簡介：LEARNINGMULTIROBOTJOINTACTIONPLANSFROMSIMULTANEOUSTASKEXECUTIONDEMONSTRATIONSMURILOFERNANDESMARTINSDEPTOFELECANDELECTRONICENGINEERINGIMPERIALCOLLEGELONDONLONDON,UKMURILOIEEEORGYIANNISDEMIRISDEPTOFELECANDELECTRONICENGINEERINGIMPERIALCOLLEGELONDONLONDON,UKYDEMIRISIMPERIALACUKABSTRACTTHECENTRALPROBLEMOFDESIGNINGINTELLIGENTROBOTSYSTEMSWHICHLEARNBYDEMONSTRATIONSOFDESIREDBEHAVIOURHASBEENLARGELYSTUDIEDWITHINTHEFIELDOFROBOTICSNUMEROUSARCHITECTURESFORACTIONRECOGNITIONANDPREDICTIONOFINTENTOFASINGLETEACHERHAVEBEENPROPOSEDHOWEVER,LITTLEWORKHASBEENDONEADDRESSINGHOWAGROUPOFROBOTSCANLEARNBYSIMULTANEOUSDEMONSTRATIONSOFMULTIPLETEACHERSTHISPAPERCONTRIBUTESANOVELAPPROACHFORLEARNINGMULTIROBOTJOINTACTIONPLANSFROMUNLABELLEDDATATHEROBOTSFIRSTLYLEARNTHEDEMONSTRATEDSEQUENCEOFINDIVIDUALACTIONSUSINGTHEHAMMERARCHITECTURESUBSEQUENTLY,THEGROUPBEHAVIOURISSEGMENTEDOVERTIMEANDSPACEBYAPPLYINGASPATIOTEMPORALCLUSTERINGALGORITHMTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTS,INWHICHHUMANSTELEOPERATEDREALROBOTSDURINGASEARCHANDRESCUETASKDEPLOYMENT,SUCCESSFULLYDEMONSTRATEDTHEEFFICACYOFCOMBININGACTIONRECOGNITIONATINDIVIDUALLEVELWITHGROUPBEHAVIOURSEGMENTATION,SPOTTINGTHEEXACTMOMENTWHENROBOTSMUSTFORMCOALITIONSTOACHIEVETHEGOAL,THUSYIELDINGREASONABLEGENERATIONOFMULTIROBOTJOINTACTIONPLANSCATEGORIESANDSUBJECTDESCRIPTORSI29ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEROBOTICSGENERALTERMSALGORITHMS,DESIGN,EXPERIMENTATIONKEYWORDSLEARNINGBYDEMONSTRATION,MULTIROBOTSYSTEMS,SPECTRALCLUSTERING1INTRODUCTIONASUBSTANTIALAMOUNTOFSTUDIESINMULTIROBOTSYSTEMSMRSADDRESSESTHEPOTENTIALAPPLICATIONSOFENGAGINGMULTIPLEROBOTSTOCOLLABORATIVELYDEPLOYCOMPLEXTASKSSUCHASSEARCHANDRESCUE,DISTRIBUTEDMAPPINGANDEXPLORATIONOFUNKNOWNENVIRONMENTS,ASWELLASHAZARDOUSTASKSANDFORAGING–FORANOVERVIEWOFTHEFIELD,SEE13DESIGNINGDISTRIBUTEDINTELLIGENTSYSTEMS,SUCHASMRS,ISAPROFITABLECITEASLEARNINGMULTIROBOTJOINTACTIONPLANSFROMSIMULTANEOUSTASKEXECUTIONDEMONSTRATIONS,MFMARTINS,YDEMIRIS,PROCOF9THINTCONFONAUTONOMOUSAGENTSANDMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSAAMAS2010,VANDERHOEK,KAMINKA,LESPéRANCE,LUCKANDSENEDS,MAY,10–14,2010,TORONTO,CANADA,PP?COPYRIGHTC?2010,INTERNATIONALFOUNDATIONFORAUTONOMOUSAGENTSANDMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSWWWIFAAMASORGALLRIGHTSRESERVEDFIGURE1THEP3ATMOBILEROBOTSUSEDINTHISPAPER,EQUIPPEDWITHONBOARDCOMPUTERS,CAMERAS,LASERANDSONARRANGESENSORSTECHNOLOGYWHICHBRINGSBENEFITSSUCHASFLEXIBILITY,REDUNDANCYANDROBUSTNESS,AMONGOTHERSSIMILARLY,ASUBSTANTIALAMOUNTOFSTUDIESHAVEPROPOSEDNUMEROUSAPPROACHESTOROBOTLEARNINGBYDEMONSTRATIONLBD–FORACOMPREHENSIVEREVIEW,SEE1EQUIPPINGROBOTSWITHTHEABILITYTOUNDERSTANDTHECONTEXTINWHICHTHEYINTERACTWITHOUTTHENEEDOFCONFIGURINGORPROGRAMMINGTHEROBOTSISANEXTREMELYDESIREDFEATUREREGARDINGLBD,THEMETHODSWHICHHAVEBEENPROPOSEDAREMOSTLYFOCUSSEDONASINGLETEACHER,SINGLEROBOTSCENARIOIN7,ASINGLEROBOTLEARNTASEQUENCEOFACTIONSDEMONSTRATEDBYASINGLETEACHERIN12,THEAUTHORSPRESENTEDANAPPROACHWHEREAHUMANACTEDBOTHASATEACHERANDCOLLABORATORTOAROBOTTHEROBOTWASABLETOMATCHTHEPREDICTEDRESULTANTSTATEOFTHEHUMAN’SMOVEMENTSTOTHEOBSERVEDSTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTBASEDONITSUNDERLYINGCAPABILITIESASUPERVISEDLEARNINGMETHODWASPRESENTEDIN4USINGGAUSSIANMIXTUREMODELS,INWHICHAFOURLEGGEDROBOTWASTELEOPERATEDDURINGANAVIGATIONTASKFEWSTUDIESADDRESSEDTHEPREDICTIONOFINTENTINADVERSARIALMULTIAGENTSCENARIOS,SUCHASTHEWORKOF3,INWHICHGROUPMANOEUVRESCOULDBEPREDICTEDBASEDUPONEXISTINGMODELSOFGROUPFORMATIONINTHEWORKOF5,MULTIPLEHUMANOIDROBOTSREQUESTEDATEACHER’SDEMONSTRATIONWHENFACINGUNFAMILIARSTATESIN14,THEPROBLEMOFEXTRACTINGGROUPBEHAVIOURFROMOBSERVEDCOORDINATEDMANOEUVRESOFMULTIPLEAGENTSALONGTIMEWASADDRESSEDBYUSINGACLUSTERINGALGORITHMTHEMETHODPRESENTEDIN9ALLOWEDASINGLEROBOTTOPREDICTTHEINTENTIONSOF2HUMANSBASEDONSPATIOTEMPORALRELATIONSHIPSHOWEVER,THECHALLENGEOFDESIGNINGANMRSSYSTEMINWHICHMULTIPLEROBOTSLEARNGROUPBEHAVIOURBYOBSERVATION931931938I1I2INF1F2FNSTATESATTM1M2MNPREDICTIONVERIFICATIONATT1PREDICTIONVERIFICATIONATT1PREDICTIONVERIFICATIONATT1P1P2PNFIGURE3DIAGRAMATICSTATEMENTOFTHEHAMMERARCHITECTUREBASEDONSTATEST,MULTIPLEINVERSEMODELSI1TOINCOMPUTEMOTORCOMMANDSM1TOMN,WITHWHICHTHECORRESPONDINGFORWARDMODELSF1TOFNFORMPREDICTIONSREGARDINGTHENEXTSTATEST1P1TOPNWHICHAREVERIFIEDATST1MAYPERFORMCERTAINACTIONSSEQUENTIALLYORSIMULTANEOUSLYRESULTINGINACOMBINATIONOFACTIONS,WHILETHEROBOTHASACCESSTOTHEJOYSTICKCOMMANDSONLYINORDERTORECOGNISEACTIONSFROMOBSERVEDDATAANDMANOEUVRECOMMANDS,THISPAPERMAKESUSEOFTHEHIERARCHICALATTENTIVEMULTIPLEMODELSFOREXECUTIONANDRECOGNITIONHAMMERARCHITECTURE7,WHICHHASBEENPROVENTOWORKVERYWELLWHENAPPLIEDTODISTINCTROBOTSCENARIOSHAMMERISBASEDUPONTHECONCEPTSOFMULTIPLEHIERARCHICALLYCONNECTEDINVERSEFORWARDMODELSINTHISARCHITECTURE,ANINVERSEMODELHASASINPUTSTHEOBSERVEDSTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTANDTHETARGETGOALS,ANDITSOUTPUTSARETHEMOTORCOMMANDSREQUIREDTOACHIEVEORMAINTAINTHETARGETGOALSONTHEOTHERHAND,FORWARDMODELSHAVEASINPUTSTHEOBSERVEDSTATEANDMOTORCOMMANDS,ANDTHEOUTPUTISAPREDICTIONOFTHENEXTSTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTASILLUSTRATEDINFIG3,EACHINVERSEFORWARDPAIRRESULTSINAHYPOTHESISBYSIMULATINGTHEEXECUTIONOFAPRIMITIVEBEHAVIOUR,ANDTHENTHEPREDICTEDSTATEISCOMPAREDTOTHEOBSERVEDSTATETOCOMPUTEACONFIDENCEVALUETHISVALUEREPRESENTSHOWCORRECT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簡介：1SLEEETALAPYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMFORTHESMARTHOMEAPYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMFORTHESMARTHOMESUKLEE,MEMBER,IEEE,KYOUNGNAMHA,KYUNGCHANGLEE,MEMBER,IEEEABSTRACTSMARTHOMEISEXPECTEDTOOFFERVARIOUSINTELLIGENTSERVICESBYRECOGNIZINGRESIDENTSALONGWITHTHEIRLIFESTYLEANDFEELINGSONEOFTHEKEYISSUESFORREALIZINGTHESMARTHOMEISHOWTODETECTTHELOCATIONSOFRESIDENTSCURRENTLY,THERESEARCHEFFORTISFOCUSEDONTWOAPPROACHESTERMINALBASEDANDNONTERMINALBASEDMETHODSTHETERMINALBASEDMETHODEMPLOYSATYPEOFDEVICETHATSHOULDBECARRIEDBYTHERESIDENTWHILETHENONTERMINALBASEDMETHODREQUIRESNOSUCHDEVICETHISPAPERPRESENTSANOVELNONTERMINALBASEDAPPROACHUSINGANARRAYOFPYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORSPIRSENSORSTHATCANDETECTRESIDENTSTHEFEASIBILITYOFTHESYSTEMISEVALUATEDEXPERIMENTALLYONATESTBEDINDEXTERMSSMARTHOME,LOCATIONBASEDSERVICE,PYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORPIRSENSOR,LOCATIONRECOGNITIONALGORITHMIINTRODUCTIONTHEREISAGROWINGINTERESTINSMARTHOMEASAWAYTOOFFERACONVENIENT,COMFORTABLE,ANDSAFERESIDENTIALENVIRONMENT1,2INGENERAL,THESMARTHOMEAIMSTOOFFERAPPROPRIATEINTELLIGENTSERVICESTOACTIVELYASSISTINTHERESIDENT’SLIFESUCHASHOUSEWORK,AMUSEMENT,REST,ANDSLEEPHENCE,INORDERTOENHANCETHERESIDENT’SCONVENIENCEANDSAFETY,DEVICESSUCHASHOMEAPPLIANCES,MULTIMEDIAAPPLIANCES,ANDINTERNETAPPLIANCESSHOULDBECONNECTEDVIAAHOMENETWORKSYSTEM,ASSHOWNINFIG1,ANDTHEYSHOULDBECONTROLLEDORMONITOREDREMOTELYUSINGATELEVISIONTVORPERSONALDIGITALASSISTANTPDA3,43FREQUENCYIDENTIFICATIONRFIDTAGTHEREFORE,ITISIMPOSSIBLETORECOGNIZETHERESIDENT’SLOCATIONIFHEORSHEISNOTCARRYINGTHEDEVICEINCONTRAST,NONTERMINALMETHODSSUCHASEASYLIVINGANDSMARTFLOORCANFINDTHERESIDENT’SLOCATIONWITHOUTSUCHDEVICESHOWEVER,EASYLIVINGCANBEREGARDEDTOINVADETHERESIDENT’SPRIVACYWHILETHESMARTFLOORHASDIFFICULTYWITHEXTENDIBILITYANDMAINTENANCETHISPAPERPRESENTSANONTERMINALBASEDLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMTHATUSESANARRAYOFPYROELECTRICINFRAREDPIRSENSORS15,16THEPIRSENSORSONTHECEILINGDETECTTHEPRESENCEOFARESIDENTANDARELAIDOUTSOTHATDETECTIONAREASOFADJACENTSENSORSOVERLAPBYCOMBININGTHEOUTPUTSOFMULTIPLEPIRSENSORS,THESYSTEMISABLETOLOCATEARESIDENTWITHAREASONABLEDEGREEOFACCURACYTHISSYSTEMHASINHERENTADVANTAGEOFNONTERMINALBASEDMETHODSWHILEAVOIDINGPRIVACYANDEXTENDIBILITY,MAINTENANCEISSUESINORDERTODEMONSTRATEITSEFFICACY,ANEXPERIMENTALTESTBEDHASBEENCONSTRUCTED,ANDTHEPROPOSEDSYSTEMHASBEENEVALUATEDEXPERIMENTALLYUNDERVARIOUSEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSTHISPAPERISORGANIZEDINTOFOURSECTIONS,INCLUDINGTHISINTRODUCTIONSECTIONIIPRESENTSTHEARCHITECTUREOFTHEPIRSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMPILAS,ANDTHELOCATIONRECOGNITIONALGORITHMSECTIONIIIDESCRIBESARESIDENTDETECTIONMETHODUSINGPIRSENSORS,ANDEVALUATESTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESYSTEMUNDERVARIOUSCONDITIONSUSINGANEXPERIMENTALTESTBEDFINALLY,ASUMMARYANDTHECONCLUSIONSAREPRESENTEDINSECTIONIVIIARCHITECTUREOFTHEPIRSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMAFRAMEWORKOFTHESMARTHOMEGIVENTHEINDOORENVIRONMENTOFTHESMARTHOME,ANINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMMUSTSATISFYTHEFOLLOWINGREQUIREMENTSFIRST,THELOCATIONAWARESYSTEMSHOULDBEIMPLEMENTEDATARELATIVELYLOWCOSTBECAUSEMANYSENSORSHAVETOBEINSTALLEDINROOMSOFDIFFERENTSIZESTODETECTTHERESIDENTINTHESMARTHOMESECOND,SENSORINSTALLATIONMUSTBEFLEXIBLEBECAUSETHESHAPEOFEACHROOMISDIFFERENTANDTHEREAREOBSTACLESSUCHASHOMEAPPLIANCESANDFURNITURE,WHICHPREVENTTHENORMALOPERATIONOFSENSORSTHETHIRDREQUIREMENTISTHATTHESENSORSFORTHELOCATIONAWARESYSTEMHAVETOBEROBUSTTONOISE,ANDSHOULDNOTBEAFFECTEDBYTHEIRSURROUNDINGSTHISISBECAUSETHESMARTHOMECANMAKEUSEOFVARIOUSWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONMETHODSSUCHASWIRELESSLANORRADIOFREQUENCYRFSYSTEMS,WHICHPRODUCEELECTROMAGNETICNOISE,ORTHEREMAYBESIGNIFICANTCHANGESINLIGHTORTEMPERATURETHATCANAFFECTSENSORPERFORMANCEFINALLY,ITISDESIRABLETHATTHESYSTEM’SACCURACYISADJUSTABLEACCORDINGTOROOMTYPES

簡介：中文中文30653065字對女性插畫的解析對女性插畫的解析摘要摘要這篇論文描述了插畫再現(xiàn)的原因和現(xiàn)狀，簡明分析了同時期插畫的差異，并且強調(diào)了女性插畫的地位。此外，在這篇論文里，通過分析不同時間段的女性插畫的代表作，研究了女性插畫的起源，圖片特色和發(fā)展過程，還分析了新媒體尤其是電腦的出現(xiàn)對女性插畫的創(chuàng)作方式和形式產(chǎn)生的影響。最后，通過分析同時期的女性插畫的案例與流行產(chǎn)業(yè)比較并取得很大測成功，論文表明女性插畫的產(chǎn)品的組合可以等價于與眾不同的藝術(shù)特色的產(chǎn)品，因此創(chuàng)造了極大的商業(yè)和文化價值，并在藝術(shù)和商業(yè)之間達成一種平衡。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞商業(yè)價值，女性插畫。11引言引言現(xiàn)如今，插畫正在經(jīng)歷一次重生。在過去幾十年，攝影構(gòu)成了人們主要的視覺文化并且覆蓋了雜志封面，海報和化妝品廣告的每個角落。然而，攝影的過度使用已經(jīng)帶來了人民的視覺疲勞。在這種情形下，插畫，一種古老的充滿詩意和自由表達的藝術(shù)形式，再次進入市場。插畫是一種通過插畫人的創(chuàng)新意識和不同表達形式來創(chuàng)造和表達的設(shè)計形式。插畫的不同可以在他們不同的風(fēng)格來反映出來有時他們跟隨傳統(tǒng)插畫藝術(shù)來展示他們的典雅和柔軟；有時他們通過譴責(zé)的和嘲弄的方式嘲笑世界上各種商業(yè)規(guī)則；有時他們以獨立的藝術(shù)品存在；有時他們出現(xiàn)在各種產(chǎn)品上以達到創(chuàng)造商業(yè)利潤的目的。插畫可以同時有效的展現(xiàn)出藝術(shù)性和商業(yè)性，在各種書籍和雜志中扮演一個有趣獨特的角色，并且可以像小說形式一樣在廣告和時尚活動中引起人們的注意?，F(xiàn)如今，有許多類型的插畫，比如經(jīng)典插畫，時尚和生活風(fēng)格，學(xué)院，基本的，城市，搖滾和矢量風(fēng)格。實際上，技術(shù)，方法，藝術(shù)形式，傳統(tǒng)，積極性和靈感都可以影響插畫。如此獨特的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)形式可以給今天的視覺文化品牌形象，在那時是眾所周知的。插畫設(shè)計人的靈感來自于新藝術(shù)的裝飾類型。通過優(yōu)雅和撩人的曲線，他成功設(shè)置了新的女性形象區(qū)別于傳統(tǒng)的形象，因此使得這個品牌取得巨大的商業(yè)成功?，F(xiàn)如今，女性插畫因為幾年前的攝影的沖擊變得不夠的流行，隨著服裝業(yè)和其他懷舊的產(chǎn)品，又開始變得流行起來現(xiàn)在。比如，人們瘋搶克林姆的油畫和慕夏設(shè)計的玻璃，甚至一大波模仿品開始出現(xiàn)。此外，BACCARAT，一個法國晶體產(chǎn)品手工家，制作的花瓶和一些同時期的藝術(shù)家也在女性插畫的幫助下取得了巨大的商業(yè)成功。33女性插畫創(chuàng)作的新媒介女性插畫創(chuàng)作的新媒介在21世紀中，隨著現(xiàn)代科技的發(fā)展，插畫的媒介已經(jīng)從傳統(tǒng)紙張，玻璃，陶瓷和珠寶擴展到了服裝，公共設(shè)施，電子產(chǎn)品，音頻產(chǎn)品等等。電腦的發(fā)展不僅改變了插畫創(chuàng)作的方式還影響了插畫的類型。拿矢量插畫作為一個例子，他們實際上是用電腦軟件制作出來的插畫。矢量插畫和分辨率沒有任何關(guān)系，因此他可以被更簡單更廣泛的使用。舉個例子，鮮花和葡萄藤，如果插畫家不下很大的功夫他們是不可能被畫的很好，但是現(xiàn)在可以通過點擊復(fù)制和張貼來容易的畫出，導(dǎo)致在矢量風(fēng)格插畫中有太多重復(fù)的裝飾元素。多虧了矢量畫圖軟件，在插畫中，直線更圓潤，輪廓更簡潔，顏色更加統(tǒng)一和精美，所有的這些都對女性插畫的表達有幫助。很多的女性插畫能用矢量軟件來畫，通過這種方式，插畫的元素能更加與眾不同和更容易進行定義。然而，電腦沒有完全支配今天的插畫類型，一些人為元素，比如鉛筆畫，墨水，抽象貼畫和剪紙等等，仍然能在YOSHITAJIMA，AUDREYKAWASAKI,CONTAINTER,和MAKIKAHORI的女性插畫中發(fā)現(xiàn)。此外，一些年輕插畫家也在追求這些技術(shù)在畫人物插畫時，試圖同新藝術(shù)時期的樣式和浪漫裝飾品中獲得靈感，以此來提升他們自己的插畫風(fēng)格。44女性插畫的商業(yè)價值女性插畫的商業(yè)價值隨著制作業(yè)和手工制造業(yè)的技術(shù)發(fā)展，女性插畫現(xiàn)在能被印在各種各樣的產(chǎn)品上。由于他們獨特的藝術(shù)感和裝飾感，擁有他們的產(chǎn)品被賦予了獨一無二的特征，因此被許多消費者所喜愛。女性插畫和各種產(chǎn)品的組合不僅能突出插畫的藝術(shù)價值，還能增加產(chǎn)品的額外價值。

簡介：外文文獻翻譯外文文獻翻譯RECIRCULATINGAQUACULTURETANKPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSANOVERVIEWOFCRITICALCONSIDERATIONSTHOMASMLOSORDO,MICHAELPMASSERANDJAMESRAKOCYTRADITIONALAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONINPONDSREQUIRESLARGEQUANTITIESOFWATERAPPROXIMATELY1MILLIONGALLONSOFWATERPERACREAREREQUIREDTOFILLAPONDANDANEQUIVALENTVOLUMEISREQUIREDTOCOMPENSATEFOREVAPORATIONANDSEEPAGEDURINGTHEYEARASSUMINGANANNUALPONDYIELDOF5,000POUNDSOFFISHPERACRE,APPROXIMATELY100GALLONSOFWATERAREREQUIREDPERPOUNDOFFISHPRODUCTIONINMANYAREASOFTHEUNITEDSTATES,TRADITIONALAQUACULTUREINPONDSISNOTPOSSIBLEBECAUSEOFLIMITEDWATERSUPPLIESORANABSENCEOFSUITABLELANDFORPONDCONSTRUCTIONRECIRCULATINGAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSMAYOFFERANALTERNATIVETOPONDAQUACULTURETECHNOLOGYTHROUGHWATERTREATMENTANDREUSE,RECIRCULATINGSYSTEMSUSEAFRACTIONOFTHEWATERREQUIREDBYPONDSTOPRODUCESIMILARYIELDSBECAUSERECIRCULATINGSYSTEMSUSUALLYUSETANKSFORAQUACULTUREPRODUCTION,SUBSTANTIALLYLESSLANDISREQUIREDAQUATICCROPPRODUCTIONINTANKSANDRACEWAYSWHERETHEENVIRONMENTISCONTROLLEDTHROUGHWATERTREATMENTANDRECIRCULATIONHASBEENSTUDIEDFORDECADESALTHOUGHTHESETECHNOLOGIESHAVEBEENCOSTLY,CLAIMSOFIMPRESSIVEYIELDSWITHYEARROUNDPRODUCTIONINLOCATIONSCLOSETOMAJORMARKETSANDWITHEXTREMELYLITTLEWATERUSAGEHAVEATTRACTEDTHEINTERESTOFPROSPECTIVEAQUACULTURISTSINRECENTYEARS,AVARIETYOFPRODUCTIONFACILITIESTHATUSERECIRCULATINGTECHNOLOGYHAVEBEENBUILTRESULTSHAVEBEENMIXEDWHILETHEREHAVEBEENSOMENOTABLELARGESCALEBUSINESSFAILURESINTHISSECTOR,NUMEROUSSMALLTOMEDIUMSCALEEFFORTSCONTINUEPRODUCTIONPROSPECTIVEAQUACULTURISTSANDINVESTORSNEEDTOBEAWAREOFTHEBASICTECHNICALANDECONOMICRISKSINVOLVEDINTHISTYPEOFAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGYTHISFACTSHEETANDOTHERSINTHISSERIESAREDESIGNEDTOPROVIDEBASICINFORMATIONONRECIRCULATINGAQUACULTURETECHNOLOGYCRITICALPRODUCTIONCONSIDERATIONSALLAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSMUSTPROVIDEASUITABLEENVIRONMENTTOPROMOTETHEGROWTHOFTHEAQUATICCROPCRITICALENVIRONMENTALPARAMETERSINCLUDETHECONCENTRATIONSOFDISSOLVEDOXYGEN,UNIONIZEDAMMONIANITROGEN,NITRITENITROGEN,ANDCARBONDIOXIDEINTHEWATEROFTHECULTURESYSTEMNITRATECONCENTRATION,PH,ANDALKALINITYLEVELSWITHINTHESYSTEMAREALSOIMPORTANTTOPRODUCEFISHINACOSTEFFECTIVEMANNER,AQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSMUSTMAINTAINGOODWATERQUALITYDURINGPERIODSOFRAPIDFISHGROWTHTOENSURESUCHGROWTH,FISHAREFEDHIGHPROTEINPELLETEDDIETSATRATESRANGINGFROM15TO15PERCENTOFTHEIRBODYWEIGHTPERDAYDEPENDINGUPONTHEIRSIZEANDSPECIES15PERCENTFORJUVENILES,15PERCENTFORAMMONIAPRODUCTIONRATE,ANDTHEDESIREDCONCENTRATIONOFAMMONIANITROGENWITHINTHETANKDETERMINETHERECIRCULATINGFLOWRATEFROMTHETANKTOTHETREATMENTUNITUSINGTHEEXAMPLEOUTLINEDABOVE,IFATREATMENTSYSTEMREMOVES50PERCENTOFTHEAMMONIANITROGENINTHEWATERONASINGLEPASS,THENTHEFLOWRATEFROMTHETANKWOULDNEEDTOBETWICETHEFLOWREQUIREDIFFRESHWATERWEREUSEDTOFLUSHTHETANK93GPM/05186GPMAKEYTOSUCCESSFULRECIRCULATINGPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSISTHEUSEOFCOSTEFFECTIVEWATERTREATMENTSYSTEMCOMPONENTSALLRECIRCULATINGPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSREMOVEWASTESOLIDS,OXIDIZEAMMONIAANDNITRITENITROGEN,REMOVECARBONDIOXIDE,ANDAERATEOROXYGENATETHEWATERBEFORERETURNINGITTOTHEFISHTANKSEEFIG1MOREINTENSIVESYSTEMSORSYSTEMSCULTURINGSENSITIVESPECIESMAYREQUIREADDITIONALTREATMENTPROCESSESSUCHASFINESOLIDSREMOVAL,DISSOLVEDORGANICSREMOVAL,ORSOMEFORMOFDISINFECTIONWASTESOLIDSCONSTRAINTSPELLETEDFEEDSUSEDINAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONCONSISTOFPROTEIN,CARBOHYDRATES,FAT,MINERALSANDWATERTHEPORTIONNOTASSIMILATEDBYTHEFISHISEXCRETEDASAHIGHLYORGANICWASTEFECALSOLIDSWHENBROKENDOWNBYBACTERIAWITHINTHESYSTEM,FECALSOLIDSANDUNEATENFEEDWILLCONSUMEDISSOLVEDOXYGENANDGENERATEAMMONIANITROGENFORTHISREASON,WASTESOLIDSSHOULDBEREMOVEDFROMTHESYSTEMASQUICKLYASPOSSIBLEWASTESOLIDSCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOFOURCATEGORIESSETTLEABLE,SUSPENDED,FLOATABLEANDDISSOLVEDSOLIDSINRECIRCULATINGSYSTEMS,THEFIRSTTWOAREOFPRIMARYCONCERNDISSOLVEDORGANICSOLIDSCANBECOMEAPROBLEMINSYSTEMSWITHVERYLITTLEWATEREXCHANGESETTLEABLESOLIDSCONTROLSETTLEABLESOLIDSAREGENERALLYTHEEASIESTOFTHEFOURCATEGORIESTODEALWITHANDSHOULDBEREMOVEDFROMTHETANKANDFILTRATIONCOMPONENTSASRAPIDLYASPOSSIBLESETTLEABLESOLIDSARETHOSETHATWILLGENERALLYSETTLEOUTOFTHEWATERWITHIN1HOURUNDERSTILLCONDITIONSSETTLEABLESOLIDSCANBEREMOVEDASTHEYACCUMULATEONTHETANKBOTTOMTHROUGHPROPERPLACEMENTOFDRAINS,ORTHEYCANBEKEPTINSUSPENSIONWITHCONTINUOUSAGITATIONANDREMOVEDWITHASEDIMENTATIONTANKCLARIFIER,MECHANICALFILTERGRANULARORSCREEN,ORSWIRLSEPARATORTHESEDIMENTATIONANDSWIRLSEPARATORPROCESSESCANBEENHANCEDBYADDINGSTEEPINCLINETUBESTUBESETTLERSINTHESEDIMENTATIONTANKTOREDUCEFLOWTURBULENCEANDPROMOTEUNIFORMFLOWDISTRIBUTIONSUSPENDEDSOLIDSCONTROLFROMANAQUACULTURALENGINEERINGPOINTOFVIEW,THEDIFFERENCEBETWEENSUSPENDEDSOLIDSANDSETTLEABLESOLIDSISAPRACTICALONESUSPENDEDSOLIDSWILLNOTSETTLETOTHEBOTTOMOFTHEFISHCULTURETANKANDCANNOTBEREMOVEDEASILYINCONVENTIONALSETTLINGBASINSSUSPENDEDSOLIDSARENOTALWAYSDEALTWITHADEQUATELYINARECIRCULATINGPRODUCTIONSYSTEMIFNOTREMOVED,SUSPENDEDSOLIDSCANSIGNIFICANTLYLIMITTHEAMOUNTOFFISHTHATCANBEGROWNINTHESYSTEMANDCANIRRITATETHEGILLSOFFISHTHEMOSTPOPULARTREATMENTMETHODFORREMOVINGSUSPENDEDSOLIDSGENERALLYINVOLVESSOMEFORMOFMECHANICALFILTRATIONTHETWOTYPESOFMECHANICALFILTRATIONMOST

簡介：目錄1外文文獻原文12外文文獻翻譯2SYSTEMSTHISISMOSTLYDUETOTHEFACTTHATRAILWAYTRANSPORTISCONSIDEREDBYRAILWAYOPERATORSANDPERCEIVEDBYTHEPUBLICASASAFEMEANOFTRANSPORTATIONTHISAPPROACHTOSAFETYMIGHTBEAPPLICABLETOTRADITIONALRAILWAYSYSTEMS,WHICHHAVEPROVENTHROUGHOUTTHEYEARSTHEIRPERFORMANCEITIS,HOWEVER,NOTENOUGHTOGUARANTEETHESAFETYOFRAILWAYSYSTEMSWHEREINNOVATIVEANDPARTICULARCONDITIONSAREPRESENT,OROFTHEEXISTINGLINESTHATHAVETOBEUPGRADEDTONEWEXERCISESTANDARDSFOREXAMPLE,THECOMBINATIONOFHIGHSPEEDTRANSIT,HIGHTRAFFICINTENSITY,COMBINEDTRANSPORTOFPASSENGERSANDDANGEROUSGOODSANDEXTREMELYLONGTUNNELS,MIGHTLEADTOUNACCEPTABLESAFETYLEVELSTHEREFORE,THEDESIGNERHASTOCHOOSEARAILWAYSYSTEMCONFIGURATIONTOGETHERWITHTHEPREVENTIVEANDMITIGATIVEMEASURESOFACCIDENTSTHATMINIMIZETHERISKANDULTIMATELYSHOULDVERIFYBYMEANSOFARISKANALYSISTHATTHEOBTAINEDSAFETYLEVELISBELOWAPREDEFINEDTARGETLEVELTHESCOPEOFTHISPAPERISTOILLUSTRATETHESTATEOFPRACTICERELATEDTOSAFETUNNELDESIGNANDASSOCIATEDRISKANALYSISASPECTSOFLONGRAILWAYTUNNELSFIRST,AMBITIOUSTUNNELPROJECTSAREBRIEFLYREVIEWEDFROMTHESAFETYPOINTOFVIEWTHERISKANALYSISPROCEDURESARETHENDESCRIBEDANDDISCUSSEDTHEPROBLEMOFRISKAPPRAISALISADDRESSEDANDQUANTITATIVETARGETSAFETYLEVELSAREPROPOSEDFINALLY,SAFETYSYSTEMSFORRISKREDUCTIONAREILLUSTRATED2MAJORTUNNELPROJECTSANDTHEASSOCIATEDRISKBASICDESIGNASPECTSINEXISTINGORUNDERDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONTUNNELSAREBRIEFLYSUMMARIZEDINTHISSECTIONTABLE1LISTOFEXISTINGLONGTUNNELSWORLDWIDENAMECOUNTRYLENGTHKMUNDERGROUNDDAISCHIMISUJAPAN222SIMPLONIIITALY/SWITZERLAND198APPENNINOITALY186ROKKOJAPAN162HARUNAJAPAN154GOTTHARDSWITZERLAND150NAKAYAMAJAPAN148LO¨TSCHBERGSWITZERLAND145HOKURIKUJAPAN139PRATOTIRESITALY135LANDRU¨CKENGERMANY108UNDERWATERSEIKANJAPAN539EUROTUNNELUK/FRANCE500SHINKANMONJAPAN187GREATBELTDENMARK80SEVERNUK70MERSEYUK49KANMONJAPAN36THEFOLLOWINGTUNNELSAREINCLUDEDATHECHANNELTUNNELBETWEENENGLANDANDFRANCEBTHESEIKANTUNNELINJAPANCTHEGOTTHARDTUNNELPLANNEDINSWITZERLANDDTHEBRENNERTUNNELPLANNEDBETWEENITALYANDAUSTRIA

簡介：1使用基于重構(gòu)計算機平臺的FPGA分析高性能功率譜摘要功率譜分析是一種提供信號關(guān)鍵信息的重要工具。應(yīng)用的范圍包括通信系統(tǒng)到DNA測序。如果傳輸信號存在干擾，這可能是由于自然原因或疊加因素影響。在后一種情況下，其早期檢測和分析變得非常重要。在這種情況下有一個小觀察窗，在功率譜中快速查找可以顯示大量的信息，包括頻率和干擾源。在本文，我們提出基于重構(gòu)平臺FPGA功率譜分析的設(shè)計。這樣就可以達到實時數(shù)據(jù)采集和對小時域輸入信號的采樣處理。處理過程包括通過一個輸入值的集合來計算其功率，平均值和峰值。該平臺支持四路輸入通道同步采集。1緒論功率譜信號的概念和使用是基礎(chǔ)工程，應(yīng)用在通信系統(tǒng)中、微波和雷達。最近，它也被用在不同的領(lǐng)域,如基因識別。在一個典型的發(fā)送接收信號系統(tǒng)中,如果接收到的信號是純粹的、就像預(yù)期的那樣,那么就沒有必要過濾。然而，在另一方面，一些干擾覆蓋所接收的信號，可能需要一定的分析，以了解更多的干擾。由于干擾往往增加接收電波的額外功率，功率成為了分析這類問題有用的標準。運用逆向工程技術(shù),輸入信號的過剩電量信息可以幫助尋找接口的特點,如頻率、電源等。一個功率譜表現(xiàn)各種頻率成分的大小的一個信號。通過看譜,你能看到多少能量或功率是包含在信號的頻率成分內(nèi)的。分析及評價功率譜是隔離噪音的其中一種方式。有一些產(chǎn)生功率譜的技巧,最常見的一種是通過使用傅里葉變換，其他技術(shù),如小波變換或最大熵方法也可以被使用。經(jīng)實驗研究,確定功率譜可以有三種方法（1）使用頻譜和信號分析儀一個商業(yè)專用的工具，顯示實時功率譜。（2）使用微機信號分析儀插件卡。（3）通過數(shù)字化的實驗數(shù)據(jù)和一個執(zhí)行快速傅立葉變換（FFT）臺式機。從成本和復(fù)雜性的角度,對上述三個選擇降序排列,然而從靈活性考慮,他們是升序排列的。專用分析儀是有時候使用,但他們可能不符合成本效益及靈活性或者當(dāng)觀察期很短時，能力不夠提取相關(guān)干擾,一般而言,第二個選擇提供了額外的靈活性,特別是現(xiàn)場可編程門陣列FPGA的使用。本文中我們提出我們的設(shè)計的一個非常強大的可重構(gòu)計算基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計為解決復(fù)雜信號的功能和實時分析。雖然這個作品作為一個工作站的附加卡，它是非常強大，靈活和相對低成本。功率譜分析使用由我們開發(fā)的多通道數(shù)據(jù)采集和信號處理上進行一些數(shù)據(jù)通道同時運作四個模塊。該解決方案允許基于FPGA的實時采集和輸入信號的來樣加工。經(jīng)過數(shù)據(jù)采集和分析，基于選定的選項，數(shù)據(jù)傳遞到主機的基礎(chǔ)上。同時我們的卡上進行數(shù)據(jù)支持每個數(shù)據(jù)流上四通道復(fù)雜的運算法則。本文開始我們簡單的討論了功率譜分析力學(xué)。第三節(jié)概述了可重構(gòu)計算和用于這種工作的卡。第四和第五章中,我們分別討論了我們的實現(xiàn)方案用于功率譜分析的基礎(chǔ)上重構(gòu)FPGA硬件和實驗裝置。最后，本文總結(jié)并指出了今后改進的方向。3為可重構(gòu)計算卡系統(tǒng)軟件接口實現(xiàn)了紅帽LINUX操作系統(tǒng)。它提供的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸和控制卡，不論預(yù)期的應(yīng)用方面的所有基本功能。該設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序執(zhí)行資源管理和服務(wù)來分配/釋放DMA緩沖區(qū)。該系統(tǒng)軟件還提供基本服務(wù)的配置，安裝/免費資源，輸入數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送，接收輸出數(shù)據(jù)，計算等發(fā)起。4功率頻譜分析儀對可重構(gòu)計算功率頻譜分析儀的應(yīng)用主要有兩部分組成一個運行在主機系統(tǒng)上和另一個運行在連接到主機的RC卡。主機控制應(yīng)用程序的初始設(shè)置。原始輸入數(shù)據(jù)是預(yù)先由RC卡處理，以及電力，平均功率和峰值功率值確定主機控制應(yīng)用程序的初始設(shè)置。原始輸入數(shù)據(jù)是預(yù)先由RC卡處理，以及電力，平均功率和峰值功率值決定的。在主機上執(zhí)行由RC產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)過處理的數(shù)據(jù)后處理等操作。這是必須完成的功率譜分析如圖1所示，輸入的LVDS數(shù)據(jù)流是由機載接收機處理，為計算引擎兼容的信號。功率譜計算塊駐留在XCV800計算的FPGA如圖2所示。它由六個主要部分組成輸入采樣器和緩沖器，多通道FFT單元，信道分離器和功率計算單元，平均和峰值功率的計算單位，時間標記和控制，以及XCV800XCV300接口。在下面的小節(jié)中，我們描述這些組件的應(yīng)用程序。圖2計算功率譜分析儀上實現(xiàn)FPGA41輸入采樣和緩沖頻譜分析儀應(yīng)用程序需要四個輸入，每有一個4位數(shù)據(jù)寬度LVDS通道。但是，只有八個頻道專門為差分線。時分復(fù)用的通道是成雙成對CHANNEL1和CHANNEL2運行在四條線上,而CHANNEL3和CHANNEL4在余下的四線。一個時鐘,作為閘門的選擇提供參考。數(shù)據(jù)采樣單元在時鐘的上升沿或下降沿發(fā)生變化。該通道復(fù)用輸入的數(shù)據(jù)傳遞到采樣單位，解復(fù)用，并轉(zhuǎn)交通道緩沖器，以及對輸入數(shù)據(jù)緩沖區(qū)。從通道緩沖器的數(shù)據(jù)輸入到FFT區(qū)塊，而從輸入數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)據(jù)緩沖區(qū)在SDRAM中。

簡介：1ABSTRACTTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOFINDANINNOVATIVE,HIGHEFFICIENCY,PRACTICALANDLOWCOSTCONTROLSYSTEMSTRUCTUREWITHANOPTIMIZEDCONTROLSTRATEGYFORSMALLSCALEGRIDCONNECTEDWINDTURBINEWITHDIRECTDRIVENPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSGENERATORPMSGTHISRESEARCHADOPTSTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSTRATEGYBASEDONPHASELOCKEDLOOPPLLFORPMSGCONTROL,ANDTHEGRIDSIDEINVERTERCONTROLSTRATEGYISBASEDONTHESINGLEPHASEPLLTHESIMULATIONDEMONSTRATESTHATTHESENSORLESSCONTROLSTRATEGYANDSINGLEPHASEGRIDSIDEINVERTERCONTROLSTRATEGYAREPRACTICALSOLUTIONSFORGRIDCONNECTEDPMSGWINDTURBINES,ANDTHEYCANPROVIDEBOTHGENERATORSPEEDCONTROLFOROPTIMIZEDWINDPOWERTRACKINGANDGOODPOWERQUALITYCONTROLFORELECTRICITYDELIVEREDTOTHEGRIDTHEDESIGNEDSYSTEMOFFERSMANYUNIQUEADVANTAGES,INCLUDINGSIMPLETOPOLOGY,OPTIMIZEDCONTROLSTRATEGY,COSTEFFECTIVEANDFASTRESPONDTOGRIDFAILURESINDEXTERMSMAXIMUMPOWERPOINTTRACKINGMPPT,PMSG,PULSEWIDTHMODULATIONPWMCONVERTER,SPEEDCONTROL,VARIABLESPEEDWINDTURBINEIINTRODUCTIONNRECENTYEARS,GREATATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDONRENEWABLEENERGYSOURCES,SUCHASWINDANDSOLARENERGYWINDENERGYISTHEMOSTPOPULARRENEWABLEENERGYSOURCEDUETOITSRELATIVELYLOWCOSTTHEOVERALLSYSTEMCOSTCANBEFURTHERREDUCEDBYOPTIMALCONTROLOFHIGHEFFICIENCYPOWERELECTRONICCONVERTERSTOEXTRACTMAXIMUMPOWERINACCORDANCEWITHATMOSPHERICCONDITIONS11THEWINDENERGYCONVERSIONSYSTEMBASEDONPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSGENERATORPMSGISONEOFTHEMOSTFAVORABLEANDRELIABLEMETHODSOFPOWERGENERATIONRELIABILITYOFVARIABLESPEEDDIRECTDRIVENPMSGWINDTURBINESCANBEIMPROVEDSIGNIFICANTLYCOMPARINGTODOUBLYFEDINDUCTIONGENERATORDFIGWINDTURBINESWITHGEARBOXESNOISE,POWERLOSS,ADDITIONALCOST,ANDPOTENTIALMECHANICALFAILUREARETYPICALPROBLEMSFORADFIGWINDTURBINEBECAUSEOFTHEEXISTENCEOFAGEARBOXTHEUSEOFDIRECTDRIVENPMSGCOULDSOLVETHESEPROBLEMSMOREOVER,LOWVOLTAGERIDETHROUGHLVRTISALSOABIGISSUEFORDFIGBECAUSETHETHISWORKWASSUPPORTEDINPARTBYTHESPECIALFUNDSFROMBEIJINGMUNICIPALEDUCATIONCOMMISSIONCHUNXUEWEN,GUOJIELU,PENGWANGANDZHENGXILIAREWITHTHEPOWERELECTRONICSANDMOTORDRIVERSENGINEERINGRESEARCHCENTRE,NORTHCHINAUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,BEIJING,CHINAEMAILWENCHX1980YAHOOCOMCN,LUGOD307163COM,CATDAPENG2008163COM,LZXNCUTEDUCNXIONGWEILIUANDZAIMINGFANAREWITHTHESCHOOLOFCOMPUTING,ENGINEERINGANDPHYSICALSCIENCES,UNIVERSITYOFCENTRALLANCASHIRE,PRESTON,PR12HE,UKEMAILXLIU9UCLANACUK,ZMFANUCLANACUKELECTROMAGNETICRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESTATORANDTHEROTORISMORECOMPLEXTHANPMSGTHEREFORE,IT’SMOREDIFFICULTFORDFIGTOSOLVELVRTPROBLEMSAFELYANDRELIABLYINAVARIABLESPEEDPMSGSYSTEM,VECTORCONTROLAPPROACHISOFTENUSEDTOACHIEVENEARLYDECOUPLEDACTIVEANDREACTIVEPOWERCONTROLONTHEGRIDSIDEINVERTERWHICHISACURRENTREGULATEDVOLTAGESOURCEINVERTERINTHISWAY,THEPOWERCONVERTERMAINTAINSTHEDCLINKVOLTAGEANDIMPROVESTHEPOWERFACTOROFTHESYSTEM1,7,10DIFFERENTCONTROLMETHODSFORMAXIMUMPOWERPOINTTRACKINGMPPTINVARIABLESPEEDWINDTURBINEGENERATORSHAVEBEENDISCUSSEDIN2,4,7THISRESEARCHADOPTSTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSTRATEGYBASEDONPHASELOCKEDLOOPPLLFORPMSGCONTROL2THEMETHODREQUIRESONLYONEACTIVESWITCHINGDEVICE,IEINSULATEDGATEBIPOLARTRANSISTORIGBT,WHICHISUSEDTOCONTROLTHEGENERATORTORQUEANDSPEEDSOASTOEXTRACTMAXIMUMWINDPOWERITISASIMPLETOPOLOGYANDLOWCOSTSOLUTIONFORASMALLSCALEWINDTURBINEBECAUSEOFTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSTRATEGYTHEGRIDSIDEINVERTERCONTROLSTRATEGYISBASEDONTHESINGLEPHASEPLL,WHICHAPPLIESACONTROLMETHODINDIRECTQUADRATUREDQROTATINGFRAMETOSINGLEPHASEINVERTERANDACHIEVESSUPERIORSTEADYSTATEANDDYNAMICPERFORMANCE6FORSMALLSCALEWINDTURBINE,SINGLEPHASEPOWERSUPPLYTOCONSUMERSISPOPULARTHEREAREMANYCONTROLMETHODSFORSINGLEPHASEINVERTER,SUCHASPICONTROLLER,QUASIPRCONTROLLER,ETC5HOWEVER,THESEMETHODSCAN’TDECOUPLETHEACTIVEPOWERANDREACTIVEPOWERSOASTOHAVEGOODPOWERCONTROLPERFORMANCESINGLEPHASEPLLMETHODBASEDONDQROTATINGFRAMECANWELLSOLVETHISPROBLEMONTHEOTHERHAND,ENCODERSAREVULNERABLECOMPONENTSFORWINDTURBINES,PARTICULARLYFORSMALLWINDTURBINES,BECAUSESMALLWINDTURBINESEXPERIENCESEVERERVIBRATIONSTHANTHEIRLARGECOUNTERPARTSTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLOPTSOUTTHEENCODERS,ANDTHEREFORETHERELIABILITYOFWINDTURBINESISMUCHIMPROVEDFORTHESEREASONS,THESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLANDSINGLEPHASEPLLMETHODHAVETHEIRUNIQUEADVANTAGESFORSMALLSCALEWINDTURBINESTHISPAPERISSTRUCTUREDFURTHERINFOLLOWINGTHREESECTIONSINSECTIONII,THEPRINCIPLEOFTHEFULLPOWERBACKTOBACKPWMCONVERTERISINTRODUCEDTHENTHEVECTORCONTROLOFSMALLSCALEGRIDCONNECTEDWINDPOWERSYSTEMINCLUDINGSENSORLESSCONTROL,VECTORCONTROLOFPMSG,SINGLEPHASEPLL,VECTORCONTROLOFGRIDSIDEINVERTERAREDESCRIBEDINSECTIONIIIFINALLY,INSECTIONIV,THESIMULATIONRESULTSANDCONCLUSIONAREGIVENVECTORCONTROLSTRATEGYFORSMALLSCALEGRIDCONNECTEDPMSGWINDTURBINECONVERTERCHUNXUEWEN,GUOJIELU,PENGWANG,ZHENGXILIMEMBERIEEE,XIONGWEILIUMEMBERIEEE,ZAIMINGFANSTUDENTMEMBERIEEEI3THEACTUALROTORPOSITIONOFPMSGISINDICATEDINTHEDQCOORDINATESYSTEMTHEESTIMATEDLOCATIONFOR∧ΘISTHEDQ∧∧?COORDINATESYSTEM,ΑΒISTHESTATIONARYCOORDINATESYSTEM,ASSHOWNINFIG3ASTHEROTORPOSITIONOFPMSGISESTIMATEDRATHERTHANMEASUREDINTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSYSTEM,THEREEXISTSANERRORΘΔBETWEENTHEACTUALROTORPOSITIONΘANDTHEESTIMATEDLOCATION∧ΘATTHESAMETIME,THEBACKEMFELECTROMOTIVEFORCEGENERATEDBYTHEROTORPERMANENTMAGNETSGENERATESTWODAXISANDQAXISCOMPONENTSINTHEESTIMATEDROTORPOSITIONORIENTATIONCOORDINATES,WHICHAREEXPRESSEDASSDE∧ANDSQE∧RESPECTIVELYCONVENTIONALPICONTROLLERCANACHIEVEZEROERRORCONTROL,IESDE∧ORΘΔCANBEADJUSTEDTOZEROVALUETHEPLLSENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSCHEMATICDIAGRAMISSHOWNINFIG4,ANDTHEVALUEOFSDE∧ANDSQE∧CANBEOBTAINEDFROM1SDSDSSDDQSQSDSQSQSSQQDSDSQDIURILLIEDTDIURILLIEDTΩΩ∧∧∧∧∧∧?????????1ΘΘ?ΘΔΑΒDD?QQ?FIG3PRESUMEDROTATINGCOORDINATESYSTEMSKKIPS1ΘΔΩ?Θ?ΘFIG4PRINCIPLEOFPLLBASEDSENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLIFWEIGNORETHECURRENTDIFFERENTIALITEMSIN1,THENWEHAVESDSSDQSQSDSQSQSSQDSD?????ARCTANARCTAN?????URILIEEURILIΩΘΩ?Δ????2WHERESDU,SQU,SDIANDSQIARETHED,QAXISCOMPONENTSOFTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGEANDCURRENTOFTHEGENERATORSTATORDLQLANDSRARETHEINDUCTANCEANDRESISTANCEOFTHESTATORΩISTHEGENERATORELECTRICALANGULARVELOCITYOFTHEGENERATOR“∧“INDICATESESTIMATEDVALUEBLOCKDIAGRAMOFSENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLBASEDONDIGITALPLLISSHOWNINFIG5THEBACKEMFELECTROMOTIVEFORCEVALUEOFTHEESTIMATEDROTATINGCOORDINATESCANBEOBTAINEDBYCALCULATINGTHETHREEPHASEVOLTAGESANDCURRENTSOFTHEPMSGSTATORTHECALCULATEDANGLEDIFFERENCEΘΔCANBEUSEDTOESTIMATETHEANGULARVELOCITYTHROUGHTHEPICONTROLLERTHENTHEVALUEOFTHEESTIMATEDANGLECANBEOBTAINEDBYINTEGRALELEMENTGENERALLY,THESPEEDHASCONSIDERABLEFLUCTUATIONSUSINGTHISMETHODTHEREFOREITWILLACHIEVEABETTERESTIMATIONBYADDINGALOWPASSFILTERLPF,ASSHOWNINFIG5FILTERSUSIEMFCALCULATIONDE∧QE∧DIVIDERARCTANGENTINTEGRATORPICONTROLLERΘΔLPFΘ∧Ω∧FIG5BLOCKDIAGRAMOFSENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLBASEDONDIGITALPLLBVECTORCONTROLOFPMSGINORDERTOSTUDYTHETORQUECONTROLOFPMSG,ITISNECESSARYTOESTABLISHAMATHEMATICALMODELBECAUSEQAXISLEADSDAXIS90°INTHEDQCOORDINATESYSTEM,THEGENERATORVOLTAGEEQUATIONCANBEEXPRESSEDAS8SDSDSSDDSQSQSQSQSQQDSDDIURILLIDTDIURILLIDTΩΩΩΨ????????3THESIGNIFICANCEOFVARIOUSPHYSICALQUANTITIESIN3ISTHESAMEASIN1THEGENERATORELECTROMAGNETICTORQUEEQUATIONCANBEEXPRESSEDAS3322ESQDQSDSQTPIPLLIIΨ?4WHEREPISTHENUMBEROFGENERATORPOLEPAIRS,ANDΨISTHEMAGNETICFLUXBASEDONTHEABOVEMATHEMATICALMODEL,THESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLPROGRAMOFPMSGISESTABLISHED,ANDITSCONTROLBLOCKDIAGRAMISSHOWNINFIG6ΩΩ?Θ?SDISQISD?ISQ?ISD?USQ?USAISBIIPARKICLARKPARKCLARKFIG6SENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLBLOCKDIAGRAMOFPMSGGENERATORROTORPOSITIONANDSPEEDWHICHAREESTIMATEDBYSENSORLESSALGORITHMCANBEUSEDINVECTORCONTROLTHEREFERENCEVALUEOFMOTORTORQUECANBEOBTAINEDBYTHESPEED

簡介：NUMERICALSTUDYONPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFPICKUPHEADFORASTREETVACUUMSWEEPERSIMLINLAU,MICHAELKSTENSTROMDEPARTMENTOFCIVILANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,5714BOELTERHALL,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIAATLOSANGELES,LOSANGELES,CA90095,USAABSTRACTARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED24AUGUST2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM27JANUARY2010ACCEPTED1FEBRUARY2010AVAILABLEONLINE10FEBRUARY2010KEYWORDSPICKUPHEADPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCECFDSWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDPRESSUREDROPTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOINVESTIGATETHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFPICKUPHEADFORASTREETVACUUMSWEEPERNUMERICALLYANINTEGRATED3DNUMERICALMODELWASCONSTRUCTEDBASEDONPARTICLESUCTIONPROCESSINCOMPUTATIONALFLUIDDYNAMICSCFDSOFTWARETHEAIRFLOWTHROUGHTHEPICKUPHEADWASTREATEDASACONTINUUM,WHILEPARTICLESWEREMODELEDASDISPERSEDPHASETHEREYNOLDSSTRESSMODELRSMANDDISCRETEPARTICLEMODELDPMWERECHOSENINORDERTOPREDICTTHEAIRANDPARTICLESFLOWACCURATELYTHENUMERICALSIMULATIONRESULTSSHOWTHATTHESWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDANDTHEPRESSUREDROPACROSSTHEPICKUPHEADHAVEGREATEFFECTSONTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCETHEREMOVALEFFICIENCYOFPARTICLESINCREASESWITHTHELOWERSWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDORTHEHIGHERPRESSUREDROP,ANDSMALLSIZEPARTICLESHAVEHIGHERGRADEEFFICIENCYTHANTHATOFLARGESIZEPARTICLESUNDERTHESAMEOPERATINGCONDITIONSMOREOVER,THEREMOVALMASSFLOWRATEOFPARTICLESINCREASESWITHTHEHIGHERSWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDTHEREFORE,ATRADEOFFSHOULDBECONSIDEREDAMONGHIGHREMOVALEFFICIENCY,LOWENERGYCONSUMPTION,ANDHIGHREMOVALMASSFLOWRATETHROUGHTHENUMERICALSIMULATION,THEEFFECTIVENESSOFSTREETVACUUMSWEEPERFORREMOVINGPARTICLESFROMROADSURFACEISEVALUATED,ANDANOPTIMALOPERATINGCONDITIONISOBTAINEDBESIDES,MOREINFORMATIONISGENERATEDTOBETTERUNDERSTANDTHEPARTICLESUCTIONPROCESSOFTHEPICKUPHEAD?2010ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONCURRENTLY,THEREISAWIDESPREADCONCERNOVERTHEPOLLUTIONOFPARTICLEMATTERDUSTANDSILTARETHEMAJORSOURCESOFPARTICLEMATTERPOLLUTION,THEREMOVALOFWHICHTHEREFOREATTRACTSCONSIDERABLEATTENTION1STREETSWEEPINGISTYPICALLYPRACTICEDTOREMOVETHEACCUMULATIONOFDUSTANDSILTFROMROADSURFACETOIMPROVEAESTHETICS,PUBLICHEALTHY,ANDSTORMWATERQUALITY,SOITISCONSIDEREDASANEFFECTIVEPOLLUTANTCONTROLPRACTICEFORMANYLOCALAUTHORITIES2,3PICKUPHEADISTHEKEYCOMPONENTOFSTREETVACUUMSWEEPER,WHICHISDESIGNEDTOPICKUPPARTICLESEFFICIENTLYFROMROADSURFACEANDSENDTHEMTODUSTCOLLECTIONHOPPERSMOOTHLYTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFTHEPICKUPHEADISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTINDEXFORASTREETVACUUMSWEEPERMANYRESEARCHESHAVEBEENPERFORMEDONESTIMATINGTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFSTREETSWEEPINGFOREXAMPLE,ASTUDYBYCHANGETAL4EVALUATEDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFSTREETSWEEPINGANDWASHINGFORCONTROLLINGAMBIENTTOTALSUSPENDEDPARTICLESBYEXPERIMENTS,WHICHINDICATEDTHATTHESTREETSWEEPINGANDWASHINGPROCESSWASEFFECTIVEATREMOVINGDUSTANDSILTFROMURBANROADSHOWEVER,SOMERESEARCHERSSUCHASVAZEANDCHIEW5CONSIDEREDTHATTHECONTRIBUTIONOFSTREETSWEEPINGTOENVIRONMENTALQUALITYWASNOTVERYCLEAR,ANDMAYHAVEANADVERSEIMPACTBECAUSESTREETSWEEPERSDIDNOTPICKUPSMALLERSIZEPARTICLESEFFECTIVELYKANGANDSTENSTORM6STUDIEDTHESTREETSWEEPINGEFFECTIVENESSASASTORMWATERMANAGEMENTPRACTICEBYUSINGSTATISTICALPOWERANALYSISTHEYPOINTEDOUTTHATTHEEFFECTOFSTREETSWEEPINGSHOULDNOTBEUNDERESTIMATEDBECAUSESOMEPREVIOUSRESEARCHESWEREBASEDONINSUFFICIENTDATATHEREFORE,NEWMETHODSWERENEEDEDTOEVALUATETHESTREETSWEEPINGEFFECTIVENESSASTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEFORSTREETVACUUMSWEEPERVARIESBASEDONSWEEPINGTECHNOLOGY,OPERATINGCONDITIONS,SWEEPINGFREQUENCY,STREETDIRTLOADINGANDPARTICLESIZEDISTRIBUTION7,ITISNECESSARYTODEVELOPAREPEATABLEANDRELIABLEMETHODTOCALCULATETHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFPICKUPHEADFORASTREETVACUUMSWEEPERINORDERTOEVALUATETHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEOFPICKUPHEAD,ENGINEERSGENERALLYCONCENTRATEONTWOPARAMETERS,THESWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDANDTHEPRESSUREDROPACROSSTHEPICKUPHEADTHEIRINFLUENCESONTHEPARTICLEREMOVALEFFICIENCYANDTHEPARTICLEREMOVALMASSFLOWRATEDIRECTLYRELATETOTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESTREETVACUUMSWEEPERCHENETAL8INVESTIGATEDTHEINFLUENCEOFSWEEPERSTRUCTUREANDSWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDONTHEPARTICLEREMOVALPERFORMANCEBYEXPERIMENTSTHEYFOUNDTHATTHEWINGPLATEOFPICKUPHEADANDTHESWEEPERTRAVELINGSPEEDHADGREATINFLUENCEONTHECRITICALPICKUPVELOCITYOFPARTICLESMEANWHILE,THEYANALYZEDTHERELATIONSHIPOFTHEPARTICLEPICKUPVELOCITIESANDTHEAIRFLOWRATESWITHTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFTHECOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,THECOMPUTATIONALFLUIDDYNAMICSCFDHASBEENSUCCESSFULLYADOPTEDTOPOWDERTECHNOLOGY200201016–24?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL862134206821FAX862134204542EMAILADDRESSSTENSTROSEASUCLAEDUMKSTENSTROM00325910/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JPOWTEC201002001CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTPOWDERTECHNOLOGYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/POWTECTHEREFORE,INORDERTOGETHIGHQUALITYMESHES,ITISNECESSARYTODECOMPOSETHEMODELGEOMETRYINTOSEVERALPORTIONSTHENECKPORTIONWASMESHEDWITHTETRAHEDRALGRIDSBECAUSEOFCOMPLEXGEOMETRYFOROTHERPORTIONS,HEXAHEDRALSCHEMESWITHMAPORCOOPERTYPESWEREEMPLOYEDTHECOMPUTATIONALGRIDSINTHISSTUDYWEREAPPROXIMATELY274,157CELLSFIG5SHOWSTHESURFACEMESHESOFTHEPHYSICALMODEL4MATHEMATICALMODEL41GOVERNINGEQUATIONSTHEAIRFLOWTHROUGHTHEPICKUPHEADWASCALCULATEDNUMERICALLYBYSOLVINGASETOFGOVERNINGEQUATIONSCONSIDERINGTHESTEADYANDINCOMPRESSIBLEAIRFLOWTHROUGHTHEPICKUPHEAD,THEREYNOLDSAVERAGEDNAVIER–STOKESEQUATIONSCANBEWRITTENASCONTINUITY?UI?XI0D2TMOMENTUM??XJΡUIUJ????P?XI??XJΜ?UI?XJΤIJΡGID3TWHEREUIANDGIARETHEAIRFLOWVELOCITYANDTHEGRAVITYACCELERATIONALONGTHECOORDINATEXI,RESPECTIVELY,ΡISTHEAIRDENSITY,PISTHEPRESSURE,ΜISTHEVISCOSITY,ANDΤIJ?ΡPU′IU′JISREYNOLDSSTRESS,WHICHREPRESENTSTHEEFFECTSOFTURBULENTFLUCTUATION42REYNOLDSSTRESSMODELRSMTHEAIRFLOWTHROUGHTHEPICKUPHEADISTURBULENTFLOWDUETOITSHIGHVELOCITY,ANDTHEKEYTOSUCCESSOFMODELINGTHEPARTICLESUCTIONPROCESSLIESINTHEACCURATEDESCRIPTIONOFTHETURBULENTBEHAVIORTHESELECTIONOFTURBULENCEMODELDEPENDSONTHEPHYSICALMODELCOMPARINGWITHTHEK?ΕMODELTHATISWIDELYUSEDININDUSTRIALFLOWCALCULATIONS,THERSMISMOREACCURATEASTHERSMACCOUNTSFORTHEEFFECTSOFSTREAMLINECURVATURE,SWIRL,ROTATION,ANDRAPIDCHANGESINSTRAINRATEINAMORERIGOROUSMANNER,ANDCONSEQUENTLYITHASGREATERPOTENTIALTOGIVEACCURATEPREDICTIONSFORCOMPLEXFLOWS15MANYSTUDIESINDICATEDTHATTHERSMCOULDPROVIDEBETTERACCURACYTHANTHEK?ΕMODELFORTHECALCULATIONSOFCOMPLEXFLOWS16,17INTHERSM,THEEDDYVISCOSITYAPPROACHISDISCARDED,ANDTHEREYNOLDSSTRESSTRANSPORTEQUATIONISUTILIZEDTODESCRIBETHEEFFECTSOFTHEREYNOLDSSTRESSTHEREYNOLDSSTRESSESARETHENUSEDTOOBTAINTHECLOSUREOFTHEREYNOLDSAVERAGEDMOMENTUMEQUATION18FORSTEADY,IRROTATIONALANDINCOMPRESSIBLEAIRFLOW,THEREYNOLDSSTRESSTRANSPORTEQUATIONTAKESTHEFOLLOWINGFORMCIJDTIJDLIJPIJΦIJΕIJD4TWHERECIJ,DT,IJ,DL,IJ,PIJ,ΦIJANDΕIJARECONVECTIONTERM,DIFFUSIONTERM,MOLECULARDUFFUSIONTERM,STRESSPRODUCTIONTERM,PRESSURESTRAINTERM,ANDVISCOUSDISSIPATIONRATETERM,RESPECTIVELYINTERMSOFEQ4,THETURBULENTKINETICENERGYKANDTHEDISSIPATIONRATEΕCANBEOBTAINEDBYSOLVINGTHETRANSPORTEQUATIONS??XIΡKUIDT??XJΜΜTΣK???K?XJ“12PII?ΡΕD5T??XIΡΕUIDT??XJΜΜTΣΕ???Ε?XJ“C1Ε12PII?C2ΕΡΕ2KD6TWHEREΜTISTHETURBULENTVISCOSITY,ANDTHECONSTANTSUSEDINTHISMODELAREΣK082,CΜ009,ΣΕ10,C1Ε144,C2Ε1921943PARTICLEMOVEMENTTHEEULER–LAGRANGEAPPROACHWASEMPLOYEDTOPREDICTTHEGAS–SOLIDFLOWFIELDINTHEPICKUPHEADTHEGASPHASEWASTREATEDASACONTINUUMBYSOLVINGTHEREYNOLDSAVERAGEDNAVIER–STOKESEQUATIONSDESCRIBEDABOVE,WHILETHESOLIDPHASEWASCALCULATEDBYTRACKINGPARTICLESTHROUGHTHECONTINUUMFLUIDFIELDINTHEPARTICLESUCTIONPROCESS,THESOLIDPHASEISPRESENTEDATALOWVOLUMEFRACTION,SOTHEGAS–SOLIDFLOWISADILUTEPHASEFLOWTHISDISCRETEPHASEMODELTABLE1THEMAINDIMENSIONSOFTHEPICKUPHEADLENGTHMMWIDTHMMHEIGHTMMNARROWSLOTSHEIGHTMMOUTLETDIAMETERMMFRONTLEFTRIGHTREAR180040043015101010200FIG3THECUMULATIVESIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFSANDPARTICLESFIG4PHYSICALMODELOFTHEPICKUPHEADFIG5CFDSURFACEMESHESOFTHEPHYSICALMODEL18SLLAU,MKSTENSTROM/POWDERTECHNOLOGY200201016–24

簡介：JURNALMEKANIKALDECEMBER2008,NO26,768576STRESSANALYSISOFHEAVYDUTYTRUCKCHASSISASAPRELIMINARYDATAFORITSFATIGUELIFEPREDICTIONUSINGFEMROSLANABDRAHMAN,MOHDNASIRTAMIN,OJOKURDIFACULTYOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITITEKNOLOGIMALAYSIA,81310UTM,SKUDAI,JOHORBAHRUABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHESTRESSANALYSISOFHEAVYDUTYTRUCKCHASSISTHESTRESSANALYSISISIMPORTANTINFATIGUESTUDYANDLIFEPREDICTIONOFCOMPONENTSTODETERMINETHECRITICALPOINTWHICHHASTHEHIGHESTSTRESSTHEANALYSISWASDONEFORATRUCKMODELBYUTILIZINGACOMMERCIALFINITEELEMENTPACKAGEDABAQUSTHEMODELHASALENGTHOF1235MANDWIDTHOF245MTHEMATERIALOFCHASSISISASTMLOWALLOYSTEELA710CCLASS3WITH552MPAOFYIELDSTRENGTHAND620MPAOFTENSILESTRENGTHTHERESULTSHOWSTHATTHECRITICALPOINTOFSTRESSOCCURREDATTHEOPENINGOFCHASSISWHICHISINCONTACTWITHTHEBOLTTHESTRESSMAGNITUDEOFCRITICALPOINTIS3869MPATHISCRITICALPOINTISANINITIALTOPROBABLEFAILURESINCEFATIGUEFAILURESTARTEDFROMTHEHIGHESTSTRESSPOINTKEYWORDSTRESSANALYSIS,FATIGUELIFEPREDICTION,TRUCKCHASSIS10INTRODUCTIONTHEAGEOFMANYTRUCKCHASSISINMALAYSIAAREOFMORETHAN20YEARSANDTHEREISALWAYSAQUESTIONARISINGWHETHERTHECHASSISISSTILLSAFETOUSETHUS,FATIGUESTUDYANDLIFEPREDICTIONONTHECHASSISISNECESSARYINORDERTOVERIFYTHESAFETYOFTHISCHASSISDURINGITSOPERATIONSTRESSANALYSISUSINGFINITEELEMENTMETHODFEMCANBEUSEDTOLOCATETHECRITICALPOINTWHICHHASTHEHIGHESTSTRESSTHISCRITICALPOINTISONEOFTHEFACTORSTHATMAYCAUSETHEFATIGUEFAILURETHEMAGNITUDEOFTHESTRESSCANBEUSEDTOPREDICTTHELIFESPANOFTHETRUCKCHASSISTHEACCURACYOFPREDICTIONLIFEOFTRUCKCHASSISISDEPENDINGONTHERESULTOFITSSTRESSANALYSISTHEMOREACCURATERESULTOFSTRESSANALYSISTHEMOREVALIDTHEPREDICTEDLIFEOFOBJECTINTHISSTUDY,THESTRESSANALYSISISACCOMPLISHEDBYTHECOMMERCIALFINITEELEMENTPACKAGEDABAQUSTHEAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRYVEHICLESANDCOMPONENTSREPRESENTSASTRATEGICANDIMPORTANTBUSINESSSECTORINMALAYSIAWITHTHEEVENTUALTRADELIBERALIZATIONOFASEANFREETRADEAREAAFTA,LOCALAUTOMOTIVEMANUFACTURERSANDVENDORSSHALLREQUIRECARSANDCOMPONENTSOFWORLDCLASSSTANDARDNOISEANDVIBRATIONARECORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILOJOKURDIYAHOOCOMJURNALMEKANIKAL,DECEMBER200878REGIME,WHICHIMPLIESTHATNOFATIGUEFAILUREOFTRUSSESANDFLOORSYSTEMWOULDBEEXPECTEDANYTIMEDURINGITSSERVICELIFEYEANDMOAN10HAVEINVESTIGATEDTHESTATICANDFATIGUEBEHAVIOROFALUMINIUMBOXSTIFFENER/WEBFRAMECONNECTIONSUSINGFINITEELEMENTANALYSISFEATOPROVIDEACONNECTIONSOLUTIONTHATCANREDUCETHEFABRICATIONCOSTSBYCHANGINGTHECUTTINGSHAPESONTHEWEBFRAMEANDCORRESPONDINGLYTHEWELDPROCESSMEANWHILESUFFICIENTFATIGUESTRENGTHCANBEACHIEVEDFEBASEDFATIGUEWASUSEDTOLOCATETHECRITICALPOINTOFPROBABLECRACKINITIATIONANDTOPREDICTTHELIFEINADOORHINGESYSTEM11INTHISSTUDY,STRESSANALYSISOFHEAVYDUTYTRUCKCHASSISLOADEDBYSTATICFORCEWILLBEINVESTIGATEDTODETERMINETHELOCATIONOFCRITICALPOINTOFCRACKINITIATIONASAPRELIMINARYDATAFORFATIGUELIFEPREDICTIONOFTHISTRUCKCHASSIS20FINITEELEMENTANALYSISOFTRUCKCHASSIS21BASICCONCEPTOFFEMTHEFINITEELEMENTMETHODFEMISACOMPUTATIONALTECHNIQUEUSEDTOOBTAINAPPROXIMATESOLUTIONSOFBOUNDARYVALUEPROBLEMSINENGINEERINGSIMPLYSTATED,ABOUNDARYVALUEPROBLEMISAMATHEMATICALPROBLEMINWHICHONEORMOREDEPENDENTVARIABLESMUSTSATISFYADIFFERENTIALEQUATIONEVERYWHEREWITHINAKNOWNDOMAINOFINDEPENDENTVARIABLESANDSATISFYSPECIFICCONDITIONSONTHEBOUNDARYOFTHEDOMAIN12ANUNSOPHISTICATEDDESCRIPTIONOFTHEFEMETHODISTHATITINVOLVESCUTTINGASTRUCTUREINTOSEVERALELEMENTSPIECESOFSTRUCTURE,DESCRIBINGTHEBEHAVIOROFEACHELEMENTINASIMPLEWAY,THENRECONNECTINGELEMENTSATNODESASIFNODESWEREPINSORDROPSOFGLUETHATHOLDELEMENTSTOGETHERFIGURE1THISPROCESSRESULTSINASETOFSIMULTANEOUSALGEBRAICEQUATIONSINSTRESSANALYSISTHESEEQUATIONAREEQUILIBRIUMEQUATIONSOFTHENODESTHEREMAYBESEVERALHUNDREDORSEVERALTHOUSANDSUCHEQUATIONS,WHICHMEANTHATCOMPUTERIMPLEMENTATIONISMANDATORY13FIGURE1ACOARSE–MESH,TWODIMENSIONALMODELOFGEARTOOTHALLNODESANDELEMENTSLIEINPLANEOFTHEPAPER13

簡介：1應(yīng)用微控制器進行標準DMX512通信1引言DMX512是一種傳輸協(xié)議用于最專業(yè)的劇院燈光組件,例如調(diào)光器,掃描儀,移動燈、追光燈、掃描等等。這個應(yīng)用筆記介紹了一個用于傳輸和接收標準DMX512通信協(xié)議的解決方案，這樣就可以實現(xiàn)使用任何PIC微控制器提供一個通用異步收發(fā)器（UART）模塊。特別需要指出的是，通用設(shè)備PIC18F24J10，被用來在本應(yīng)用筆記提供的代碼示例。它提供了1024字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)存儲器,它允許演示代碼來存儲數(shù)據(jù),為整個512通道緩沖盡管這并不是必需的對于典型的應(yīng)用。只有一個外部RS485兼容的收發(fā)器必須完成應(yīng)用程序的框架。DMX解決方案分為兩部分1DMX512發(fā)送部分這部分將解釋如何生成和傳輸標準DMX512數(shù)據(jù)包。這是分為兩個小節(jié)A如何生成和傳輸標準DMX512包；B一個演示程序，說明如何發(fā)送命令到一個標準DMX512調(diào)光接收器。2DMX512接收部分這部分將解釋如何接收標準DMX512數(shù)據(jù)包。再次，它分為兩個小節(jié)A如何接收數(shù)據(jù)；B一個演示程序，它接收到的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送到PWM模塊用于控制一個LED的亮度。2背景在過去，變自耦變壓器被用來控制劇場舞臺燈光。這需要長期在臺上線供電的燈具，整個團隊將需要手動控制變壓器。后來，電動機接通了自耦變壓器，使控制少麻煩。最后，模擬控制采取了自耦變壓器的地方，變的很受歡迎，尤其是010V模擬游戲機。盡管如此，該系統(tǒng)有三大缺點1這容易產(chǎn)生噪音。2非線性調(diào)光可根據(jù)不同類型的燈具。3一個單獨的控制線，需要每個燈。隨著計算機技術(shù)變得更具成本效益，新的數(shù)字調(diào)音臺來到市場，并與他們需要一個新的標準，使來自不同制造商的設(shè)備進行互操作的需要。美國劇場技術(shù)研究所，USITT的，首先制定了在1986年之間的調(diào)光器和阿司匹林標準數(shù)字接口DMX512協(xié)議濃度，后來擴大并于1990年改善。該電流的發(fā)展標準DMX512A是目前管理的娛樂服務(wù)與技術(shù)協(xié)會（的ESTA）。服務(wù)與技術(shù)協(xié)會（的ESTA）。（ANSI）的標準（E111）的發(fā)展標準DMX512A是目前管理的娛樂服務(wù)與技術(shù)協(xié)會（的ESTA）。您可以從WWWESTAORG或者WWWANSIORG網(wǎng)站獲?。ㄙ徺I）一個由萬維網(wǎng)協(xié)議規(guī)范的副本。3分析DMX512協(xié)議標準DMX512（用于數(shù)字復(fù)縮寫），是極其簡單，成本低，相對強勁。由于這些優(yōu)勢，標準DMX512已獲得了很大的普及。顧名思義，它可以支持多達512個獨立的控制通道/設(shè)備。它是一個單向的異步串行傳輸協(xié)議，它不提供任何接收機和發(fā)射機之間的握手方式，也沒有提供任何錯誤檢查，或更正機制的形式。因此，它是不是適合任何安全關(guān)鍵應(yīng)用。在25萬的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸波特率使用物理接口與兩個多線和地線的RS485傳輸標準兼容。32．SENDDATA字節(jié)0到511的DMX框架3．SENDMAB數(shù)據(jù)線空閑的DMX4．SENDBREAKDMX資料線被拉低圖2發(fā)送狀態(tài)機在此應(yīng)用中，為了簡化代碼，但仍保持在時間限制，在SENDBREAK，SENDMAB和SENDMBB間隔為100微秒都設(shè)置。這些時間可以很容易改變，如果需要。TIMER0模塊是用來控制在100微秒的時間和傳輸?shù)淖止?jié)之間的間距。例1標準DMX512變送器狀態(tài)機代碼。示例1顯示了實施的DMX發(fā)送狀態(tài)機子程序輪廓。發(fā)送子程序的DMX在合作設(shè)計的多任務(wù)應(yīng)用程序使用。為了避免任何的時間問題上，應(yīng)稱為狀態(tài)機頻繁地從主程序循環(huán)（約每40微秒或以下）。該DMX發(fā)送狀態(tài)變量是用來表示當(dāng)前的狀態(tài)和跳

簡介：中文中文4890字MECHANICALPROPERTIESOFHYDROXYLFUNCTIONALIZEDCHLORINATEDPOLYETHYLENEPREPAREDBYINSITUCHLORINATINGGRAFTCOPOLYMERIZATION羥基官能團原位氯化接枝氯化聚乙烯的力學(xué)性能孫瑩瑩萬庚平王寶興趙繼若應(yīng)峰接受2008年1月21日/接受2008年6月3日/發(fā)表在線2008年7月4日施普林格科學(xué)商業(yè)媒體BV2008摘要接枝共聚物是由丙烯酸酯（PHEA）作為分支鏈，氯化聚乙烯（CPE）為骨架組成，CPECGHEA，是由原味氯化接枝共聚物合成的（ISCGC）。這個聚合物具有特殊的分子結(jié)構(gòu)包括短的接枝鏈和豐富的分支點。這個CPECGHEA的力學(xué)性能通過拉伸試驗、差示掃描量熱（DSC），動態(tài)熱學(xué)分析（DMA）進行研究。CPE和CPECGHEA它們拉伸斷裂表面的形態(tài)形成是用掃描電子顯微鏡調(diào)查（SEM）。測試結(jié)果顯示原味接枝共聚物比有差不多相同含氯量的CPE力學(xué)性能有了很大的提高。尤其是在接枝共聚物應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系曲線有個廣泛的高峰，意味著高彈性像變形。關(guān)鍵詞CPECGHEA官能團力學(xué)性能應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線原味接枝共聚物縮寫HEA二羥基乙烷丙烯酯CPE氯化聚乙烯ISCGC原位氯化接枝共聚發(fā)CPECGHEA原位聚乙烯氯化接枝二羥基乙烷丙烯酯DSC差示掃描量熱法DMA動態(tài)力學(xué)分析法SEM掃描電子顯微鏡HDPE高密度聚乙烯GD接枝度GPC凝膠滲透色譜法WAXD廣角X射線衍射TG玻璃花轉(zhuǎn)變溫度E’儲存模量TANΔ正切損耗角介紹為了擴展氯化聚乙烯（CPE）的應(yīng)用或者獲得有特殊用途的聚合物，CPE需要通過物理或化學(xué)的方法被改性。在近些年有許多關(guān)于CPE的改性方法的報告。這些改性的例子包括添加氯化的基質(zhì)，高阻位的苯酚化合物和有機的化合物等等去獲得好的阻尼和高硬度1–6。通過多組分機械混合技術(shù)，一種與接枝共聚物兼容的遇水膨脹彈性體已經(jīng)準備用CPE和聚（丙烯酸丙烯酰胺）作為主要材料，兩親性的接枝共聚物作為增溶劑7。炭黑（CB）作為填充補強劑也被放入CPE內(nèi)，為了獲得好的性能。對于CPE和CB的二組分系統(tǒng)，氧化的CB在低應(yīng)變振幅提供了高模量8。因為聚氨酯和CPE都含有極性的多功能的官能團，在加熱時可以相互作用形FIG2氯化聚乙烯（CPE）CL（WT）36應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線和聚乙烯原位氯化接枝二羥基乙烷丙烯酯CPECGHEACLWT361實驗材料材料在這個研究中的原始材料是高密度聚乙烯（HDPE），HDPELG6040由LGCHEMKOREA提供二羥基乙烷丙烯酯HEA是一個商業(yè)的等級由中國星路化工廠有限公司提供。氯氣由中國海晶化工廠提供。二氧化硅是一個商業(yè)等級由中國青島硅酸鈉有限公司提供。氯化聚乙烯和接枝共聚物CPECGHEA由實驗室中的學(xué)者提供。CPECGHEA的接枝度由1HNMR光譜學(xué)決定。CPECGHEA接枝共聚的確定細節(jié)將被發(fā)布在別處。CPECGHEACPECGHEA的合成的合成ISCGC在一個帶有攪拌葉片，溫度計，氣體輸送管的500ML圓底三頸燒瓶中進行。50GHOPE和一定量的HEA單體被加入到燒瓶中，攪拌約30MIN使HDPE和HEA充分混合。然后適量的二氧化硅被加入以避免PE的團聚。反映混合物在約40℃通過氮氣（N2）抽真空15MIN以排除氧氣（O2）。氯氣被引入到反應(yīng)中，反應(yīng)被引發(fā)，當(dāng)反應(yīng)進行時溫度升高，在氯含量達到17前保持在80±2°C，然后在反應(yīng)過程中升到一定溫度（140℃以下）。反應(yīng)過程是被反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)釋放的氯化氫（HCL）引發(fā)的。當(dāng)期望的氯含量達到時氯氣被停止，反應(yīng)被終止。這個系統(tǒng)被冷卻到100℃以下。反應(yīng)中的氯氣通過真空抽出然后空氣進入到反應(yīng)中，真空和氧氣涌入的操作被交替的進行以確保殘余的氯氣被完全的清除。CPECGHEA制備的合成計劃展示在FIG1差示掃描量熱法（差示掃描量熱法（DSCDSC）DSC測量是在一個珀金埃爾莫DSC7量熱計中進行。樣品在10°C/MIN的加熱速率下從70℃加熱到150℃去研究聚合物的玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變溫度。這個測試需在氮氣流動下實施并且912MG的樣品可以使用。動態(tài)里學(xué)分析（動態(tài)里學(xué)分析（DMADMA）不同樣品的動態(tài)力學(xué)性質(zhì)是由動態(tài)力學(xué)分析儀NETZSCHDMA242確定的，使用一個156HZ固定頻率，加熱速率3°C/MIN，在100°C到120°C范圍內(nèi)的動態(tài)拉伸模式。掃描電子顯微鏡（掃描電子顯微鏡（SEMSEM）SEMJEOLJSM6700F被用來研究拉伸測試獲得的表面斷裂的形態(tài)。表面斷裂通過JFC1600細涂層器涂上金，然后通過SEM檢驗。

簡介：出處MESKENDAHLSTHEINFLUENCEOFBUSINESSSTRATEGYONPROJECTPORTFOLIOMANAGEMENTANDITSSUCCESSACONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKJINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFPROJECTMANAGEMENT,2010,288807817中文7020字THEINFLUENCEOFBUSINESSSTRATEGYONPROJECTPORTFOLIOMANAGEMENTANDITSSUCCESSACONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKSASCHAMESKENDAHLTECHNISCHEUNIVERSIT?TBERLIN,CHAIRFORTECHNOLOGYANDINNOVATIONMANAGEMENT,GERMANYRECEIVED12MARCH2010RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM25JUNE2010ACCEPTED29JUNE2010商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略對項目組合管理及項目組合成功影響的一個理論框架商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略對項目組合管理及項目組合成功影響的一個理論框架摘要與企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略構(gòu)建相比，公司戰(zhàn)略實施面臨著更多的困難，為了消除公司戰(zhàn)略制定與戰(zhàn)略實施之間的差距，本文探究了商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略、項目組合管理、商業(yè)成功之間的關(guān)系，先前的研究為這些孤立的概念之間正相關(guān)系提供了一些證據(jù)，但是至今為止，還沒有一個連貫整體的理論框架來解釋從商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略到成功的整個過程，因此有關(guān)項目組合管理的研究都是戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向概念的延伸。本文在查閱大量文獻的基礎(chǔ)商業(yè)，提出一個考慮戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向、項目組合結(jié)果、項目組合成功、商業(yè)成功的全面的概念模型，這個模型今后可以用于企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略對項目組合管理和組合成功影響的實證研究，另外該模型在考慮其他因素條件下很容易延伸。1引言根據(jù)MANKINSANDSTEELE2005，公司只實現(xiàn)其戰(zhàn)略潛在價值的63，JOHNSON2004報道指出，66的公司戰(zhàn)略從來沒有被實現(xiàn)，當(dāng)戰(zhàn)略的實施通常被認為戰(zhàn)略的墳?zāi)苟缓雎?，研究的重點偏向于戰(zhàn)略的制定這個方面（GRUNDY,1998MORRISANDJAMIESON,2005）。但是就如HREBINIAK2006陳述的一樣，戰(zhàn)略的實施比戰(zhàn)略的制定面臨著更多的困難，這也恰是項目組合管理能夠發(fā)揮作用的地方，SHENHARETAL2001強調(diào)項目和項目組合是強有力的戰(zhàn)略武器，因此項目和項目組合常常被視為在特定戰(zhàn)略實施過程中的關(guān)鍵點CLELAND,1999DIETRICHANDLEHTONEN,2005GRUNDY,2000項目組合管理把公司內(nèi)部所有項目中同時進行的項目看做一個巨大的整體，在理論研究和實際應(yīng)用中獲得越來越多的重視ARTTOANDDIETRICH,2004DIETRICHANDLEHTONEN,2005PATANAKULANDMILOSEVIC,2009。項目組合是在一個企業(yè)內(nèi)部共同享有和競爭有限資源的一系列項目ARCHERANDGHASEMZADEH,1999。目前文獻認為項目組合管理的重點在于項目的評估、優(yōu)先級定位和選擇與戰(zhàn)略一致的項目EGARCHERANDGHASEMZADEH,2004COOPERETAL,2001ENGLUNDAND目前，只有很少的研究從單一的角度探究了企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略、項目組合管理、商業(yè)成功之間的關(guān)系，MüLLERETAL2008認為在戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的項目選擇與項目組合管理之間存在正相關(guān)系，一些其他的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)項目優(yōu)先級作為項目組合管理的一部分是一個成功的關(guān)鍵要素EGCOOPERETAL,1999ELONENANDARTTO,2003FRICKEETAL,2000。另外，一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)項目組合對于商業(yè)成功也有積極的影響，但至今沒有一個理論框架來解釋從戰(zhàn)略計劃經(jīng)過項目組合管理到商業(yè)成功整個過程，筆者提出一個基于戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向、項目組合結(jié)構(gòu)、項目組和成功、商業(yè)成功的理論框架，這里項目組合重點考慮分析的項目為公司內(nèi)部發(fā)起的項目、RWALKERANDRUEKERT,1987。本文依據(jù)VENKATRAMAN1989的提議提出了戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的概念來評估企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略，戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向描述一個公司行為和業(yè)績的總體態(tài)勢，它克服應(yīng)用分類方法EGMILESANDSNOW,1978PORTER,1980WRIGHTETAL,1995在評價公司戰(zhàn)略MORGANANDSTRONG,2003方面的廣泛局限性。在企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略和限制性條件下，項目組合結(jié)構(gòu)是一個周期性過程在評估和選擇新的項目提案及正在進行的項目ARCHERANDGHASEMZADEH,1999。為了評價項目組合管理以及其影響，與單個項目相比，結(jié)果更應(yīng)該可度量以及包含多個方面DIETRICHANDLEHTONEN,2005MARTINSUOANDLEHTONEN,2007。項目組合成功的評估常常依據(jù)多維度的評價指標（COOPERETAL2002），由于項目組合的周期性，項目組合管理需要提升整體業(yè)務(wù)，因此從近期和長期結(jié)果來看，商業(yè)成功應(yīng)從項目組合管理概念基礎(chǔ)上進行考慮SHENHARETAL2001。圖1展示了本文的基本框架，它認為戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向?qū)ι虡I(yè)成功的影響通過項目組合結(jié)構(gòu)和項目組合成功來作用的，同時，它也表明了戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向?qū)椖拷M合結(jié)構(gòu)和項目組和成功之間的關(guān)系具有調(diào)節(jié)作用。為了滿足現(xiàn)代公司EGS?DERLUND,2004的要求同時消除企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略制定與企

簡介：中文中文8930字出處出處LIGHTINGRESEARCHANDTECHNOLOGY,20151477153515573042關(guān)于提升商店光源顯色性的研究FSZABO′PHDA,RKE′RIBSCA,JSCHANDADSCA,PCSUTIMSCA,AWILMDIPLINGFHBANDEBAURDIPLPHYSC潘諾尼亞大學(xué)，電氣工程與信息系統(tǒng)系，VESZPRE′M，匈牙利歐司朗光電半導(dǎo)體有限公司，雷根斯堡，德國歐司朗有限公司，雷根斯堡，德國2014年9月10日接收；2015年1月4日修訂；2015年1月25日發(fā)行本文提供了更優(yōu)質(zhì)的LED光源在商店照明使用環(huán)境的方案。本研究的主要方面是對LED光源對不同顏色的紡織品的光譜功率分布的分析，也包括水果蔬菜，肉類和面包等產(chǎn)品。針對不同的頻段顏色的質(zhì)量指標，如顯色指數(shù)和顏色質(zhì)量規(guī)模。小規(guī)模的調(diào)查與眼動研究由歐司朗光電半導(dǎo)體有限公司在雷根斯堡大學(xué)完成，關(guān)于確定本實驗觀察者更傾向于哪些度量指標的測試均在潘諾尼亞大學(xué)完成。對于結(jié)論的心理影響已經(jīng)在層次分析過程和瑟斯頓方法的幫助下進行了評估。研究結(jié)論就是，商鋪光源的光譜功率分布是影響商鋪整體環(huán)境的主要方面。1簡介歐盟資助了ACRONYM公司的一個SSL4EU的三年項目，以建立一個應(yīng)用于辦公室，商鋪和家庭的光譜功率分布優(yōu)化方案。論文前14頁總結(jié)了關(guān)于顏色偏好調(diào)查的主要問題，介紹了參與調(diào)查的三個實驗室并討論了關(guān)于辦公室和家庭照明研究的細節(jié)。所偏好的顏色外觀在生活中的諸多方面起著重要的角色，不光光在辦公和家庭環(huán)境，同時影響著商店的環(huán)境。在商鋪照明領(lǐng)域，鹵素和高強的放電燈被視為傳統(tǒng)的光源。這些傳統(tǒng)光源在超市的使用上一般是放在顏色過濾器中，在肉類食品中因逆光光源可以使肉類更吸引人而大量采用，但同樣行為也應(yīng)用在果蔬上。但在服飾照明上，由于傳統(tǒng)光源對是不一樣的。CRI的基準光源的選擇方法經(jīng)常是受到批評的，甚至色彩保真度也被認為作為顏色表征的基準顏色的評價也是不合理的。為了改善使用者對顏色表觀的感受，光源光譜設(shè)計可以用來來改善物體的顏色表現(xiàn)。雖然顏色的改變會使得CRI值降低（顏色的改變會使得和CRI測試光源的差別變得更大），但是以顏色質(zhì)量等級（CQS）來看，只有在測試顏色減少或是測試光源下色調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)換時才會降低。隨著樣本集合全部增加，色濃度也會跟著增加，后者也會隨著最優(yōu)光頻率對人的對比度指數(shù)而改變。在時尚店方面，顏色的和諧給顧客留下的印象對其購買的決定有著重要的影響。在這些情況下，可以根據(jù)和諧顯色指數(shù)來優(yōu)化光源。3接受性的小規(guī)模研究31基礎(chǔ)設(shè)置這個小規(guī)模的研究由以下四個類別的測試樣品得出彩色紡織品、果蔬、肉類和烘焙產(chǎn)品。其所代表的類別在零售業(yè)是最常見的物品。每個類別都對光源的光譜分布有著不同的要求。實驗設(shè)置由兩個不同的顏色的盒子組成，照明光譜可以調(diào)節(jié)。每個格子的照度規(guī)定為500LX，尺寸為50CM50CM50CM，并要求在150CM遠的距離進行觀察，觀察者頭部使用腮托視野跟蹤系統(tǒng)。實驗環(huán)境的設(shè)置中視野跟蹤系統(tǒng)在左下角，顏色盒子放在右上方，見圖1每個類別包含四個物體以分辨對不同顏色的喜好程度，特別要求是物體要分別放在兩個照明臺上。例如，紡織品類包含紅色、藍色、棕色、淺綠的樣品。可能發(fā)生的現(xiàn)象就是在特定的光譜功率分布下紅色波段的表觀要優(yōu)于藍色波段的表現(xiàn)。因此，實驗的偏好性測試要一直在每個物體的特定場景。圖2和表1描述了四個類別帶有不同的顏色物體在各自類別下的比較。每個類別被四個不同光譜功率分布的光源所照射，第一個光譜分布是常用與傳統(tǒng)光源，其他三個光譜分布是自定義混合的LED光源頻率物體以兩種方式評價根據(jù)主觀的外在表現(xiàn)和隱式的用戶喜好。在顯式的調(diào)查中，觀察者坐在兩個照明臺之前并要做出選擇在那個燈光下物體看起來更好看這種成對比較的評測使用了BRADLEYTERRYLUCE的縮放比較法，一個和處理簡單物流功能的THURSTONE方法大致相同的方法。在隱式的調(diào)查中，眼動跟蹤系統(tǒng)和熱圖分析一起使用。這些研究評估了不同分類的物體在不同光譜下的吸引力。眼動跟蹤系統(tǒng)測試人的視野位置和瀏覽所有所有物體的累積持續(xù)時間。這確實表示了測試

簡介：外文文獻翻譯專業(yè)專業(yè)電氣工程及其自動化學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名陳嘉俐班級班級BD電氣071學(xué)號學(xué)號0720601103指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師胡國文電氣工程學(xué)院電氣工程學(xué)院CAPABLETOCOMPENSATEVOLTAGESAGSANDSWELLSNEVERTHELESS,THEYDEPENDONDEVICESTOSTOREENERGY,LIKELARGECAPACITORSORBATTERIESBANKTHENOMINALPOWEROPERATIONISAFUNCTIONOFSIZEANDCAPACITYOFTHOSEDEVICESIFTHEPOWERISINCREASED,THESIZEOFTHEDEVICESWILLINCREASEINSPITEOFTHEABOVE,THEUPSSYSTEMSARECAPABLETOSUPPORTENERGYINTERRUPTIONSOTHEROPTIONDEVELOPED,WHICHISABLETOCOMPENSATEVOLTAGESAGSISBASEDONPWMACACCONVERTER3,4THISSOLUTIONUSESANAUTOTRANSFORMERCOMPOSEDBYONEPRIMARYSIDEANDTWOSECONDARYWINDINGSPRESENTINGAGOODPERFORMANCETHESYSTEMCOMPENSATESUNTIL50VOLTAGESAGSANDSWELLSANDCANCONTINUOUSLYSHAPETHEOUTPUTVOLTAGETOBESINUSOIDALWITHLOWTHDNEVERTHELESS,THEAUTOTRANSFORMERDRIVESALLTHELOADPOWERDUETOITISCONNECTEDBETWEENTHELOADANDTHEACMAINSINTHISPAPERAPWMACACCONVERTERISPRESENTED,INORDERTOCOMPENSATEVOLTAGESAGSANDSWELLSSIMULTANEOUSLYINCRITICALLOADS,ANDTOMAINTAINACONTINUOUSREGULATIONINTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGETHESYSTEMCONSISTSINASINGLEPHASEACACCONVERTERINAMATRIXARRANGEMENT,ANDENERGYSTORAGEDEVICESARENOTREQUIREDAFOURSTEPSWITCHINGTECHNIQUEISUSEDTODRIVEACACCONVERTERSWITCHES,EXECUTINGSNUBBERLESSOPERATIONSTHEREFERENCESIGNALISGENERATEDUSINGSINGLEPHASEDQTHEORY,OBTAININGAFASTRESPONSETIMEANDCONTINUEREGULATION,WITHAHIGHEFFICIENCYONEOFTHEADVANTAGESINTHISSTRUCTUREISTHATTHETAPSOFTHECOUPLINGTRANSFORMERARENOTREQUIREDTOCHANGETHEPOLARITYOFTHECOMPENSATIONVOLTAGE,ANDTHECONVERTERDRIVESONLYAPERCENTOFTHELOADPOWERDESIGN,CONSTRUCTIONANDPERFORMANCEAREDETAILED,ANDSEVERALSIMULATIONSANDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSOBTAINEDWITHALABORATORYPROTOTYPEARESHOWEDTOVALIDATETHEAPPROACHIICONVERTERANALYSISTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEPROPOSEDAPPROACHISSHOWNINFIG1

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