yè)專用的工具，顯示實(shí)時(shí)功率譜。（2）使用微機(jī)信號(hào)分析儀插件卡。（3）通過數(shù)字化的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)和一個(gè)執(zhí)行快速傅立葉變換（FFT）臺(tái)式機(jī)。從成本和復(fù)雜性的角度,對(duì)上述三個(gè)選擇降序排列,然而從靈活性考慮,他們是升序排列的。專用分析儀是有時(shí)候使用,但他們可能不符合成本效益及靈活性或者當(dāng)觀察期很短時(shí)，能力不夠提取相關(guān)干擾,一般而言,第二個(gè)選擇提供了額外的靈活性,特別是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可編程門陣列FPGA的使用。本文中我們提出我們的設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)非常強(qiáng)大的可重構(gòu)計(jì)算基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)為解決復(fù)雜信號(hào)的功能和實(shí)時(shí)分析。雖然這個(gè)作品作為一個(gè)工作站的附加卡，它是非常強(qiáng)大，靈活和相對(duì)低成本。功率譜分析使用由我們開發(fā)的多通道數(shù)據(jù)采集和信號(hào)處理上進(jìn)行一些數(shù)據(jù)通道同時(shí)運(yùn)作四個(gè)模塊。該解決方案允許基于FPGA的實(shí)時(shí)采集和輸入信號(hào)的來樣加工。經(jīng)過數(shù)據(jù)采集和分析，基于選定的選項(xiàng)，數(shù)據(jù)傳遞到主機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上。同時(shí)我們的卡上進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)支持每個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)流上四通道復(fù)雜的運(yùn)算法則。本文開始我們簡(jiǎn)單的討論了功率譜分析力學(xué)。第三節(jié)概述了可重構(gòu)計(jì)算和用于這種工作的卡。第四和第五章中,我們分別討論了我們的實(shí)現(xiàn)方案用于功率譜分析的基礎(chǔ)上重構(gòu)FPGA硬件和實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置。最后，本文總結(jié)并指出了今后改進(jìn)的方向。3為可重構(gòu)計(jì)算卡系統(tǒng)軟件接口實(shí)現(xiàn)了紅帽LINUX操作系統(tǒng)。它提供的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸和控制卡，不論預(yù)期的應(yīng)用方面的所有基本功能。該設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)程序執(zhí)行資源管理和服務(wù)來分配/釋放DMA緩沖區(qū)。該系統(tǒng)軟件還提供基本服務(wù)的配置，安裝/免費(fèi)資源，輸入數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送，接收輸出數(shù)據(jù)，計(jì)算等發(fā)起。4功率頻譜分析儀對(duì)可重構(gòu)計(jì)算功率頻譜分析儀的應(yīng)用主要有兩部分組成一個(gè)運(yùn)行在主機(jī)系統(tǒng)上和另一個(gè)運(yùn)行在連接到主機(jī)的RC卡。主機(jī)控制應(yīng)用程序的初始設(shè)置。原始輸入數(shù)據(jù)是預(yù)先由RC卡處理，以及電力，平均功率和峰值功率值確定主機(jī)控制應(yīng)用程序的初始設(shè)置。原始輸入數(shù)據(jù)是預(yù)先由RC卡處理，以及電力，平均功率和峰值功率值決定的。在主機(jī)上執(zhí)行由RC產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)過處理的數(shù)據(jù)后處理等操作。這是必須完成的功率譜分析如圖1所示，輸入的LVDS數(shù)據(jù)流是由機(jī)載接收機(jī)處理，為計(jì)算引擎兼容的信號(hào)。功率譜計(jì)算塊駐留在XCV800計(jì)算的FPGA如圖2所示。它由六個(gè)主要部分組成輸入采樣器和緩沖器，多通道FFT單元，信道分離器和功率計(jì)算單元，平均和峰值功率的計(jì)算單位，時(shí)間標(biāo)記和控制，以及XCV800XCV300接口。在下面的小節(jié)中，我們描述這些組件的應(yīng)用程序。圖2計(jì)算功率譜分析儀上實(shí)現(xiàn)FPGA41輸入采樣和緩沖頻譜分析儀應(yīng)用程序需要四個(gè)輸入，每有一個(gè)4位數(shù)據(jù)寬度LVDS通道。但是，只有八個(gè)頻道專門為差分線。時(shí)分復(fù)用的通道是成雙成對(duì)CHANNEL1和CHANNEL2運(yùn)行在四條線上,而CHANNEL3和CHANNEL4在余下的四線。一個(gè)時(shí)鐘,作為閘門的選擇提供參考。數(shù)據(jù)采樣單元在時(shí)鐘的上升沿或下降沿發(fā)生變化。該通道復(fù)用輸入的數(shù)據(jù)傳遞到采樣單位，解復(fù)用，并轉(zhuǎn)交通道緩沖器，以及對(duì)輸入數(shù)據(jù)緩沖區(qū)。從通道緩沖器的數(shù)據(jù)輸入到FFT區(qū)塊，而從輸入數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)據(jù)緩沖區(qū)在SDRAM中。

簡(jiǎn)介：1ABSTRACTTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOFINDANINNOVATIVE,HIGHEFFICIENCY,PRACTICALANDLOWCOSTCONTROLSYSTEMSTRUCTUREWITHANOPTIMIZEDCONTROLSTRATEGYFORSMALLSCALEGRIDCONNECTEDWINDTURBINEWITHDIRECTDRIVENPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSGENERATORPMSGTHISRESEARCHADOPTSTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSTRATEGYBASEDONPHASELOCKEDLOOPPLLFORPMSGCONTROL,ANDTHEGRIDSIDEINVERTERCONTROLSTRATEGYISBASEDONTHESINGLEPHASEPLLTHESIMULATIONDEMONSTRATESTHATTHESENSORLESSCONTROLSTRATEGYANDSINGLEPHASEGRIDSIDEINVERTERCONTROLSTRATEGYAREPRACTICALSOLUTIONSFORGRIDCONNECTEDPMSGWINDTURBINES,ANDTHEYCANPROVIDEBOTHGENERATORSPEEDCONTROLFOROPTIMIZEDWINDPOWERTRACKINGANDGOODPOWERQUALITYCONTROLFORELECTRICITYDELIVEREDTOTHEGRIDTHEDESIGNEDSYSTEMOFFERSMANYUNIQUEADVANTAGES,INCLUDINGSIMPLETOPOLOGY,OPTIMIZEDCONTROLSTRATEGY,COSTEFFECTIVEANDFASTRESPONDTOGRIDFAILURESINDEXTERMSMAXIMUMPOWERPOINTTRACKINGMPPT,PMSG,PULSEWIDTHMODULATIONPWMCONVERTER,SPEEDCONTROL,VARIABLESPEEDWINDTURBINEIINTRODUCTIONNRECENTYEARS,GREATATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDONRENEWABLEENERGYSOURCES,SUCHASWINDANDSOLARENERGYWINDENERGYISTHEMOSTPOPULARRENEWABLEENERGYSOURCEDUETOITSRELATIVELYLOWCOSTTHEOVERALLSYSTEMCOSTCANBEFURTHERREDUCEDBYOPTIMALCONTROLOFHIGHEFFICIENCYPOWERELECTRONICCONVERTERSTOEXTRACTMAXIMUMPOWERINACCORDANCEWITHATMOSPHERICCONDITIONS11THEWINDENERGYCONVERSIONSYSTEMBASEDONPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSGENERATORPMSGISONEOFTHEMOSTFAVORABLEANDRELIABLEMETHODSOFPOWERGENERATIONRELIABILITYOFVARIABLESPEEDDIRECTDRIVENPMSGWINDTURBINESCANBEIMPROVEDSIGNIFICANTLYCOMPARINGTODOUBLYFEDINDUCTIONGENERATORDFIGWINDTURBINESWITHGEARBOXESNOISE,POWERLOSS,ADDITIONALCOST,ANDPOTENTIALMECHANICALFAILUREARETYPICALPROBLEMSFORADFIGWINDTURBINEBECAUSEOFTHEEXISTENCEOFAGEARBOXTHEUSEOFDIRECTDRIVENPMSGCOULDSOLVETHESEPROBLEMSMOREOVER,LOWVOLTAGERIDETHROUGHLVRTISALSOABIGISSUEFORDFIGBECAUSETHETHISWORKWASSUPPORTEDINPARTBYTHESPECIALFUNDSFROMBEIJINGMUNICIPALEDUCATIONCOMMISSIONCHUNXUEWEN,GUOJIELU,PENGWANGANDZHENGXILIAREWITHTHEPOWERELECTRONICSANDMOTORDRIVERSENGINEERINGRESEARCHCENTRE,NORTHCHINAUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,BEIJING,CHINAEMAILWENCHX1980YAHOOCOMCN,LUGOD307163COM,CATDAPENG2008163COM,LZXNCUTEDUCNXIONGWEILIUANDZAIMINGFANAREWITHTHESCHOOLOFCOMPUTING,ENGINEERINGANDPHYSICALSCIENCES,UNIVERSITYOFCENTRALLANCASHIRE,PRESTON,PR12HE,UKEMAILXLIU9UCLANACUK,ZMFANUCLANACUKELECTROMAGNETICRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESTATORANDTHEROTORISMORECOMPLEXTHANPMSGTHEREFORE,IT’SMOREDIFFICULTFORDFIGTOSOLVELVRTPROBLEMSAFELYANDRELIABLYINAVARIABLESPEEDPMSGSYSTEM,VECTORCONTROLAPPROACHISOFTENUSEDTOACHIEVENEARLYDECOUPLEDACTIVEANDREACTIVEPOWERCONTROLONTHEGRIDSIDEINVERTERWHICHISACURRENTREGULATEDVOLTAGESOURCEINVERTERINTHISWAY,THEPOWERCONVERTERMAINTAINSTHEDCLINKVOLTAGEANDIMPROVESTHEPOWERFACTOROFTHESYSTEM1,7,10DIFFERENTCONTROLMETHODSFORMAXIMUMPOWERPOINTTRACKINGMPPTINVARIABLESPEEDWINDTURBINEGENERATORSHAVEBEENDISCUSSEDIN2,4,7THISRESEARCHADOPTSTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSTRATEGYBASEDONPHASELOCKEDLOOPPLLFORPMSGCONTROL2THEMETHODREQUIRESONLYONEACTIVESWITCHINGDEVICE,IEINSULATEDGATEBIPOLARTRANSISTORIGBT,WHICHISUSEDTOCONTROLTHEGENERATORTORQUEANDSPEEDSOASTOEXTRACTMAXIMUMWINDPOWERITISASIMPLETOPOLOGYANDLOWCOSTSOLUTIONFORASMALLSCALEWINDTURBINEBECAUSEOFTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSTRATEGYTHEGRIDSIDEINVERTERCONTROLSTRATEGYISBASEDONTHESINGLEPHASEPLL,WHICHAPPLIESACONTROLMETHODINDIRECTQUADRATUREDQROTATINGFRAMETOSINGLEPHASEINVERTERANDACHIEVESSUPERIORSTEADYSTATEANDDYNAMICPERFORMANCE6FORSMALLSCALEWINDTURBINE,SINGLEPHASEPOWERSUPPLYTOCONSUMERSISPOPULARTHEREAREMANYCONTROLMETHODSFORSINGLEPHASEINVERTER,SUCHASPICONTROLLER,QUASIPRCONTROLLER,ETC5HOWEVER,THESEMETHODSCAN’TDECOUPLETHEACTIVEPOWERANDREACTIVEPOWERSOASTOHAVEGOODPOWERCONTROLPERFORMANCESINGLEPHASEPLLMETHODBASEDONDQROTATINGFRAMECANWELLSOLVETHISPROBLEMONTHEOTHERHAND,ENCODERSAREVULNERABLECOMPONENTSFORWINDTURBINES,PARTICULARLYFORSMALLWINDTURBINES,BECAUSESMALLWINDTURBINESEXPERIENCESEVERERVIBRATIONSTHANTHEIRLARGECOUNTERPARTSTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLOPTSOUTTHEENCODERS,ANDTHEREFORETHERELIABILITYOFWINDTURBINESISMUCHIMPROVEDFORTHESEREASONS,THESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLANDSINGLEPHASEPLLMETHODHAVETHEIRUNIQUEADVANTAGESFORSMALLSCALEWINDTURBINESTHISPAPERISSTRUCTUREDFURTHERINFOLLOWINGTHREESECTIONSINSECTIONII,THEPRINCIPLEOFTHEFULLPOWERBACKTOBACKPWMCONVERTERISINTRODUCEDTHENTHEVECTORCONTROLOFSMALLSCALEGRIDCONNECTEDWINDPOWERSYSTEMINCLUDINGSENSORLESSCONTROL,VECTORCONTROLOFPMSG,SINGLEPHASEPLL,VECTORCONTROLOFGRIDSIDEINVERTERAREDESCRIBEDINSECTIONIIIFINALLY,INSECTIONIV,THESIMULATIONRESULTSANDCONCLUSIONAREGIVENVECTORCONTROLSTRATEGYFORSMALLSCALEGRIDCONNECTEDPMSGWINDTURBINECONVERTERCHUNXUEWEN,GUOJIELU,PENGWANG,ZHENGXILIMEMBERIEEE,XIONGWEILIUMEMBERIEEE,ZAIMINGFANSTUDENTMEMBERIEEEI3THEACTUALROTORPOSITIONOFPMSGISINDICATEDINTHEDQCOORDINATESYSTEMTHEESTIMATEDLOCATIONFOR∧ΘISTHEDQ∧∧?COORDINATESYSTEM,ΑΒISTHESTATIONARYCOORDINATESYSTEM,ASSHOWNINFIG3ASTHEROTORPOSITIONOFPMSGISESTIMATEDRATHERTHANMEASUREDINTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSYSTEM,THEREEXISTSANERRORΘΔBETWEENTHEACTUALROTORPOSITIONΘANDTHEESTIMATEDLOCATION∧ΘATTHESAMETIME,THEBACKEMFELECTROMOTIVEFORCEGENERATEDBYTHEROTORPERMANENTMAGNETSGENERATESTWODAXISANDQAXISCOMPONENTSINTHEESTIMATEDROTORPOSITIONORIENTATIONCOORDINATES,WHICHAREEXPRESSEDASSDE∧ANDSQE∧RESPECTIVELYCONVENTIONALPICONTROLLERCANACHIEVEZEROERRORCONTROL,IESDE∧ORΘΔCANBEADJUSTEDTOZEROVALUETHEPLLSENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSCHEMATICDIAGRAMISSHOWNINFIG4,ANDTHEVALUEOFSDE∧ANDSQE∧CANBEOBTAINEDFROM1SDSDSSDDQSQSDSQSQSSQQDSDSQDIURILLIEDTDIURILLIEDTΩΩ∧∧∧∧∧∧?????????1ΘΘ?ΘΔΑΒDD?QQ?FIG3PRESUMEDROTATINGCOORDINATESYSTEMSKKIPS1ΘΔΩ?Θ?ΘFIG4PRINCIPLEOFPLLBASEDSENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLIFWEIGNORETHECURRENTDIFFERENTIALITEMSIN1,THENWEHAVESDSSDQSQSDSQSQSSQDSD?????ARCTANARCTAN?????URILIEEURILIΩΘΩ?Δ????2WHERESDU,SQU,SDIANDSQIARETHED,QAXISCOMPONENTSOFTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGEANDCURRENTOFTHEGENERATORSTATORDLQLANDSRARETHEINDUCTANCEANDRESISTANCEOFTHESTATORΩISTHEGENERATORELECTRICALANGULARVELOCITYOFTHEGENERATOR“∧“INDICATESESTIMATEDVALUEBLOCKDIAGRAMOFSENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLBASEDONDIGITALPLLISSHOWNINFIG5THEBACKEMFELECTROMOTIVEFORCEVALUEOFTHEESTIMATEDROTATINGCOORDINATESCANBEOBTAINEDBYCALCULATINGTHETHREEPHASEVOLTAGESANDCURRENTSOFTHEPMSGSTATORTHECALCULATEDANGLEDIFFERENCEΘΔCANBEUSEDTOESTIMATETHEANGULARVELOCITYTHROUGHTHEPICONTROLLERTHENTHEVALUEOFTHEESTIMATEDANGLECANBEOBTAINEDBYINTEGRALELEMENTGENERALLY,THESPEEDHASCONSIDERABLEFLUCTUATIONSUSINGTHISMETHODTHEREFOREITWILLACHIEVEABETTERESTIMATIONBYADDINGALOWPASSFILTERLPF,ASSHOWNINFIG5FILTERSUSIEMFCALCULATIONDE∧QE∧DIVIDERARCTANGENTINTEGRATORPICONTROLLERΘΔLPFΘ∧Ω∧FIG5BLOCKDIAGRAMOFSENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLBASEDONDIGITALPLLBVECTORCONTROLOFPMSGINORDERTOSTUDYTHETORQUECONTROLOFPMSG,ITISNECESSARYTOESTABLISHAMATHEMATICALMODELBECAUSEQAXISLEADSDAXIS90°INTHEDQCOORDINATESYSTEM,THEGENERATORVOLTAGEEQUATIONCANBEEXPRESSEDAS8SDSDSSDDSQSQSQSQSQQDSDDIURILLIDTDIURILLIDTΩΩΩΨ????????3THESIGNIFICANCEOFVARIOUSPHYSICALQUANTITIESIN3ISTHESAMEASIN1THEGENERATORELECTROMAGNETICTORQUEEQUATIONCANBEEXPRESSEDAS3322ESQDQSDSQTPIPLLIIΨ?4WHEREPISTHENUMBEROFGENERATORPOLEPAIRS,ANDΨISTHEMAGNETICFLUXBASEDONTHEABOVEMATHEMATICALMODEL,THESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLPROGRAMOFPMSGISESTABLISHED,ANDITSCONTROLBLOCKDIAGRAMISSHOWNINFIG6ΩΩ?Θ?SDISQISD?ISQ?ISD?USQ?USAISBIIPARKICLARKPARKCLARKFIG6SENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLBLOCKDIAGRAMOFPMSGGENERATORROTORPOSITIONANDSPEEDWHICHAREESTIMATEDBYSENSORLESSALGORITHMCANBEUSEDINVECTORCONTROLTHEREFERENCEVALUEOFMOTORTORQUECANBEOBTAINEDBYTHESPEED

簡(jiǎn)介：NUMERICALSTUDYONPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFPICKUPHEADFORASTREETVACUUMSWEEPERSIMLINLAU,MICHAELKSTENSTROMDEPARTMENTOFCIVILANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,5714BOELTERHALL,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIAATLOSANGELES,LOSANGELES,CA90095,USAABSTRACTARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED24AUGUST2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM27JANUARY2010ACCEPTED1FEBRUARY2010AVAILABLEONLINE10FEBRUARY2010KEYWORDSPICKUPHEADPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCECFDSWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDPRESSUREDROPTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOINVESTIGATETHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFPICKUPHEADFORASTREETVACUUMSWEEPERNUMERICALLYANINTEGRATED3DNUMERICALMODELWASCONSTRUCTEDBASEDONPARTICLESUCTIONPROCESSINCOMPUTATIONALFLUIDDYNAMICSCFDSOFTWARETHEAIRFLOWTHROUGHTHEPICKUPHEADWASTREATEDASACONTINUUM,WHILEPARTICLESWEREMODELEDASDISPERSEDPHASETHEREYNOLDSSTRESSMODELRSMANDDISCRETEPARTICLEMODELDPMWERECHOSENINORDERTOPREDICTTHEAIRANDPARTICLESFLOWACCURATELYTHENUMERICALSIMULATIONRESULTSSHOWTHATTHESWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDANDTHEPRESSUREDROPACROSSTHEPICKUPHEADHAVEGREATEFFECTSONTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCETHEREMOVALEFFICIENCYOFPARTICLESINCREASESWITHTHELOWERSWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDORTHEHIGHERPRESSUREDROP,ANDSMALLSIZEPARTICLESHAVEHIGHERGRADEEFFICIENCYTHANTHATOFLARGESIZEPARTICLESUNDERTHESAMEOPERATINGCONDITIONSMOREOVER,THEREMOVALMASSFLOWRATEOFPARTICLESINCREASESWITHTHEHIGHERSWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDTHEREFORE,ATRADEOFFSHOULDBECONSIDEREDAMONGHIGHREMOVALEFFICIENCY,LOWENERGYCONSUMPTION,ANDHIGHREMOVALMASSFLOWRATETHROUGHTHENUMERICALSIMULATION,THEEFFECTIVENESSOFSTREETVACUUMSWEEPERFORREMOVINGPARTICLESFROMROADSURFACEISEVALUATED,ANDANOPTIMALOPERATINGCONDITIONISOBTAINEDBESIDES,MOREINFORMATIONISGENERATEDTOBETTERUNDERSTANDTHEPARTICLESUCTIONPROCESSOFTHEPICKUPHEAD?2010ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONCURRENTLY,THEREISAWIDESPREADCONCERNOVERTHEPOLLUTIONOFPARTICLEMATTERDUSTANDSILTARETHEMAJORSOURCESOFPARTICLEMATTERPOLLUTION,THEREMOVALOFWHICHTHEREFOREATTRACTSCONSIDERABLEATTENTION1STREETSWEEPINGISTYPICALLYPRACTICEDTOREMOVETHEACCUMULATIONOFDUSTANDSILTFROMROADSURFACETOIMPROVEAESTHETICS,PUBLICHEALTHY,ANDSTORMWATERQUALITY,SOITISCONSIDEREDASANEFFECTIVEPOLLUTANTCONTROLPRACTICEFORMANYLOCALAUTHORITIES2,3PICKUPHEADISTHEKEYCOMPONENTOFSTREETVACUUMSWEEPER,WHICHISDESIGNEDTOPICKUPPARTICLESEFFICIENTLYFROMROADSURFACEANDSENDTHEMTODUSTCOLLECTIONHOPPERSMOOTHLYTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFTHEPICKUPHEADISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTINDEXFORASTREETVACUUMSWEEPERMANYRESEARCHESHAVEBEENPERFORMEDONESTIMATINGTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFSTREETSWEEPINGFOREXAMPLE,ASTUDYBYCHANGETAL4EVALUATEDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFSTREETSWEEPINGANDWASHINGFORCONTROLLINGAMBIENTTOTALSUSPENDEDPARTICLESBYEXPERIMENTS,WHICHINDICATEDTHATTHESTREETSWEEPINGANDWASHINGPROCESSWASEFFECTIVEATREMOVINGDUSTANDSILTFROMURBANROADSHOWEVER,SOMERESEARCHERSSUCHASVAZEANDCHIEW5CONSIDEREDTHATTHECONTRIBUTIONOFSTREETSWEEPINGTOENVIRONMENTALQUALITYWASNOTVERYCLEAR,ANDMAYHAVEANADVERSEIMPACTBECAUSESTREETSWEEPERSDIDNOTPICKUPSMALLERSIZEPARTICLESEFFECTIVELYKANGANDSTENSTORM6STUDIEDTHESTREETSWEEPINGEFFECTIVENESSASASTORMWATERMANAGEMENTPRACTICEBYUSINGSTATISTICALPOWERANALYSISTHEYPOINTEDOUTTHATTHEEFFECTOFSTREETSWEEPINGSHOULDNOTBEUNDERESTIMATEDBECAUSESOMEPREVIOUSRESEARCHESWEREBASEDONINSUFFICIENTDATATHEREFORE,NEWMETHODSWERENEEDEDTOEVALUATETHESTREETSWEEPINGEFFECTIVENESSASTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEFORSTREETVACUUMSWEEPERVARIESBASEDONSWEEPINGTECHNOLOGY,OPERATINGCONDITIONS,SWEEPINGFREQUENCY,STREETDIRTLOADINGANDPARTICLESIZEDISTRIBUTION7,ITISNECESSARYTODEVELOPAREPEATABLEANDRELIABLEMETHODTOCALCULATETHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFPICKUPHEADFORASTREETVACUUMSWEEPERINORDERTOEVALUATETHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFPICKUPHEAD,ENGINEERSGENERALLYCONCENTRATEONTWOPARAMETERS,THESWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDANDTHEPRESSUREDROPACROSSTHEPICKUPHEADTHEIRINFLUENCESONTHEPARTICLEREMOVALEFFICIENCYANDTHEPARTICLEREMOVALMASSFLOWRATEDIRECTLYRELATETOTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESTREETVACUUMSWEEPERCHENETAL8INVESTIGATEDTHEINFLUENCEOFSWEEPERSTRUCTUREANDSWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDONTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEBYEXPERIMENTSTHEYFOUNDTHATTHEWINGPLATEOFPICKUPHEADANDTHESWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDHADGREATINFLUENCEONTHECRITICALPICKUPVELOCITYOFPARTICLESMEANWHILE,THEYANALYZEDTHERELATIONSHIPOFTHEPARTICLEPICKUPVELOCITIESANDTHEAIRFLOWRATESWITHTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFTHECOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,THECOMPUTATIONALFLUIDDYNAMICSCFDHASBEENSUCCESSFULLYADOPTEDTOPOWDERTECHNOLOGY200201016–24?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL862134206821FAX862134204542EMAILADDRESSSTENSTROSEASUCLAEDUMKSTENSTROM00325910/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JPOWTEC201002001CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTPOWDERTECHNOLOGYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/POWTECTHEREFORE,INORDERTOGETHIGHQUALITYMESHES,ITISNECESSARYTODECOMPOSETHEMODELGEOMETRYINTOSEVERALPORTIONSTHENECKPORTIONWASMESHEDWITHTETRAHEDRALGRIDSBECAUSEOFCOMPLEXGEOMETRYFOROTHERPORTIONS,HEXAHEDRALSCHEMESWITHMAPORCOOPERTYPESWEREEMPLOYEDTHECOMPUTATIONALGRIDSINTHISSTUDYWEREAPPROXIMATELY274,157CELLSFIG5SHOWSTHESURFACEMESHESOFTHEPHYSICALMODEL4MATHEMATICALMODEL41GOVERNINGEQUATIONSTHEAIRFLOWTHROUGHTHEPICKUPHEADWASCALCULATEDNUMERICALLYBYSOLVINGASETOFGOVERNINGEQUATIONSCONSIDERINGTHESTEADYANDINCOMPR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簡(jiǎn)介：JURNALMEKANIKALDECEMBER2008,NO26,768576STRESSANALYSISOFHEAVYDUTYTRUCKCHASSISASAPRELIMINARYDATAFORITSFATIGUELIFEPREDICTIONUSINGFEMROSLANABDRAHMAN,MOHDNASIRTAMIN,OJOKURDIFACULTYOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITITEKNOLOGIMALAYSIA,81310UTM,SKUDAI,JOHORBAHRUABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHESTRESSANALYSISOFHEAVYDUTYTRUCKCHASSISTHESTRESSANALYSISISIMPORTANTINFATIGUESTUDYANDLIFEPREDICTIONOFCOMPONENTSTODETERMINETHECRITICALPOINTWHICHHASTHEHIGHESTSTRESSTHEANALYSISWASDONEFORATRUCKMODELBYUTILIZINGACOMMERCIALFINITEELEMENTPACKAGEDABAQUSTHEMODELHASALENGTHOF1235MANDWIDTHOF245MTHEMATERIALOFCHASSISISASTMLOWALLOYSTEELA710CCLASS3WITH552MPAOFYIELDSTRENGTHAND620MPAOFTENSILESTRENGTHTHERESULTSHOWSTHATTHECRITICALPOINTOFSTRESSOCCURREDATTHEOPENINGOFCHASSISWHICHISINCONTACTWITHTHEBOLTTHESTRESSMAGNITUDEOFCRITICALPOINTIS3869MPATHISCRITICALPOINTISANINITIALTOPROBABLEFAILURESINCEFATIGUEFAILURESTARTEDFROMTHEHIGHESTSTRESSPOINTKEYWORDSTRESSANALYSIS,FATIGUELIFEPREDICTION,TRUCKCHASSIS10INTRODUCTIONTHEAGEOFMANYTRUCKCHASSISINMALAYSIAAREOFMORETHAN20YEARSANDTHEREISALWAYSAQUESTIONARISINGWHETHERTHECHASSISISSTILLSAFETOUSETHUS,FATIGUESTUDYANDLIFEPREDICTIONONTHECHASSISISNECESSARYINORDERTOVERIFYTHESAFETYOFTHISCHASSISDURINGITSOPERATIONSTRESSANALYSISUSINGFINITEELEMENTMETHODFEMCANBEUSEDTOLOCATETHECRITICALPOINTWHICHHASTHEHIGHESTSTRESSTHISCRITICALPOINTISONEOFTHEFACTORSTHATMAYCAUSETHEFATIGUEFAILURETHEMAGNITUDEOFTHESTRESSCANBEUSEDTOPREDICTTHELIFESPANOFTHETRUCKCHASSISTHEACCURACYOFPREDICTIONLIFEOFTRUCKCHASSISISDEPENDINGONTHERESULTOFITSSTRESSANALYSISTHEMOREACCURATERESULTOFSTRESSANALYSISTHEMOREVALIDTHEPREDICTEDLIFEOFOBJECTINTHISSTUDY,THESTRESSANALYSISISACCOMPLISHEDBYTHECOMMERCIALFINITEELEMENTPACKAGEDABAQUSTHEAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRYVEHICLESANDCOMPONENTSREPRESENTSASTRATEGICANDIMPORTANTBUSINESSSECTORINMALAYSIAWITHTHEEVENTUALTRADELIBERALIZATIONOFASEANFREETRADEAREAAFTA,LOCALAUTOMOTIVEMANUFACTURERSANDVENDORSSHALLREQUIRECARSANDCOMPONENTSOFWORLDCLASSSTANDARDNOISEANDVIBRATIONARECORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILOJOKURDIYAHOOCOMJURNALMEKANIKAL,DECEMBER200878REGIME,WHICHIMPLIESTHATNOFATIGUEFAILUREOFTRUSSESANDFLOORSYSTEMWOULDBEEXPECTEDANYTIMEDURINGITSSERVICELIFEYEANDMOAN10HAVEINVESTIGATEDTHESTATICANDFATIGUEBEHAVIOROFALUMINIUMBOXSTIFFENER/WEBFRAMECONNECTIONSUSINGFINITEELEMENTANALYSISFEATOPROVIDEACONNECTIONSOLUTIONTHATCANREDUCETHEFABRICATIONCOSTSBYCHANGINGTHECUTTINGSHAPESONTHEWEBFRAMEANDCORRESPONDINGLYTHEWELDPROCESSMEANWHILESUFFICIENTFATIGUESTRENGTHCANBEACHIEVEDFEBASEDFATIGUEWASUSEDTOLOCATETHECRITICALPOINTOFPROBABLECRACKINITIATIONANDTOPREDICTTHELIFEINADOORHINGESYSTEM11INTHISSTUDY,STRESSANALYSISOFHEAVYDUTYTRUCKCHASSISLOADEDBYSTATICFORCEWILLBEINVESTIGATEDTODETERMINETHELOCATIONOFCRITICALPOINTOFCRACKINITIATIONASAPRELIMINARYDATAFORFATIGUELIFEPREDICTIONOFTHISTRUCKCHASSIS20FINITEELEMENTANALYSISOFTRUCKCHASSIS21BASICCONCEPTOFFEMTHEFINITEELEMENTMETHODFEMISACOMPUTATIONALTECHNIQUEUSEDTOOBTAINAPPROXIMATESOLUTIONSOFBOUNDARYVALUEPROBLEMSINENGINEERINGSIMPLYSTATED,ABOUNDARYVALUEPROBLEMISAMATHEMATICALPROBLEMINWHICHONEORMOREDEPENDENTVARIABLESMUSTSATISFYADIFFERENTIALEQUATIONEVERYWHEREWITHINAKNOWNDOMAINOFINDEPENDENTVARIABLESANDSATISFYSPECIFICCONDITIONSONTHEBOUNDARYOFTHEDOMAIN12ANUNSOPHISTICATEDDESCRIPTIONOFTHEFEMETHODISTHATITINVOLVESCUTTINGASTRUCTUREINTOSEVERALELEMENTSPIECESOFSTRUCTURE,DESCRIBINGTHEBEHAVIOROFEACHELEMENTINASIMPLEWAY,THENRECONNECTINGELEMENTSATNODESASIFNODESWEREPINSORDROPSOFGLUETHATHOLDELEMENTSTOGETHERFIGURE1THISPROCESSRESULTSINASETOFSIMULTANEOUSALGEBRAICEQUATIONSINSTRESSANALYSISTHESEEQUATIONAREEQUILIBRIUMEQUATIONSOFTHENODESTHEREMAYBESEVERALHUNDREDORSEVERALTHOUSANDSUCHEQUATIONS,WHICHMEANTHATCOMPUTERIMPLEMENTATIONISMANDATORY13FIGURE1ACOARSE–MESH,TWODIMENSIONALMODELOFGEARTOOTHALLNODESANDELEMENTSLIEINPLANEOFTHEPAPER13

簡(jiǎn)介：1應(yīng)用微控制器進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512通信1引言DMX512是一種傳輸協(xié)議用于最專業(yè)的劇院燈光組件,例如調(diào)光器,掃描儀,移動(dòng)燈、追光燈、掃描等等。這個(gè)應(yīng)用筆記介紹了一個(gè)用于傳輸和接收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512通信協(xié)議的解決方案，這樣就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)使用任何PIC微控制器提供一個(gè)通用異步收發(fā)器（UART）模塊。特別需要指出的是，通用設(shè)備PIC18F24J10，被用來在本應(yīng)用筆記提供的代碼示例。它提供了1024字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器,它允許演示代碼來存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù),為整個(gè)512通道緩沖盡管這并不是必需的對(duì)于典型的應(yīng)用。只有一個(gè)外部RS485兼容的收發(fā)器必須完成應(yīng)用程序的框架。DMX解決方案分為兩部分1DMX512發(fā)送部分這部分將解釋如何生成和傳輸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512數(shù)據(jù)包。這是分為兩個(gè)小節(jié)A如何生成和傳輸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512包；B一個(gè)演示程序，說明如何發(fā)送命令到一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512調(diào)光接收器。2DMX512接收部分這部分將解釋如何接收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512數(shù)據(jù)包。再次，它分為兩個(gè)小節(jié)A如何接收數(shù)據(jù)；B一個(gè)演示程序，它接收到的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送到PWM模塊用于控制一個(gè)LED的亮度。2背景在過去，變自耦變壓器被用來控制劇場(chǎng)舞臺(tái)燈光。這需要長(zhǎng)期在臺(tái)上線供電的燈具，整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)將需要手動(dòng)控制變壓器。后來，電動(dòng)機(jī)接通了自耦變壓器，使控制少麻煩。最后，模擬控制采取了自耦變壓器的地方，變的很受歡迎，尤其是010V模擬游戲機(jī)。盡管如此，該系統(tǒng)有三大缺點(diǎn)1這容易產(chǎn)生噪音。2非線性調(diào)光可根據(jù)不同類型的燈具。3一個(gè)單獨(dú)的控制線，需要每個(gè)燈。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)變得更具成本效益，新的數(shù)字調(diào)音臺(tái)來到市場(chǎng)，并與他們需要一個(gè)新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，使來自不同制造商的設(shè)備進(jìn)行互操作的需要。美國(guó)劇場(chǎng)技術(shù)研究所，USITT的，首先制定了在1986年之間的調(diào)光器和阿司匹林標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)字接口DMX512協(xié)議濃度，后來擴(kuò)大并于1990年改善。該電流的發(fā)展標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512A是目前管理的娛樂服務(wù)與技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)（的ESTA）。服務(wù)與技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)（的ESTA）。（ANSI）的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（E111）的發(fā)展標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512A是目前管理的娛樂服務(wù)與技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)（的ESTA）。您可以從WWWESTAORG或者WWWANSIORG網(wǎng)站獲?。ㄙ?gòu)買）一個(gè)由萬維網(wǎng)協(xié)議規(guī)范的副本。3分析DMX512協(xié)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512（用于數(shù)字復(fù)縮寫），是極其簡(jiǎn)單，成本低，相對(duì)強(qiáng)勁。由于這些優(yōu)勢(shì)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512已獲得了很大的普及。顧名思義，它可以支持多達(dá)512個(gè)獨(dú)立的控制通道/設(shè)備。它是一個(gè)單向的異步串行傳輸協(xié)議，它不提供任何接收機(jī)和發(fā)射機(jī)之間的握手方式，也沒有提供任何錯(cuò)誤檢查，或更正機(jī)制的形式。因此，它是不是適合任何安全關(guān)鍵應(yīng)用。在25萬的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸波特率使用物理接口與兩個(gè)多線和地線的RS485傳輸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)兼容。32．SENDDATA字節(jié)0到511的DMX框架3．SENDMAB數(shù)據(jù)線空閑的DMX4．SENDBREAKDMX資料線被拉低圖2發(fā)送狀態(tài)機(jī)在此應(yīng)用中，為了簡(jiǎn)化代碼，但仍保持在時(shí)間限制，在SENDBREAK，SENDMAB和SENDMBB間隔為100微秒都設(shè)置。這些時(shí)間可以很容易改變，如果需要。TIMER0模塊是用來控制在100微秒的時(shí)間和傳輸?shù)淖止?jié)之間的間距。例1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DMX512變送器狀態(tài)機(jī)代碼。示例1顯示了實(shí)施的DMX發(fā)送狀態(tài)機(jī)子程序輪廓。發(fā)送子程序的DMX在合作設(shè)計(jì)的多任務(wù)應(yīng)用程序使用。為了避免任何的時(shí)間問題上，應(yīng)稱為狀態(tài)機(jī)頻繁地從主程序循環(huán)（約每40微秒或以下）。該DMX發(fā)送狀態(tài)變量是用來表示當(dāng)前的狀態(tài)和跳

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文4890字MECHANICALPROPERTIESOFHYDROXYLFUNCTIONALIZEDCHLORINATEDPOLYETHYLENEPREPAREDBYINSITUCHLORINATINGGRAFTCOPOLYMERIZATION羥基官能團(tuán)原位氯化接枝氯化聚乙烯的力學(xué)性能孫瑩瑩萬庚平王寶興趙繼若應(yīng)峰接受2008年1月21日/接受2008年6月3日/發(fā)表在線2008年7月4日施普林格科學(xué)商業(yè)媒體BV2008摘要接枝共聚物是由丙烯酸酯（PHEA）作為分支鏈，氯化聚乙烯（CPE）為骨架組成，CPECGHEA，是由原味氯化接枝共聚物合成的（ISCGC）。這個(gè)聚合物具有特殊的分子結(jié)構(gòu)包括短的接枝鏈和豐富的分支點(diǎn)。這個(gè)CPECGHEA的力學(xué)性能通過拉伸試驗(yàn)、差示掃描量熱（DSC），動(dòng)態(tài)熱學(xué)分析（DMA）進(jìn)行研究。CPE和CPECGHEA它們拉伸斷裂表面的形態(tài)形成是用掃描電子顯微鏡調(diào)查（SEM）。測(cè)試結(jié)果顯示原味接枝共聚物比有差不多相同含氯量的CPE力學(xué)性能有了很大的提高。尤其是在接枝共聚物應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系曲線有個(gè)廣泛的高峰，意味著高彈性像變形。關(guān)鍵詞CPECGHEA官能團(tuán)力學(xué)性能應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線原味接枝共聚物縮寫HEA二羥基乙烷丙烯酯CPE氯化聚乙烯ISCGC原位氯化接枝共聚發(fā)CPECGHEA原位聚乙烯氯化接枝二羥基乙烷丙烯酯DSC差示掃描量熱法DMA動(dòng)態(tài)力學(xué)分析法SEM掃描電子顯微鏡HDPE高密度聚乙烯GD接枝度GPC凝膠滲透色譜法WAXD廣角X射線衍射TG玻璃花轉(zhuǎn)變溫度E’儲(chǔ)存模量TANΔ正切損耗角介紹為了擴(kuò)展氯化聚乙烯（CPE）的應(yīng)用或者獲得有特殊用途的聚合物，CPE需要通過物理或化學(xué)的方法被改性。在近些年有許多關(guān)于CPE的改性方法的報(bào)告。這些改性的例子包括添加氯化的基質(zhì)，高阻位的苯酚化合物和有機(jī)的化合物等等去獲得好的阻尼和高硬度1–6。通過多組分機(jī)械混合技術(shù)，一種與接枝共聚物兼容的遇水膨脹彈性體已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備用CPE和聚（丙烯酸丙烯酰胺）作為主要材料，兩親性的接枝共聚物作為增溶劑7。炭黑（CB）作為填充補(bǔ)強(qiáng)劑也被放入CPE內(nèi)，為了獲得好的性能。對(duì)于CPE和CB的二組分系統(tǒng)，氧化的CB在低應(yīng)變振幅提供了高模量8。因?yàn)榫郯滨ズ虲PE都含有極性的多功能的官能團(tuán)，在加熱時(shí)可以相互作用形FIG2氯化聚乙烯（CPE）CL（WT）36應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線和聚乙烯原位氯化接枝二羥基乙烷丙烯酯CPECGHEACLWT361實(shí)驗(yàn)材料材料在這個(gè)研究中的原始材料是高密度聚乙烯（HDPE），HDPELG6040由LGCHEMKOREA提供二羥基乙烷丙烯酯HEA是一個(gè)商業(yè)的等級(jí)由中國(guó)星路化工廠有限公司提供。氯氣由中國(guó)海晶化工廠提供。二氧化硅是一個(gè)商業(yè)等級(jí)由中國(guó)青島硅酸鈉有限公司提供。氯化聚乙烯和接枝共聚物CPECGHEA由實(shí)驗(yàn)室中的學(xué)者提供。CPECGHEA的接枝度由1HNMR光譜學(xué)決定。CPECGHEA接枝共聚的確定細(xì)節(jié)將被發(fā)布在別處。CPECGHEACPECGHEA的合成的合成ISCGC在一個(gè)帶有攪拌葉片，溫度計(jì)，氣體輸送管的500ML圓底三頸燒瓶中進(jìn)行。50GHOPE和一定量的HEA單體被加入到燒瓶中，攪拌約30MIN使HDPE和HEA充分混合。然后適量的二氧化硅被加入以避免PE的團(tuán)聚。反映混合物在約40℃通過氮?dú)猓∟2）抽真空15MIN以排除氧氣（O2）。氯氣被引入到反應(yīng)中，反應(yīng)被引發(fā)，當(dāng)反應(yīng)進(jìn)行時(shí)溫度升高，在氯含量達(dá)到17前保持在80±2°C，然后在反應(yīng)過程中升到一定溫度（140℃以下）。反應(yīng)過程是被反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)釋放的氯化氫（HCL）引發(fā)的。當(dāng)期望的氯含量達(dá)到時(shí)氯氣被停止，反應(yīng)被終止。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)被冷卻到100℃以下。反應(yīng)中的氯氣通過真空抽出然后空氣進(jìn)入到反應(yīng)中，真空和氧氣涌入的操作被交替的進(jìn)行以確保殘余的氯氣被完全的清除。CPECGHEA制備的合成計(jì)劃展示在FIG1差示掃描量熱法（差示掃描量熱法（DSCDSC）DSC測(cè)量是在一個(gè)珀金埃爾莫DSC7量熱計(jì)中進(jìn)行。樣品在10°C/MIN的加熱速率下從70℃加熱到150℃去研究聚合物的玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變溫度。這個(gè)測(cè)試需在氮?dú)饬鲃?dòng)下實(shí)施并且912MG的樣品可以使用。動(dòng)態(tài)里學(xué)分析（動(dòng)態(tài)里學(xué)分析（DMADMA）不同樣品的動(dòng)態(tài)力學(xué)性質(zhì)是由動(dòng)態(tài)力學(xué)分析儀NETZSCHDMA242確定的，使用一個(gè)156HZ固定頻率，加熱速率3°C/MIN，在100°C到120°C范圍內(nèi)的動(dòng)態(tài)拉伸模式。掃描電子顯微鏡（掃描電子顯微鏡（SEMSEM）SEMJEOLJSM6700F被用來研究拉伸測(cè)試獲得的表面斷裂的形態(tài)。表面斷裂通過JFC1600細(xì)涂層器涂上金，然后通過SEM檢驗(yàn)。

簡(jiǎn)介：出處MESKENDAHLSTHEINFLUENCEOFBUSINESSSTRATEGYONPROJECTPORTFOLIOMANAGEMENTANDITSSUCCESSACONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKJINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFPROJECTMANAGEMENT,2010,288807817中文7020字THEINFLUENCEOFBUSINESSSTRATEGYONPROJECTPORTFOLIOMANAGEMENTANDITSSUCCESSACONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKSASCHAMESKENDAHLTECHNISCHEUNIVERSIT?TBERLIN,CHAIRFORTECHNOLOGYANDINNOVATIONMANAGEMENT,GERMANYRECEIVED12MARCH2010RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM25JUNE2010ACCEPTED29JUNE2010商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略對(duì)項(xiàng)目組合管理及項(xiàng)目組合成功影響的一個(gè)理論框架商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略對(duì)項(xiàng)目組合管理及項(xiàng)目組合成功影響的一個(gè)理論框架摘要與企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略構(gòu)建相比，公司戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施面臨著更多的困難，為了消除公司戰(zhàn)略制定與戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施之間的差距，本文探究了商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略、項(xiàng)目組合管理、商業(yè)成功之間的關(guān)系，先前的研究為這些孤立的概念之間正相關(guān)系提供了一些證據(jù)，但是至今為止，還沒有一個(gè)連貫整體的理論框架來解釋從商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略到成功的整個(gè)過程，因此有關(guān)項(xiàng)目組合管理的研究都是戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向概念的延伸。本文在查閱大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)商業(yè)，提出一個(gè)考慮戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向、項(xiàng)目組合結(jié)果、項(xiàng)目組合成功、商業(yè)成功的全面的概念模型，這個(gè)模型今后可以用于企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略對(duì)項(xiàng)目組合管理和組合成功影響的實(shí)證研究，另外該模型在考慮其他因素條件下很容易延伸。1引言根據(jù)MANKINSANDSTEELE2005，公司只實(shí)現(xiàn)其戰(zhàn)略潛在價(jià)值的63，JOHNSON2004報(bào)道指出，66的公司戰(zhàn)略從來沒有被實(shí)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施通常被認(rèn)為戰(zhàn)略的墳?zāi)苟缓雎?，研究的重點(diǎn)偏向于戰(zhàn)略的制定這個(gè)方面（GRUNDY,1998MORRISANDJAMIESON,2005）。但是就如HREBINIAK2006陳述的一樣，戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施比戰(zhàn)略的制定面臨著更多的困難，這也恰是項(xiàng)目組合管理能夠發(fā)揮作用的地方，SHENHARETAL2001強(qiáng)調(diào)項(xiàng)目和項(xiàng)目組合是強(qiáng)有力的戰(zhàn)略武器，因此項(xiàng)目和項(xiàng)目組合常常被視為在特定戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施過程中的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)CLELAND,1999DIETRICHANDLEHTONEN,2005GRUNDY,2000項(xiàng)目組合管理把公司內(nèi)部所有項(xiàng)目中同時(shí)進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目看做一個(gè)巨大的整體，在理論研究和實(shí)際應(yīng)用中獲得越來越多的重視ARTTOANDDIETRICH,2004DIETRICHANDLEHTONEN,2005PATANAKULANDMILOSEVIC,2009。項(xiàng)目組合是在一個(gè)企業(yè)內(nèi)部共同享有和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)有限資源的一系列項(xiàng)目ARCHERANDGHASEMZADEH,1999。目前文獻(xiàn)認(rèn)為項(xiàng)目組合管理的重點(diǎn)在于項(xiàng)目的評(píng)估、優(yōu)先級(jí)定位和選擇與戰(zhàn)略一致的項(xiàng)目EGARCHERANDGHASEMZADEH,2004COOPERETAL,2001ENGLUNDAND目前，只有很少的研究從單一的角度探究了企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略、項(xiàng)目組合管理、商業(yè)成功之間的關(guān)系，MüLLERETAL2008認(rèn)為在戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的項(xiàng)目選擇與項(xiàng)目組合管理之間存在正相關(guān)系，一些其他的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目?jī)?yōu)先級(jí)作為項(xiàng)目組合管理的一部分是一個(gè)成功的關(guān)鍵要素EGCOOPERETAL,1999ELONENANDARTTO,2003FRICKEETAL,2000。另外，一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目組合對(duì)于商業(yè)成功也有積極的影響，但至今沒有一個(gè)理論框架來解釋從戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃經(jīng)過項(xiàng)目組合管理到商業(yè)成功整個(gè)過程，筆者提出一個(gè)基于戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向、項(xiàng)目組合結(jié)構(gòu)、項(xiàng)目組和成功、商業(yè)成功的理論框架，這里項(xiàng)目組合重點(diǎn)考慮分析的項(xiàng)目為公司內(nèi)部發(fā)起的項(xiàng)目、RWALKERANDRUEKERT,1987。本文依據(jù)VENKATRAMAN1989的提議提出了戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的概念來評(píng)估企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略，戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向描述一個(gè)公司行為和業(yè)績(jī)的總體態(tài)勢(shì)，它克服應(yīng)用分類方法EGMILESANDSNOW,1978PORTER,1980WRIGHTETAL,1995在評(píng)價(jià)公司戰(zhàn)略MORGANANDSTRONG,2003方面的廣泛局限性。在企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略和限制性條件下，項(xiàng)目組合結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)周期性過程在評(píng)估和選擇新的項(xiàng)目提案及正在進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目ARCHERANDGHASEMZADEH,1999。為了評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目組合管理以及其影響，與單個(gè)項(xiàng)目相比，結(jié)果更應(yīng)該可度量以及包含多個(gè)方面DIETRICHANDLEHTONEN,2005MARTINSUOANDLEHTONEN,2007。項(xiàng)目組合成功的評(píng)估常常依據(jù)多維度的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)（COOPERETAL2002），由于項(xiàng)目組合的周期性，項(xiàng)目組合管理需要提升整體業(yè)務(wù)，因此從近期和長(zhǎng)期結(jié)果來看，商業(yè)成功應(yīng)從項(xiàng)目組合管理概念基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行考慮SHENHARETAL2001。圖1展示了本文的基本框架，它認(rèn)為戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向?qū)ι虡I(yè)成功的影響通過項(xiàng)目組合結(jié)構(gòu)和項(xiàng)目組合成功來作用的，同時(shí)，它也表明了戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向?qū)?xiàng)目組合結(jié)構(gòu)和項(xiàng)目組和成功之間的關(guān)系具有調(diào)節(jié)作用。為了滿足現(xiàn)代公司EGS?DERLUND,2004的要求同時(shí)消除企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略制定與企

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文8930字出處出處LIGHTINGRESEARCHANDTECHNOLOGY,20151477153515573042關(guān)于提升商店光源顯色性的研究FSZABO′PHDA,RKE′RIBSCA,JSCHANDADSCA,PCSUTIMSCA,AWILMDIPLINGFHBANDEBAURDIPLPHYSC潘諾尼亞大學(xué)，電氣工程與信息系統(tǒng)系，VESZPRE′M，匈牙利歐司朗光電半導(dǎo)體有限公司，雷根斯堡，德國(guó)歐司朗有限公司，雷根斯堡，德國(guó)2014年9月10日接收；2015年1月4日修訂；2015年1月25日發(fā)行本文提供了更優(yōu)質(zhì)的LED光源在商店照明使用環(huán)境的方案。本研究的主要方面是對(duì)LED光源對(duì)不同顏色的紡織品的光譜功率分布的分析，也包括水果蔬菜，肉類和面包等產(chǎn)品。針對(duì)不同的頻段顏色的質(zhì)量指標(biāo)，如顯色指數(shù)和顏色質(zhì)量規(guī)模。小規(guī)模的調(diào)查與眼動(dòng)研究由歐司朗光電半導(dǎo)體有限公司在雷根斯堡大學(xué)完成，關(guān)于確定本實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察者更傾向于哪些度量指標(biāo)的測(cè)試均在潘諾尼亞大學(xué)完成。對(duì)于結(jié)論的心理影響已經(jīng)在層次分析過程和瑟斯頓方法的幫助下進(jìn)行了評(píng)估。研究結(jié)論就是，商鋪光源的光譜功率分布是影響商鋪整體環(huán)境的主要方面。1簡(jiǎn)介歐盟資助了ACRONYM公司的一個(gè)SSL4EU的三年項(xiàng)目，以建立一個(gè)應(yīng)用于辦公室，商鋪和家庭的光譜功率分布優(yōu)化方案。論文前14頁總結(jié)了關(guān)于顏色偏好調(diào)查的主要問題，介紹了參與調(diào)查的三個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室并討論了關(guān)于辦公室和家庭照明研究的細(xì)節(jié)。所偏好的顏色外觀在生活中的諸多方面起著重要的角色，不光光在辦公和家庭環(huán)境，同時(shí)影響著商店的環(huán)境。在商鋪照明領(lǐng)域，鹵素和高強(qiáng)的放電燈被視為傳統(tǒng)的光源。這些傳統(tǒng)光源在超市的使用上一般是放在顏色過濾器中，在肉類食品中因逆光光源可以使肉類更吸引人而大量采用，但同樣行為也應(yīng)用在果蔬上。但在服飾照明上，由于傳統(tǒng)光源對(duì)是不一樣的。CRI的基準(zhǔn)光源的選擇方法經(jīng)常是受到批評(píng)的，甚至色彩保真度也被認(rèn)為作為顏色表征的基準(zhǔn)顏色的評(píng)價(jià)也是不合理的。為了改善使用者對(duì)顏色表觀的感受，光源光譜設(shè)計(jì)可以用來來改善物體的顏色表現(xiàn)。雖然顏色的改變會(huì)使得CRI值降低（顏色的改變會(huì)使得和CRI測(cè)試光源的差別變得更大），但是以顏色質(zhì)量等級(jí)（CQS）來看，只有在測(cè)試顏色減少或是測(cè)試光源下色調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)才會(huì)降低。隨著樣本集合全部增加，色濃度也會(huì)跟著增加，后者也會(huì)隨著最優(yōu)光頻率對(duì)人的對(duì)比度指數(shù)而改變。在時(shí)尚店方面，顏色的和諧給顧客留下的印象對(duì)其購(gòu)買的決定有著重要的影響。在這些情況下，可以根據(jù)和諧顯色指數(shù)來優(yōu)化光源。3接受性的小規(guī)模研究31基礎(chǔ)設(shè)置這個(gè)小規(guī)模的研究由以下四個(gè)類別的測(cè)試樣品得出彩色紡織品、果蔬、肉類和烘焙產(chǎn)品。其所代表的類別在零售業(yè)是最常見的物品。每個(gè)類別都對(duì)光源的光譜分布有著不同的要求。實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)置由兩個(gè)不同的顏色的盒子組成，照明光譜可以調(diào)節(jié)。每個(gè)格子的照度規(guī)定為500LX，尺寸為50CM50CM50CM，并要求在150CM遠(yuǎn)的距離進(jìn)行觀察，觀察者頭部使用腮托視野跟蹤系統(tǒng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境的設(shè)置中視野跟蹤系統(tǒng)在左下角，顏色盒子放在右上方，見圖1每個(gè)類別包含四個(gè)物體以分辨對(duì)不同顏色的喜好程度，特別要求是物體要分別放在兩個(gè)照明臺(tái)上。例如，紡織品類包含紅色、藍(lán)色、棕色、淺綠的樣品。可能發(fā)生的現(xiàn)象就是在特定的光譜功率分布下紅色波段的表觀要優(yōu)于藍(lán)色波段的表現(xiàn)。因此，實(shí)驗(yàn)的偏好性測(cè)試要一直在每個(gè)物體的特定場(chǎng)景。圖2和表1描述了四個(gè)類別帶有不同的顏色物體在各自類別下的比較。每個(gè)類別被四個(gè)不同光譜功率分布的光源所照射，第一個(gè)光譜分布是常用與傳統(tǒng)光源，其他三個(gè)光譜分布是自定義混合的LED光源頻率物體以兩種方式評(píng)價(jià)根據(jù)主觀的外在表現(xiàn)和隱式的用戶喜好。在顯式的調(diào)查中，觀察者坐在兩個(gè)照明臺(tái)之前并要做出選擇在那個(gè)燈光下物體看起來更好看這種成對(duì)比較的評(píng)測(cè)使用了BRADLEYTERRYLUCE的縮放比較法，一個(gè)和處理簡(jiǎn)單物流功能的THURSTONE方法大致相同的方法。在隱式的調(diào)查中，眼動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)和熱圖分析一起使用。這些研究評(píng)估了不同分類的物體在不同光譜下的吸引力。眼動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)測(cè)試人的視野位置和瀏覽所有所有物體的累積持續(xù)時(shí)間。這確實(shí)表示了測(cè)試

簡(jiǎn)介：外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯專業(yè)專業(yè)電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名陳嘉俐班級(jí)班級(jí)BD電氣071學(xué)號(hào)學(xué)號(hào)0720601103指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師胡國(guó)文電氣工程學(xué)院電氣工程學(xué)院CAPABLETOCOMPENSATEVOLTAGESAGSANDSWELLSNEVERTHELESS,THEYDEPENDONDEVICESTOSTOREENERGY,LIKELARGECAPACITORSORBATTERIESBANKTHENOMINALPOWEROPERATIONISAFUNCTIONOFSIZEANDCAPACITYOFTHOSEDEVICESIFTHEPOWERISINCREASED,THESIZEOFTHEDEVICESWILLINCREASEINSPITEOFTHEABOVE,THEUPSSYSTEMSARECAPABLETOSUPPORTENERGYINTERRUPTIONSOTHEROPTIONDEVELOPED,WHICHISABLETOCOMPENSATEVOLTAGESAGSISBASEDONPWMACACCONVERTER3,4THISSOLUTIONUSESANAUTOTRANSFORMERCOMPOSEDBYONEPRIMARYSIDEANDTWOSECONDARYWINDINGSPRESENTINGAGOODPERFORMANCETHESYSTEMCOMPENSATESUNTIL50VOLTAGESAGSANDSWELLSANDCANCONTINUOUSLYSHAPETHEOUTPUTVOLTAGETOBESINUSOIDALWITHLOWTHDNEVERTHELESS,THEAUTOTRANSFORMERDRIVESALLTHELOADPOWERDUETOITISCONNECTEDBETWEENTHELOADANDTHEACMAINSINTHISPAPERAPWMACACCONVERTERISPRESENTED,INORDERTOCOMPENSATEVOLTAGESAGSANDSWELLSSIMULTANEOUSLYINCRITICALLOADS,ANDTOMAINTAINACONTINUOUSREGULATIONINTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGETHESYSTEMCONSISTSINASINGLEPHASEACACCONVERTERINAMATRIXARRANGEMENT,ANDENERGYSTORAGEDEVICESARENOTREQUIREDAFOURSTEPSWITCHINGTECHNIQUEISUSEDTODRIVEACACCONVERTERSWITCHES,EXECUTINGSNUBBERLESSOPERATIONSTHEREFERENCESIGNALISGENERATEDUSINGSINGLEPHASEDQTHEORY,OBTAININGAFASTRESPONSETIMEANDCONTINUEREGULATION,WITHAHIGHEFFICIENCYONEOFTHEADVANTAGESINTHISSTRUCTUREISTHATTHETAPSOFTHECOUPLINGTRANSFORMERARENOTREQUIREDTOCHANGETHEPOLARITYOFTHECOMPENSATIONVOLTAGE,ANDTHECONVERTERDRIVESONLYAPERCENTOFTHELOADPOWERDESIGN,CONSTRUCTIONANDPERFORMANCEAREDETAILED,ANDSEVERALSIMULATIONSANDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSOBTAINEDWITHALABORATORYPROTOTYPEARESHOWEDTOVALIDATETHEAPPROACHIICONVERTERANALYSISTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEPROPOSEDAPPROACHISSHOWNINFIG1

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