簡(jiǎn)介：中文9160字譯自ENVIRONMENTALSCIENCETECHNOLOGY，2013，47，74377445電子廢棄物拆解與管理的影響稻粒中重金屬隨時(shí)間和空間的分布、遷移和健電子廢棄物拆解與管理的影響稻粒中重金屬隨時(shí)間和空間的分布、遷移和健康潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)康潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)摘要摘要自2005年起，考慮到環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)兩方面的因素，中國(guó)在電子廢棄物處理處置領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)開(kāi)始不斷強(qiáng)化管理、集中拆解和采用先進(jìn)循環(huán)回收技術(shù)等手段。在本研究中，為了研究砷、鎘、銅、鉛等元素隨時(shí)空的變化，采集了電子廢棄物拆解區(qū)2006年至2010年的水稻樣本。這些樣本中AS、CD、CU、PB含量的幾何平均值分別為111、217、4676、237NGG1。在取樣周期里，鉛含量的水平表現(xiàn)出顯著的下降趨勢(shì)，另外三種元素含量則保持相對(duì)連續(xù)甚至上升的趨勢(shì)。電子廢棄物拆解區(qū)的稻粒樣本中砷、鎘、銅、鉛濃度明顯高于其他地區(qū)P005，這表明電子垃圾拆解活動(dòng)與升高的鉛、銅、鎘含量之間的密切下相關(guān)。通過(guò)電子廢棄物拆解區(qū)大米消費(fèi)對(duì)人類進(jìn)行的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估表明調(diào)查結(jié)果中超過(guò)60的CD的危險(xiǎn)系數(shù)都超過(guò)1。研究結(jié)果表明嚴(yán)格貫徹電子廢棄垃圾拆解控制措施對(duì)控制重金屬向環(huán)境排放產(chǎn)生積極影響。然而，重金屬的環(huán)境行為不同于單個(gè)元素的地球化學(xué)特征。我們?nèi)匀恍枰嗟男迯?fù)技術(shù)以減少對(duì)周?chē)h(huán)境的重金屬污染。1引言引言近幾十年來(lái)，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，電力和電子設(shè)備廢物（EWASTE）的數(shù)量正持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，相應(yīng)的環(huán)境問(wèn)題也造成了公眾對(duì)電子廢棄物處理處置的擔(dān)憂13。盡管巴塞爾公約對(duì)電子廢棄物的跨境轉(zhuǎn)移行為做出了嚴(yán)格地控制管理規(guī)定，大量的電子廢棄物還是通過(guò)違法途徑或“灰市”被輸出到中國(guó)、印度和非洲一些國(guó)家4。除此之外，近年來(lái)在中國(guó)生產(chǎn)出的本土電子廢棄物數(shù)量也在持續(xù)增加5。電子設(shè)備包含大量可回收的化學(xué)成分，其中稀有金屬最值得人們關(guān)注。這是電子廢棄物循環(huán)產(chǎn)業(yè)數(shù)量在近幾十年迅速增長(zhǎng)的主要原因之一，尤其在發(fā)展中國(guó)家。由于安裝和操作的高成本，環(huán)境友好型循環(huán)回收技術(shù)對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，尤其是小型車(chē)間作坊來(lái)說(shuō)并不是最佳的選擇6。因此，發(fā)展中國(guó)家的很多地區(qū)采用原始的電子廢棄物回收技術(shù)，這也導(dǎo)致了相當(dāng)大量有害污染物的排放失去了控制，例如重金屬和持久性有機(jī)污染物（POPS）7,8。中國(guó)已經(jīng)起草和頒布了法律法規(guī)來(lái)管理電子廢棄物的違法處理，但是執(zhí)法不嚴(yán)已經(jīng)在近幾十年造成了一些的地方環(huán)境污染加重。一些惡名昭著的電子廢棄物拆解區(qū)坐落在中國(guó)，其中臺(tái)州和貴嶼是最大的電子垃圾拆解區(qū)9,10。在臺(tái)州、貴嶼電子廢棄物拆解區(qū)周?chē)纳锓N群和人類在內(nèi)的，發(fā)現(xiàn)了高水平的重金屬和持久性有機(jī)污染物的殘留8,1114。其中DENG,WJ等人15在電子廢棄物回收區(qū)的總懸浮顆粒（TSP）和細(xì)顆粒物（PM25）中發(fā)現(xiàn)了含量極高的鎘（CD）、銅（CU）和鉛PB。LEUNG等人曾評(píng)估了電子廢棄物循環(huán)再生據(jù)點(diǎn)和公共場(chǎng)所（如食品市場(chǎng)和學(xué)校操場(chǎng)）周?chē)牡乇砀⊥翗颖局兄亟饘俚臐舛龋Y(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)這回收區(qū)之一，早在21世紀(jì)初期，很多以家庭為單位的電子垃圾加工作坊就普遍存在。峰江鎮(zhèn)于20世紀(jì)80年代開(kāi)始回收改造廢棄的變壓器和發(fā)電機(jī)。在20世紀(jì)90年代早期，大量的電子廢棄物包括計(jì)算機(jī)、電纜、電視機(jī)、冰箱和其他家用電器廣泛以進(jìn)口渠道進(jìn)入這個(gè)區(qū)域。這里也是重要的農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)，其中水稻是主要的農(nóng)作物。本項(xiàng)研究的采樣區(qū)域分為兩部分。有共計(jì)采集99個(gè)的水稻谷粒樣品。第一部分采集于（79個(gè)樣本，2006年5個(gè)，2007年19個(gè)，2008年24個(gè)，2009年19個(gè)，2010年12個(gè)）是在峰江鎮(zhèn)2006年至2010年收獲期間，這部分樣品代表執(zhí)行更嚴(yán)格的法規(guī)以后，重金屬在水稻谷粒中的時(shí)間變化趨勢(shì)。第二部分（20個(gè)樣本）收集用來(lái)考察重金屬的空間分布和電子垃圾拆解活動(dòng)對(duì)周?chē)姆请娮永鸾鈪^(qū)的潛在影響。該部分樣本采集于2010年在峰江鎮(zhèn)電子垃圾拆解區(qū)周?chē)姆请娮永鸾鈪^(qū)，采樣區(qū)域覆蓋了方圓50KM范圍（如圖1）。每個(gè)樣本包含5個(gè)重復(fù)，都至少?gòu)拿總€(gè)村莊中幾個(gè)稻田中獲得的子樣本組成。這些樣本經(jīng)冷凍干燥后被分離成糙米，再用實(shí)驗(yàn)室去殼機(jī)去殼。經(jīng)過(guò)研究討論，考慮到實(shí)驗(yàn)的便捷性，我們把樣品分成四組，分別標(biāo)記為來(lái)自電子垃圾回收區(qū)的稻米樣本（RE），來(lái)自非電子垃圾回收區(qū)的稻米樣本（RN），來(lái)自電子垃圾回收區(qū)的去殼稻米樣本（HE），來(lái)自非電子垃圾回收區(qū)的去殼稻米樣本（HN）。22化學(xué)分析化學(xué)分析所有樣本都被磨成纖細(xì)的粉末，保存在4oC環(huán)境下，然后分析。分析方法是依據(jù)我們之前的工作17，只在此做簡(jiǎn)要描述。大約02G的樣本在聚四氯乙烯消化罐中被消化。其中加入2ML濃縮的硝酸（69，分析級(jí)純，SIGMAALDRIC提供）并預(yù)先消化4H。然后，加入1ML30的過(guò)氧化氫（北京化學(xué)試劑公司提供），在如下條件下用微波消解裝置（CEMMARSX500，美國(guó)）消化在10MIN內(nèi)逐漸加熱到160oC并保持恒溫30MIN，再在10MIN內(nèi)由160oC逐漸加熱到180oC保持恒溫30MIN。冷卻后，用超純水將消化產(chǎn)物稀釋至40ML，待分析。用電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜法（ICPMS，AGILENT7500CE，US）分析這些樣本的非金屬砷（AS）和三種重金屬CD、CU和PB的總濃度。所有的測(cè)定都用外標(biāo)法，平行測(cè)定三份獨(dú)立的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，并遵循我們實(shí)驗(yàn)室先前制定的質(zhì)量保證方法16,17。23質(zhì)量保證和質(zhì)量控制質(zhì)量保證和質(zhì)量控制表1電子垃圾拆解區(qū)和非電子垃圾拆解區(qū)的稻米及去殼稻米樣本中重金屬成分的含量電子垃圾拆解區(qū)和非電子垃圾拆解區(qū)的稻米及去殼稻米樣本中重金屬成分的含量元素地點(diǎn)N范圍中值A(chǔ)MAASDBGMGSDCASREDRNE7920142847233711711611942137671111512615CDRERN792029515428258260244496715867217383034CURERN79202808606638434146072619494413812560742467615242515PBRERN79202548210316123711525072118142371511711ASHEFHNG792092539116635267159274892221422591419416CDHEHN792029313715142285364735664936283283920CUHEHN792025411762576411637179572273104551920333933321803917264519PBHEHN7920106934471611281533477404013385091448334301684714A算術(shù)平均值；B算數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差；C幾何標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差；D電子垃圾拆解區(qū)稻米樣本；E非電子垃圾拆解區(qū)稻米樣本；F電子垃圾拆解區(qū)去殼稻米樣本；G非電子垃圾拆解區(qū)去殼稻米樣本。

簡(jiǎn)介：現(xiàn)代辦公建筑發(fā)展新趨勢(shì)現(xiàn)代辦公建筑發(fā)展新趨勢(shì)綠色決定價(jià)值個(gè)性贏得市場(chǎng)綠色決定價(jià)值個(gè)性贏得市場(chǎng)威廉．克萊因進(jìn)入二十一世紀(jì)后，美國(guó)人做過(guò)一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)，發(fā)現(xiàn)美國(guó)稅收來(lái)源的835來(lái)自于寫(xiě)字樓，而不是工廠。中國(guó)的比例估計(jì)還沒(méi)那么高，但同樣，寫(xiě)字樓已經(jīng)不再像二十世紀(jì)工業(yè)文明時(shí)代那樣，僅僅是工廠的管理附屬，僅僅是企業(yè)的接待站，僅僅是管理者的門(mén)面，而真正成為了財(cái)富的聚集地。因?yàn)閷?xiě)字樓性質(zhì)的這一種根本性變化，寫(xiě)字樓開(kāi)發(fā)，自然也越來(lái)越關(guān)注使用者，尤其是創(chuàng)造最大價(jià)值的員工本身的舒適、健康、個(gè)性化需求，能否激發(fā)使用者的靈感，進(jìn)行更有效率的腦力創(chuàng)造，成為衡量新時(shí)代寫(xiě)字樓的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。現(xiàn)代辦公建筑開(kāi)發(fā)，因而出現(xiàn)了以下一些新的趨勢(shì)。生態(tài)辦公綠色決定價(jià)值好幾年前，IBM就因?yàn)榄h(huán)境因素從中關(guān)村搬了出去，因?yàn)镮BM的全球?qū)懽謽嵌家裱?2攝氏度的辦公溫度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，用養(yǎng)熱帶魚(yú)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)養(yǎng)人、養(yǎng)設(shè)備，而中關(guān)村達(dá)不到這個(gè)要求。大企業(yè)的挑剔顯示了現(xiàn)代寫(xiě)字樓的最大特征生態(tài)辦公成為一種趨勢(shì)，最貴的樓不再是最高的樓，而是環(huán)境最好、最舒適的樓。當(dāng)然，生態(tài)辦公不僅意味著小環(huán)境的綠色舒適，還意味著針對(duì)大環(huán)境的節(jié)能環(huán)保，既讓員工快樂(lè)工作，提高效率，更能節(jié)省使用費(fèi)用，讓老板快樂(lè)賺錢(qián)。高層生態(tài)寫(xiě)字樓第2頁(yè)對(duì)流；建筑與三個(gè)三角形的綠化庭園結(jié)合，為大廈雙面均提供了富有生機(jī)的綠色空間，讓人感覺(jué)就像在園林中辦公一樣?？照{(diào)系統(tǒng)是生態(tài)寫(xiě)字樓的重要組成部分。像北京世紀(jì)財(cái)富中心、北京新保利大廈和深圳頂級(jí)寫(xiě)字樓華潤(rùn)大廈，都采用了VAV變風(fēng)量空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，通過(guò)高效的空氣處理設(shè)備、VAV分風(fēng)箱以及高精度的DDC控制器（直接數(shù)字控制器），并配以初效、中效雙級(jí)過(guò)濾設(shè)備，令樓內(nèi)的空氣更加清新、舒適。在杭州，生態(tài)寫(xiě)字樓的建設(shè)剛剛起步，像黃龍世紀(jì)廣場(chǎng)用的是呼吸幕墻，濱江區(qū)的UT斯達(dá)康新大樓大面積采用LOWE玻璃，而黃龍區(qū)的公元大廈，則可以算得上是一個(gè)較為全方位的生態(tài)寫(xiě)字樓，采用了開(kāi)放式幕墻、外遮陽(yáng)板、內(nèi)充氬氣的LOWE中空玻璃、新冷媒超級(jí)變頻多聯(lián)中央空調(diào)、全熱交換器、節(jié)能水龍頭等一系列材料、設(shè)備，還有一個(gè)7000平方米的綠色中央庭院，非常難得。生態(tài)低層庭院式商務(wù)樓生態(tài)辦公更徹底一些，自然是直接搬到郊外的景觀辦公區(qū)，趴在地面上，跟綠化結(jié)合，這在歐美已漸漸成為趨勢(shì)，尤其是高科技、需要頭腦創(chuàng)意的企業(yè)。景觀辦公區(qū)來(lái)源于霍華德的“花園城市”理念，一般坐落于大城市邊緣的新城，低密度、小體量的辦公樓與優(yōu)美的綠色園林景觀有機(jī)結(jié)合，使工作者能在休閑的環(huán)境中產(chǎn)生更多的靈感。最典型的景觀辦公區(qū)是美國(guó)的硅谷，由各種各樣的商務(wù)花園群落組成，像著名的甲骨文公司就沿湖建造，整個(gè)建筑群在湖邊徐徐展開(kāi)，景觀如畫(huà)。美國(guó)科羅拉多州奧羅拉市的水園辦公園區(qū)，人工湖、小水池、瀑布、溪流，營(yíng)造出夢(mèng)幻般的水園景色，在里面辦公，自然是神清

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）英文翻譯英文翻譯題目專業(yè)金融學(xué)班級(jí)20102010金融秋季班金融秋季班學(xué)生學(xué)號(hào)學(xué)生學(xué)號(hào)10610012575561061001257556學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名崔航崔航指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師高建霞高建霞2012年2FACEDTHEPROBLEMOFBANKSBEINGCLOSEDATNONWORKINGHOURSANDWECANHANDLEBANKINGAFFAIRSALLTHETIMETHEREFOREITSAVESTHECUSTOMERSTIMEANDMONEYONTHEOTHERHANDINRECENTYEARSMOBILEPHONESHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDANDWIDELYUSEDAFTERTHEMOBILEPHONESHAVEGOTSODEVELOPEDANDSOPHISTICATEDANDHAVEBEENMODIFIEDTOBECAPABLEOFNEWSERVICESTHEBANKSTOOKINTOCONSIDERATIONTHEPRESENTATIONOFBANKINGSERVICESTHROUGHMOBILEPHONESTOMENTIONTHEREASONSOFSUPERIORITYOFMBANKINGMOBILEBANKINGOVEREBANKINGELECTRONICBANKINGWECANPOINTTOTHEFOLLOWINGITEMS2,31NOPLACERESTRICTIONINMBANKINGWECANHANDLEOURBANKINGTRANSACTIONSWHEREVERWEAREANDWHENEVERWEWANT2HIGHPENETRATIONCOEFFICIENTHIGHCOEFFICIENTOFMOBILEPHONEUSEINTHEWORLDGUARANTEESPROBABILITYOFGROWTHANDSUCCESSFORMOBILEBANKINGSERVICES3FULLYPERSONALIZEDMOBILEPHONESARECOMPLETELYPRIVATEANDAREUSEDONLYBYITSOWNERTHEREFOREITINCREASESAUTHENTICITYOFIDENTIFICATIONOFTHEPEOPLEWHOUSETHEBANKINGSERVICES4AVAILABILITYMOSTPEOPLECARRYTHEIRMOBILEPHONESWITHTHEMWHEREVERTHEYGOWHETHERINDOORSOROUTDOORSASARESULTITISPOSSIBLETOOFFERBANKINGSERVICESTOCUSTOMERSALLTHETIMEOFCOURSEMOBILEBANKINGHASSOMEDISADVANTAGESTOOAMONGMOSTIMPORTANTITEMSOFTHESEDISADVANTAGESWECANPOINTTOLACKOFPROPERKEYBOARDFORMOSTMOBILEPHONES,SMALLDISPLAYANDUNCERTAINTYOFUSERSABOUTSECURITYSYSTEMOFMOBILEBANKINGBUTASAWHOLEMOBILEBANKINGHASBEENWELCOMEDDUETOINCREASEOFCUSTOMERSWELFAREANDDECREASEOFCOSTSOFBANKINGSERVICESMOBILEBANKINGISDIVIDEDINTOMOBILEFORWARDINGSERVICESANDMOBILEBANKINGSERVICESMOBILEBANKINGSERVICESWHICHARETHESAMEASNORMALBANKINGSERVICESAREDIVIDEDINTOFOURTYPES1NOTIFICATIONSANDALERTSTHESESERVICESAREPRESENTEDFORADVISINGTHECUSTOMERSOFTHETRANSACTIONSDONEORTOBEDONECONCERNINGHISACCOUNT2INFORMATIONTHESPECIALPIECESOFINFORMATIONCONCERNINGTRANSACTIONSANDTHEAMOUNTOFMONEYAVAILABLEINCUSTOMERSACCOUNTARESENTATCERTAININTERVALS3APPLICATIONSINTHISTYPEOFSERVICESANAPPLICATIONISSENTTOTHESERVERCONCERNINGTHEACCOUNTORSPECIALTRANSACTION4TRANSFERTHROUGHTHISSERVICEBANKSCANTRANSFERAMOUNTOFMONEYBETWEENCUSTOMERSACCOUNTSORPAYANAMOUNTTOATHIRDPARTYTOIMPLEMENTMOBILEBANKINGWEREQUIREANINFRASTRUCTURESERVERSUCHASWAPWIRELESSAPPLICATIONPROTOCOL,IMODE,PALMNET,ETCFOREXCHANGEOFINFORMATIONWITHTHECUSTOMERWECANUSESERVICESSUCHASSMSSHORTMESSAGINGSERVICEORMMSMULTIMESSAGINGSERVICE4BUTINSOMEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESSUCHASIRANSERVICES

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文4195字出處出處JMANAGGOV201014115–144一個(gè)關(guān)于應(yīng)急理論基礎(chǔ)的內(nèi)部控制因素及其后果的形成ANNUKKAJOKIPII摘要摘要為了保證企業(yè)需求內(nèi)部控制活動(dòng)的有效性和信息的可靠性以及遵守法律的適用性。因此，COCO,COSO等幾個(gè)框架顯示公司的特征，這個(gè)不同對(duì)內(nèi)部的控制也不同。每個(gè)組織要選擇最適合的控制系統(tǒng)時(shí)，必須考慮到意外事故的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是否切合權(quán)變理論。本文研究的是檢視這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)特點(diǎn)的選擇是否適應(yīng)他們公司內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)和它是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致一些更加優(yōu)惠的有效性的評(píng)估控制管理。雖然內(nèi)部控制的組成部分已進(jìn)行單獨(dú)控制，本文嘗試闡明內(nèi)部控制的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)并將其放到更加廣闊的背景中。結(jié)果證明，基于對(duì)741芬蘭公司W(wǎng)EB調(diào)查，表明公司用內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境的不確定性，并觀測(cè)控制的有效性的戰(zhàn)略對(duì)其內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)有著顯著的效果。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞內(nèi)部控制、成效、權(quán)變理論、結(jié)構(gòu)方塊建模11文章概述文章概述人們普遍認(rèn)為，一個(gè)內(nèi)部控制系統(tǒng)可以幫助企業(yè)降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的可靠性保證體系和法律的遵循情況（SPIRAANDPAGE2003）因此，越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)倒閉和一些廣泛宣傳企業(yè)舞弊行為導(dǎo)致企業(yè)在他們具體的操作環(huán)境下更多的關(guān)注自己的內(nèi)部控制。在巨大的管理壓力下，如何提高內(nèi)部控制的有效性以及有效的與董事會(huì)和股東溝通。由于內(nèi)部控制可能會(huì)影響長(zhǎng)期的報(bào)告，導(dǎo)致審計(jì)人員、供應(yīng)商、客戶都對(duì)內(nèi)部控制感興趣。KINNEY在2000年指出，盡管內(nèi)部控制對(duì)公司影響很大，但在組織環(huán)境中內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)卻無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)。關(guān)于內(nèi)部控制的抓也文獻(xiàn)在國(guó)際研究上已取得進(jìn)展，但迄今為止，內(nèi)部控制的研究數(shù)量有限。在2004年SELTOANDWIDENER出版的專業(yè)文章中提出，在管理控制中研究較少的內(nèi)部控制有著很強(qiáng)的實(shí)用性。在2000年MAIJOOR越來(lái)越重視企業(yè)內(nèi)部的控制，以及現(xiàn)有的研究不足，為其創(chuàng)造了新的研究基于和需求。這項(xiàng)研究有助于了解內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)及其在公司環(huán)境中觀察到對(duì)公司的效果。即使內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)框架中提出了一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)部控制目標(biāo)，但仍然需要注意的是，有效地內(nèi)部控制是要根據(jù)公司的不同特點(diǎn)來(lái)制定的。因此，即使是內(nèi)部控制的框架中也無(wú)法提供一個(gè)企業(yè)的特點(diǎn)和其控制系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系。因此，本研究利用一個(gè)應(yīng)急方法，審查內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)，并且將其放到不同釋。權(quán)變理論構(gòu)成了一種新的方法來(lái)演技有內(nèi)部控制的理論和基礎(chǔ)特點(diǎn)，這些從應(yīng)急控制文件總結(jié)而來(lái)。戰(zhàn)略尺寸組織結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)知環(huán)境的不確定性應(yīng)變特征RQ1RQ2RQ3RQ4控制環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估控制活動(dòng)信息和通信監(jiān)控內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)RQ5效率和效力活動(dòng)可靠性信息遵守法律和法規(guī)內(nèi)部控制評(píng)判效果因此管理控制在組織制度中的一個(gè)重要控制子集一直是權(quán)變理論的研究主體。研究主要集中在上下文變量對(duì)管理控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的影響，在這文獻(xiàn)中，是對(duì)文獻(xiàn)回顧的研究基礎(chǔ)上分析的。其目的是利用了解內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)和影響來(lái)觀察成效以作為制定權(quán)變理論。內(nèi)部控制和權(quán)變理論共享某些元素，但是共同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)的廣度取決于所用的定義。在2003年CHENHALL指出，以前的應(yīng)變研究是基礎(chǔ)的管理控制研究，遵循傳統(tǒng)的感知旨在協(xié)助管理人員決策的被動(dòng)工具。一是管理控制系統(tǒng)包含了一個(gè)會(huì)計(jì)系統(tǒng)，還包括個(gè)人或家族控制的控制因素。圖1說(shuō)明了研究框架和理論基礎(chǔ)上的內(nèi)部控制框架。變量之間的關(guān)系有三組，在應(yīng)變特點(diǎn)，內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)和觀察成效是本文研究的終點(diǎn)。前四個(gè)研究問(wèn)題（RQ1RQ4）旨在測(cè)試（戰(zhàn)略，規(guī)模，組織應(yīng)變特征結(jié)構(gòu)和環(huán)境的不確定性）等因素對(duì)內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。這些因素前人都有所研究（例如CHENHALL2003；DONALDSON2001；HOQUEANDJAMES2000；MACINTOSH1994；SIMONS1987；DRAZINANDVANDEVEN1985；OTLEY1980指出，指出這些因素對(duì)控制結(jié)構(gòu)和企業(yè)的績(jī)效產(chǎn)生一定的影響。第五個(gè)研究因素（RQ5）集中于內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)部控制有效性的關(guān)系上。變量之間的理論關(guān)系是基于COSO1994年提出的。指出根據(jù)特定的情況對(duì)內(nèi)部控制的需求不盡相同，但是內(nèi)部控制組成的部分功能可以引導(dǎo)有效地內(nèi)部控制系統(tǒng)。FISHER1998年指出，成功的剪裁控制系統(tǒng)以適應(yīng)企業(yè)的特點(diǎn)等類似的權(quán)變理論對(duì)公司的業(yè)績(jī)有著突出的貢獻(xiàn)。然而企業(yè)可能有著傳統(tǒng)性能的其他目標(biāo)。因此根據(jù)FISHER1995年的建議，在模型中所設(shè)想的一個(gè)非財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo)對(duì)內(nèi)部控制的有效性產(chǎn)生理想的效果。用內(nèi)部控制因素管理眼力大的公司已成為關(guān)鍵的因

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簡(jiǎn)介：蘇州大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）1THEMENTALSTATEREQUIREMENTFORACCOMPLICELIABILITYINAMERICANCRIMINALLAWDUETOTHEINCONSISTENCYBETWEENTHEPLAINLANGUAGEOFSTATESACCOMPLICELIABILITYLEGISLATIONANDITSRESPECTIVEINTERPRETATIONINTHESTATECOURTS,MANYSTATESACCOMPLICELAWSPRESENTACONFUSEDPICTUREINTERMSOFTHELAWSSTANCEONACCOMPLICELIABILITYNOASPECTOFTHISLAWISMORECOMPLEXTHANTHATRELATINGTOTHEMENTALSTATEREQUIREMENTFORACCOMPLICELIABILITYNEVERTHELESS,IFONEENGAGESINACURSORYEXAMINATIONOFTHELEGALLITERATURE,CASELAW,ANDSTATELEGISLATIONCONCERNINGTHEMENTALSTATEREQUIREMENTFORACCOMPLICELIABILITY,ESSENTIALLYTHREEAPPROACHESSURFACETHESEAPPROACHESDIFFERINTHEDEGREETOWHICHTHEYHOLDANINDIVIDUALCULPABLEFORTHECONDUCTOFANOTHERFIRST,THEREISTHEPERSPECTIVEWHICHISPARTICULARLYPOPULARINTHEACADEMICCOMMUNITYTHATFAVORSAVERYLIMITED,NARROWAPPROACHWHEREBYACCOMPLICELIABILITYISDEPENDENTUPONAFINDINGTHATANACCUSEDS“PURPOSEWASTOENCOURAGEORASSISTANOTHERINTHECOMMISSIONOFACRIME“MEANWHILE,ASECONDPERSPECTIVEWHICHTHEMODELPENALCODEFOLLOWSTOSOMEEXTENT2TOLERATESAMOREEXPANSIVEAPPROACHWHEREBYANACCOMPLICESLIABILITYTURNSONWHETHERTHEACCOMPLICEHARBOREDTHEMENTALSTATEREQUIREDOFTHESUBSTANTIVECRIMEALLEGEDLYAIDEDORABETTEDTHEFIRSTAPPROACH,ASSERTSTHATANINDIVIDUALSHOULDONLYBELIABLEFORTHEACTSOFAPRINCIPALIFTHATINDIVIDUALACTEDWITHTHESPECIFICINTENTTOPROMOTEORASSISTTHEPRINCIPALSCOMMISSIONOFTHECRIMETHISTHEORYHOLDSTHATAMENTALSTATEOFKNOWLEDGEORRECKLESSNESSONTHEPARTOFANALLEGEDACCOMPLICEISINSUFFICIENTTOHOLDTHEALLEGEDACCOMPLICECULPABLEJURISDICTIONSFOLLOWINGTHISAPPROACHWILLONLYHOLDANALLEGEDACCOMPLICELIABLEFORTHECRIMESTHATTHEALLEGEDACCOMPLICEINTENDEDAPERPETRATORCOMMITALSO,IFTHEPERPETRATORCOMMITSASECONDARYCRIMEINPURSUANCEOFTHEINTENDEDCRIME,THEACCOMPLICEISNOTLIABLEFORTHESECONDARYCRIMEUNLESSTHEACCOMPLICEINTENDEDTOPROMOTEORFACILITATETHISOFFENSEASWELLSOLONGASTHEALLEGEDACCOMPLICEINTENDEDTOSOMEHOWASSISTORENCOURAGETHEPRINCIPALSCRIMINALITY,THEACCOMPLICEISLIABLEEVENIFTHESUBSTANTIVECRIMEONLYREQUIRESRECKLESSNESSORNEGLIGENCEONTHEPARTOFTHEPRINCIPALTHUS,IFALOANSHISGUNTOBKNOWINGBINTENDSTOUSEITTOSHOOTHISNEIGHBORSBARKINGDOG,AWOULDNOTBEANACCOMPLICETOBSACTUNLESSHEHIMSELFINTENDSTHATBSNEIGHBORSDOGBESHOTLIKEWISE,IFXGIVESTHEKEYSOFHERCARTOY,WHOISINTOXICATED,KNOWINGY蘇州大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）3THATDONOTDISTINGUISHBETWEENCONDUCTANDRESULTORIENTEDCRIMESWILLHOLDANINDIVIDUALLIABLEFORTHECONDUCTOFANOTHERASLONGASTHEINDIVIDUALPOSSESSEDTHESTATUTORILYPRESCRIBEDMENTALSTATEFORTHESUBSTANTIVECRIMETHETHIRDAPPROACH,WHICHTHISARTICLEREFERSTOASCATEGORY1I1,ISTHEMOSTEXPANSIVEOFTHEAPPROACHESSTATESFOLLOWINGTHISAPPROACHWILLHOLDANACTORLIABLEFORALLTHENATURALANDPROBABLECONSEQUENCESOFTHEINTENDEDCRIMEALTHOUGHSOMEJURISDICTIONSMAYNOTUSETHISEXACTLANGUAGE,THESESTATESREJECTTHENECESSITYOFPROVINGTHEACCOMPLICEHADEITHERTHESPECIFICINTENTREQUIREDBYTHECATEGORYIAPPROACHORTHESTATUTORILYPRESCRIBEDMENTALSTATEMANDATEDBYTHECATEGORYIIAPPROACHTHEREFORE,IFTHEPRINCIPALCOMMITTEDASECONDARYCRIMEINTHECOURSEOFCARRYINGOUTTHETARGETCRIMEEVENIFTHEACCOMPLICEHADNOWAYOFKNOWINGORANTICIPATINGTHATANINCIDENTALORSECONDARYCRIMEWOULDOCCUR,ACOURTWILLNONETHELESSCONVICTTHEACCOMPLICEOFTHEINCIDENTALCRIMEIFTHECOURTDETERMINESITTOBEANATURALANDPROBABLECONSEQUENCEOFTHEINTENDEDCRIMENOWTHEHYPOTHETICALABOVEBECOMEREALLYINTERESTINGASSUMEAFTERBSHOOTSHISNEIGHBORSBARKINGDOGWITHASGUN,THENEIGHBOR,C,BECOMESANGRYANDENGAGESBINAPHYSICALALTERCATIONDURINGWHICHBSHOOTSANDINJURESCIFWEAGREETHEALTERCATIONANDRESULTANTINJURYSUFFEREDBYCARENATURALANDPROBABLECONSEQUENCESOFASARMINGBWHILEKNOWINGOFBSINTENTIONS,AWOULDBELIABLEASANACCOMPLICEFORBSBATTERYOFCINTHEEXAMPLEWHEREXGIVESHERKEYSTOTHEINTOXICATEDYWHICHITSELFISAVIOLATIONOFTHESTATESMOTORVEHICLECODE,NOWASSUMEYNOTONLYRECKLESSLYBECOMESINVOLVEDINAFATALVEHICLECRASHBUTALSOTHATYCOLLIDESWITHAGASOLINETRUCK,WHICHEXPLODESANDCAUSESANEARBYBUILDINGTOCATCHFIREIFWEAGREETHATWHENXGIVESTHEINTOXICATEDYTHEKEYSTOHERCARSHESHOULDBEHELDACCOUNTABLEFORALLNATURALANDPROBABLECONSEQUENCES,ITISARGUABLETHATXISLIABLENOTONLYFORRECKLESSHOMICIDEIFYISINVOLVEDINAFATALCOLLISIONWHILEDRIVINGXSCARBUTALSOFORCRIMINALDAMAGETOPROPERTYORPERHAPSARSONOR,WORSEYET,IFAFIREFIGHTERORBUILDINGOCCUPANTDIESINTHEFIRE,ITMIGHTEVENBEASSERTEDTHATXISLIABLEFORMANSLAUGHTERMEMBERSOFTHEACADEMICCOMMUNITY,INCLUDINGPROFESSORSWAYNELAFAVE,JOSHUADRESSIER,ANDAUDREYROGERS,HAVESTRONGLYCRITICIZEDTHECATEGORYIIIAPPROACHBECAUSEITHOLDSANINDIVIDUALTOTHESAMECULPABILITYASAPRINCIPALFORACRIMETHECOMMISSIONOFWHICHTHEACCOMPLICEHADNOKNOWLEDGEOFORINTENTTO

簡(jiǎn)介：景觀設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格和園林價(jià)值保護(hù)之間的關(guān)系德國(guó)魏瑪歷史公園的案例研究景觀設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格和園林價(jià)值保護(hù)之間的關(guān)系德國(guó)魏瑪歷史公園的案例研究MARTINKüMMERLING,NORBERTMüLLER景觀管理與生態(tài)恢復(fù)部門(mén)以及URBIO總公司，德國(guó)埃爾福特應(yīng)用技術(shù)大學(xué)關(guān)鍵詞生物多樣性；歷史公園；園藝；城市公園；植被；摘要城市公園可以通過(guò)被引入植物的種植成為入侵源。另一方面，城市公園作為生物多樣性的熱點(diǎn)地區(qū)，可以支持保護(hù)瀕危和罕見(jiàn)的分類單元。即使歷史城市公園首先被評(píng)估為遺產(chǎn)，但它們依然為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和積極的審美以及社會(huì)價(jià)值服務(wù)。雖然在歐洲有許多研究是關(guān)于設(shè)計(jì)的，公園的哲學(xué)和歷史背景就像生物多樣性的研究一樣，幾乎沒(méi)有研究提出景觀設(shè)計(jì)原則如何影響了公園的生物保護(hù)價(jià)值。因?yàn)樵跉W洲，公園的景觀風(fēng)格是一個(gè)最具影響力的歷史景觀設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格，我們將我們的研究集中在德國(guó)魏瑪?shù)摹耙翣柲泛优瞎珗@”。它創(chuàng)建于18世紀(jì)晚期，并且在1998年被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織列為世界遺產(chǎn)的一部分。我們的研究問(wèn)題是1哪些設(shè)計(jì)原則、植物原料和技術(shù)實(shí)施被使用在創(chuàng)建和管理公園的過(guò)程中2對(duì)于公園的生物保護(hù)尤其是瀕危植物物種和棲息地的保護(hù)來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)前什么才是具有價(jià)值的3設(shè)計(jì)原則和現(xiàn)代公園的價(jià)值之間是什么關(guān)系我們將我們的結(jié)果與類似的公園景觀做一對(duì)比，并對(duì)未來(lái)可持續(xù)的公園設(shè)計(jì)和公園恢復(fù)管理給出建議。我們的研究問(wèn)題是1哪些設(shè)計(jì)原則、植物原料和技術(shù)實(shí)施被使用在創(chuàng)建和管理公園的過(guò)程中2對(duì)于公園的生物保護(hù)尤其是瀕危植物物種和棲息地的保護(hù)來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)前什么才是具有價(jià)值的3設(shè)計(jì)原則和現(xiàn)代公園的價(jià)值之間是什么關(guān)系我們將我們的結(jié)果與類似的公園景觀做一對(duì)比，并對(duì)未來(lái)可持續(xù)的公園設(shè)計(jì)和公園恢復(fù)管理給出建議。22研究地點(diǎn)研究地點(diǎn)“伊爾姆河畔公園”坐落在德國(guó)中部的魏瑪（215MASL），公園的起源可以追溯到1778年。對(duì)于許多歐洲的歷史公園來(lái)說(shuō)，“伊爾姆河畔公園”是建在以前的一個(gè)規(guī)整花園的位置上（幾何式的），它被設(shè)計(jì)在卡爾奧格斯特公爵的宮殿旁邊。當(dāng)時(shí)公園位于魏瑪?shù)慕紖^(qū)，1860年魏瑪城開(kāi)始擴(kuò)展，公園便開(kāi)始位于城市邊界內(nèi)。在魏瑪公爵的城市宮殿、北部的城市中心、現(xiàn)在OBERWEIMAR的SUBURBANISED村以及南方的高級(jí)住宅區(qū)之間，公園形成了伊爾姆河的泛濫平原的一部分（圖一為公園概況）。它周長(zhǎng)15公里，占地約048平方公里。泛濫平原的土壤是沖積土，山谷兩邊所包含的鈣質(zhì)材料就像KEUPER和含有石灰物質(zhì)的貝殼。

簡(jiǎn)介：1FPGA實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)適應(yīng)圖像閾值ELHAMASHARI電氣與計(jì)算機(jī)工程系,滑鐵盧大學(xué)理查德霍恩西計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和工程系,紐約大學(xué)摘要本文提出了一種基于實(shí)時(shí)閾值的通用FPGA結(jié)構(gòu)。硬件架構(gòu)是基于一種加權(quán)聚類算法的架構(gòu),這種算法的重點(diǎn)就在于聚類的前景和背景像素的閾值問(wèn)題。該方法采用聚類的二值加權(quán)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)法找到兩個(gè)像素組的質(zhì)心。圖像的閾值是兩個(gè)質(zhì)心的平均值。因?yàn)閷?duì)于每個(gè)輸入的像素，選定的最近的權(quán)值是用來(lái)更新的，因而推薦一種自適應(yīng)的閾值技術(shù)。更新是基于輸入像素的灰度級(jí)和相關(guān)權(quán)值的差額的，通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)快慢因素來(lái)衡量其速率。硬件系統(tǒng)是在FPGA平臺(tái)上實(shí)現(xiàn)的，它包含兩個(gè)功能模塊。第一個(gè)模塊獲得圖像框架閾值，另一個(gè)模塊將閾值應(yīng)用于圖像的框架。兩個(gè)模塊的并行性和簡(jiǎn)單的硬件組成部分使其適用于實(shí)時(shí)應(yīng)用程序，并且，其性能可與經(jīng)常用于離線閾值技術(shù)相媲美。通過(guò)利用FPGA對(duì)無(wú)數(shù)的例子進(jìn)行模擬和實(shí)驗(yàn)，得到該算法的結(jié)果。這項(xiàng)工作的基本應(yīng)用是確定激光的質(zhì)心，但接下來(lái)將會(huì)討論它在其他方面的應(yīng)用。關(guān)鍵詞實(shí)時(shí)閾值,自適應(yīng)閾值,FPGA實(shí)現(xiàn)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)1簡(jiǎn)介圖像二值化是圖像處理的一個(gè)主要問(wèn)題。如果要從一張圖像上提取有用的信息，我們需要將它分成不同的部分（例如背景色和前景色）來(lái)進(jìn)行更為詳細(xì)的分析。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，前景色的像素的灰度級(jí)與背景色的灰度級(jí)是不同的?，F(xiàn)在已有一些較好的使圖像二值化地算法，就性能而不是就速度而言，這些算法的主要目標(biāo)在于高效率，然而對(duì)于一些應(yīng)用，尤其對(duì)是在那些定制的硬件和實(shí)時(shí)應(yīng)用程序來(lái)說(shuō)，速度則是最關(guān)鍵的要求?？蓪?shí)現(xiàn)的快速而簡(jiǎn)單的閾值技術(shù)在實(shí)際成像系統(tǒng)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。例如，結(jié)合了CMOS圖像傳感器的片上圖像處理技術(shù)普遍存在于各種各樣的成像系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中。在這樣一個(gè)系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中，圖像的實(shí)時(shí)處理及其得到的相關(guān)信息是至關(guān)重要的。實(shí)時(shí)閾值技術(shù)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域包括機(jī)器人、汽車(chē)、目標(biāo)追蹤以及激光測(cè)距。在激光測(cè)距，即確定目標(biāo)的運(yùn)動(dòng)范圍的過(guò)程中，所捕獲的圖像為二值圖像。閾值技術(shù)被用來(lái)從背景色中分離耀斑以及質(zhì)心的定位。本文接下來(lái)將重點(diǎn)描述該技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。實(shí)時(shí)閾值的另一個(gè)應(yīng)用是文件處理及光學(xué)字符識(shí)別（OCR）。例如，一個(gè)高速的掃描儀每分鐘可掃描并處理大約超過(guò)100頁(yè)的文件。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，為達(dá)到速度的要求，利用一種專用硬件對(duì)圖像進(jìn)行處理和二值化。其中，最為典型的例子就是，通過(guò)CMOS或CCD相機(jī)，由掃描儀捕獲的圖像，都被轉(zhuǎn)換為二值圖像。再由文本文檔來(lái)儲(chǔ)存這些相對(duì)統(tǒng)一的背景色信息。由于將圖像轉(zhuǎn)換為二值圖像，可以在不丟失圖像的重要數(shù)據(jù)信息的基礎(chǔ)之上，明顯減少圖像的存儲(chǔ)空間，因此，更適合輸出和存儲(chǔ)。以上所提到的所有的應(yīng)用都有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，就是都是利用高性能、高精度的系統(tǒng)，通過(guò)快速算法來(lái)完成閾值的轉(zhuǎn)換。此外，在對(duì)圖像做進(jìn)一步的處理之前，都將圖像的二值化作為預(yù)處理步36局部法，根據(jù)局部圖像的特征，計(jì)算出每一像素點(diǎn)的閾值，例如局部對(duì)比度的方法WHITE14,表面濾波閾值法YAOWITZ15。為定量性能評(píng)估,SEZGIN1對(duì)以上所述方法進(jìn)行了具有比較性的調(diào)查研究，針對(duì)兩種不同的環(huán)境提出一些有用的閾值的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即文檔圖像無(wú)損檢測(cè)和無(wú)損檢測(cè)的圖像。采用了五種平均性能準(zhǔn)則分類錯(cuò)誤、邊緣匹配錯(cuò)誤、相對(duì)前景區(qū)域的誤差,改進(jìn)的距離,以及區(qū)域的非均勻性聚類方法和基于聚類的閾值方法都是最常用的方法。這個(gè)排名同時(shí)也被認(rèn)為是對(duì)提取對(duì)象的視覺(jué)輪廓的主觀評(píng)價(jià)。從硬件實(shí)現(xiàn)的角度來(lái)看,一個(gè)閾值方法的有效性也可以用其他參數(shù)來(lái)衡量，例如速度和復(fù)雜性。這些在實(shí)時(shí)圖像處理應(yīng)用過(guò)程中，都是非常重要的。所有的高素質(zhì)技術(shù)集群在進(jìn)行閾值計(jì)算之前，先對(duì)圖像的一些屬性進(jìn)行估算,例如,直方圖、最大/最小灰度值或者圖像方差。因此,圖片進(jìn)行逐像素的預(yù)處理。對(duì)數(shù)計(jì)算在基于熵的技術(shù)復(fù)雜的計(jì)算程序中也是必需的。硬件對(duì)數(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差計(jì)算使這些方法對(duì)硬件的要求復(fù)雜化。此外,在獲得足以計(jì)算閾值的圖片之后，這種方法仍需要大量的處理時(shí)間。雖然我們所討論的這些方法都具有良好的性能,但他們一般不適合實(shí)時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)?；蛘呶覀兛梢栽鰪?qiáng)或修改這些技術(shù)。對(duì)于閾值法最基本的要求就是其適應(yīng)性和高效性。它應(yīng)該也對(duì)圖像的與處理存在一定的依賴性。3提出的方法CLUSTERINGBASED方法仍是一個(gè)很常用的閾值技術(shù)1。在該方法中,圖像的灰度像素被分為兩個(gè)集群，即前景和背景。有幾種方法可得到聚類的一組輸入灰度像素。人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)ANN技術(shù)對(duì)解決分類和聚類問(wèn)題是非常有用的。TALUKDAR和SRIDHAR18使用一種神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)作為一個(gè)聚類技術(shù),稱為WEIGHTEDBASEDWCT聚類閾值。WEIGHTEDBASED聚類方法使用的人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的聚類特性來(lái)計(jì)算一個(gè)閾值,其閾值為兩個(gè)聚類質(zhì)心的均值。人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)就是原始節(jié)點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)單聚類。聚類通過(guò)創(chuàng)建層產(chǎn)生，并且相互連接。網(wǎng)絡(luò)的處理能力儲(chǔ)存在層間連接處,稱為權(quán)、是通過(guò)從一組訓(xùn)練模式中學(xué)習(xí)獲得的每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的輸入都乘以了一個(gè)連接的權(quán)值。在最近幾十年里,研究人員提出了不同的類別神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。每個(gè)類別都有其適用的一個(gè)特定的域,因而提出一個(gè)通用的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)解決所有的問(wèn)題似乎是不可能的。其中提出一種有關(guān)自適應(yīng)分類和圖像分割問(wèn)題的解決方案，就是非監(jiān)督的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)學(xué)習(xí)19。

簡(jiǎn)介：附錄附錄A科技文獻(xiàn)翻譯科技文獻(xiàn)翻譯原文原文CONSTRUCTIONANDBUILDINGMATERIALSVOLUME21,ISSUE5,MAY2007,PAGES10521060ANAPPROACHTODETERMINELONGTERMBEHAVIOROFCONCRETEMEMBERSPRESTRESSEDWITHFRPTENDONSABSTRACTTHECOMBINEDEFFECTSOFCREEPANDSHRINKAGEOFCONCRETEANDRELAXATIONOFPRESTRESSINGTENDONSCAUSEGRADUALCHANGESINTHESTRESSESINBOTHCONCRETEANDPRESTRESSINGTENDONSASIMPLEMETHODISPRESENTEDTOCALCULATETHELONGTERMPRESTRESSLOSSANDTHELONGTERMCHANGEINCONCRETESTRESSESINCONTINUOUSPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEMEMBERSWITHEITHERCARBONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERCFRPORARAMIDFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERAFRPTENDONSTHEMETHODSATISFIESTHEREQUIREMENTSOFEQUILIBRIUMANDCOMPATIBILITYANDAVOIDSTHEUSEOFANYEMPIRICALMULTIPLIERSASIMPLEGRAPHISPROPOSEDTOEVALUATETHEREDUCEDRELAXATIONINAFRPTENDONSITISSHOWNTHATTHEPRESTRESSLOSSINFRPTENDONSISSIGNIFICANTLYLESSTHANTHATWHENUSINGPRESTRESSINGSTEEL,MAINLYBECAUSEOFTHELOWERMODULIOFELASTICITYOFFRPTENDONSTHELONGTERMCHANGESINCONCRETESTRESSESANDDEFLECTIONCANBEEITHERSMALLERORGREATERTHANTHOSEOFCOMPARABLEGIRDERSPRESTRESSEDWITHSTEELTENDONS,DEPENDINGONTHETYPEOFFRPTENDONSANDTHEINITIALSTRESSPROFILEOFTHECROSSSECTIONUNDERCONSIDERATIONKEYWORDSCREEPFRPLONGTERMPRESTRESSLOSSPRESTRESSEDCONCRETERELAXATIONSHRINKAGENOMENCLATUREAAREAOFCROSSSECTIONDVERTICALDISTANCEMEASUREDFROMTOPFIBEROFCROSSSECTION31TRANSFORMEDSECTIONATT0CCONCRETECCNETCONCRETESECTIONFFRPREINFORCEMENTORFLANGEPPRESTRESSINGFRPTENDONPSPRESTRESSINGSTEELTENDONSSTEELREINFORCEMENTARTICLEOUTLINENOMENCLATURE1INTRODUCTION2RELAXATIONOFFRPPRESTRESSINGTENDONS3PROPOSEDMETHODOFANALYSIS31INITIALSTEPS32TIMEDEPENDENTCHANGEINCONCRETESTRESS33LONGTERMDEFLECTION4APPLICATIONTOCONTINUOUSGIRDERS5DEVELOPMENTOFDESIGNAIDS6ILLUSTRATIVEEXAMPLE7SUMMARYACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES1INTRODUCTIONTHEUSEOFFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERFRPTENDONSASPRESTRESSINGREINFORCEMENTSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDINTHEPASTDECADEANDAFEWCONCRETEBRIDGESHAVEALREADYBEENCONSTRUCTEDUTILIZINGFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERFRPTENDONSCOMPAREDTOCONVENTIONALSTEELPRESTRESSINGTENDONS,FRPTENDONSHAVEMANYADVANTAGES,INCLUDINGTHEIRNONCORROSIVEANDNONCONDUCTIVEPROPERTIES,LIGHTWEIGHT,ANDHIGHTENSILESTRENGTHMOSTOFTHERESEARCHCONDUCTEDONCONCRETEGIRDERSPRESTRESSEDWITH

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簡(jiǎn)介：SHORTCOMMUNICATIONTHEEFFECTSOFHEATTREATMENTONTHEMICROSTRUCTUREANDMECHANICALPROPERTYOFLASERMELTINGDEPOSITIONCTIALINTERMETALLICALLOYSHPQUA,,PLIA,SQZHANGA,ALIA,HMWANGA,BALABORATORYOFLASERMATERIALSPROCESSINGANDMANUFACTURING,BEIJINGUNIVERSITYOFAERONAUTICSANDASTRONAUTICS,37XUEYUANROAD,BEIJING100191,PRCHINABKEYLABORATORYOFAEROSPACEMATERIALS,MINISTRYOFEDUCATIONOFCHINA,BEIJINGUNIVERSITYOFAERONAUTICSANDASTRONAUTICS,37XUEYUANROAD,BEIJING100191,PRCHINAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED23MAY2009ACCEPTED21OCTOBER2009AVAILABLEONLINE25OCTOBER2009ABSTRACTTI–47AL–25V–1CRANDTI–40AL–2CRATINTERMETALLICALLOYSWASFABRICATEDBYTHELASERMELTINGDEPOSITIONLMDMANUFACTURINGPROCESSTHEMICROSTRUCTUREWASCHARACTERIZEDBYOPTICALMICROSCOPYOM,SCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPYSEM,TRANSMISSIONELECTRONMICROSCOPYTEMANDXRAYDIFFRACTIONXRDTHEROOMTEMPERATURERTTENSILEPROPERTIESANDVICKERSHARDNESSOFTHEASDEPOSITEDANDHEATTREATEDSPECIMENSWEREEVALUATEDONLONGITUDINALDIRECTIONSRESULTSSHOWSTHATFULLDENSITYCOLUMNARGRAINWITHFULLYLAMELLARFLMICROSTRUCTURECONSISTEDOFCTIALANDA2TI3ALWASFORMEDINTHEASDEPOSITEDCTIALSAMPLESTHEROOMTEMPERATURETENSILESTRENGTHOFTHEASDEPOSITEDTI–47AL–25V–1CRALLOYISUPTOAPPROXIMATELY650MPAINTHELONGITUDINALDIRECTIONAND600MPAFORTHEASDEPOSITEDTI–40AL–2CRALLOY,WHILETHETENSILEELONGATIONISAPPROXIMATELY06ATMOSTDIFFERENTMICROSTRUCTURETYPESWEREOBTAINEDINTHETI–47AL–25V–1CRANDTI–40AL–2CRALLOYAFTERHEATTREATMENTTHESTRESS–STRAINCURVEANDTHETENSILEFRACTURESUBSURFACEINDICATETHATTHEFRACTUREMANNEROFTHEASDEPOSITEDANDHEATTREATEDSPECIMENSWASINTERGRANULARMANNERCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2009PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONCTIALINTERMETALLICALLOYSHAVEBEENCONTINUOUSLYRESEARCHEDASTHEPROMISINGHIGHTEMPERATURECANDIDATESTRUCTURALMATERIALSDUETOITSHIGHMELTINGPOINT1450?C,LOWDENSITYUPTO4G/CM3,HIGHELASTICMODULUS160–180GPAANDHIGHCREEPSTRENGTHUPTO900?C1–4ONEOFTHEMAJORLIMITATIONSTOTHEIRSTRUCTURALAPPLICATIONSISLACKOFDUCTILITYATAMBIENTTEMPERATURETHESEALLOYSAREALSODIFFICULTTOBEPROCESSEDBYCONVENTIONALMANUFACTURINGROUTESSUCHASFORGING,ROLLINGANDWELDING5THEDISADVANTAGEOFTHECONVENTIONALCASTINGTECHNOLOGIESFORTIALCOMPONENTSISITSCOARSEASCASTMICROSTRUCTURETHATLEADSTOTHEPOORROOMTEMPERATUREMECHANICALPROPERTIESONTHEOTHERHAND,METALLURGICALDEFECTSSUCHASPOROSITYANDSHRINKAGEAREINEVITABLEDURINGTHECONVENTIONALSLOWCOOLINGSOLIDIFICATIONPROCESSTHESHAPEANDTHEDIMENSIONOFTHEPRODUCTSWEREALSORESTRICTEDBYTHESERIOUSTHERMALSTRESSINDUCEDCASTINGCRACKINGDEFECTSDUETOITSLOWDUCTILITYALTHOUGHFAIRLYGOODCOMPONENTSCOULDBEFABRICATEDBYCONVENTIONALCASTINGPROCESS,ITISRELATIVELYTOOCOSTLYANDTIMECONSUMINGSOMEOTHERMANUFACTURINGANDPROCESSINGROUTESSUCHASSPARKPLASMASINTERINGSPS6,7,SEMISOLIDFORMINGFROMBLENDEDELEMENTALPOWDERS8,REACTIVEFOILMETALLURGY9ANDLASERENGINEEREDNETSHAPINGLENS10HAVELONGBEENRESEARCHEDINORDERTOFABRICATEHIGHQUALITYTIALALLOYCOMPONENTSCONVENIENTLYUNFORTUNATELY,THENITROGENANDOXYGENCONTENTSAREINEVITABLYENHANCEDDURINGTHOSEPOWDERMETALLURGICALPROCESSES,FURTHERDETERIORATINGDUCTILITYOFTHETIALALLOYSLASERMELTINGDEPOSITIONLMDISARAPIDSOLIDIFICATIONMATERIALADDITIVELAYEREDMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGYFORBUILDINGCOMPONENTSFROMACOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNCADMODEL11DURINGTHELMDPROCESS,THEMOTIONOFTHEHIGHPOWERLASERBEAMISCONTROLLEDBYCNCSYSTEM,WHICHWASDEVELOPEDFROMTHECADMODELOFADESIREDCOMPONENTTHEMETALPOWDERSWEREINJECTEDINTOTHELASERFOCALZONEANDCONTINUOUSLYMELTFROMAPOWDERSDELIVERYNOZZLESUCCESSIVELAYERSARETHENSTACKEDTOPRODUCETHENEARNETSHAPECOMPONENTSWITHFULLDENSITYANDEXTREMELYFINERAPIDLYSOLIDIFIEDMICROSTRUCTUREDUETOTHEHIGHSOLIDIFICATIONCOOLINGRATEANYCOMPLICATEDSHAPESANDTHEDIMENSIONOFTHENEARNETSHAPECOMPONENTSCOULDBECONVENIENTLYPRODUCEDBYTHELMDADDITIVELAYEREDMANUFACTURINGMANNERFROMTHECADFILESINTHEPRESENTSTUDY,TI–47AL–25V–1CRANDTI–40AL–2CRATINTERMETALLICALLOYSWASSUCCESSFULLYFABRICATEDBYTHELASERMELTINGDEPOSITIONMANUFACTURINGPROCESSMICROSTRUCTUREOFTHEASDEPOSITEDANDHEATTREATEDSPECIMENWASINVESTIGATEDVICKERSHARDNESSANDROOMTEMPERATURETENSILEPROPERTYOFTHEASDEPOSITEDSPECIMENSONTHELONGITUDINALDIRECTIONWASEVALUATEDANDTHETENSILEFRACTURESURFACEANDSUBSURFACEWERECHARACTERIZED02613069/SEEFRONTMATTERCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2009PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMATDES200910045CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL861082317102FAX861082338131EMAILADDRESSQUHUAPENG0926163COMHPQUMATERIALSANDDESIGN3120102201–2210CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTMATERIALSANDDESIGNJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/MATDESPRESSURESHIELDEDTHEMELTPOOLFROMOXIDATIONANDTHEOXYGENCONTENTINTHECHAMBERISLESSTHAN100PPMTHELMDPROCESSINGPARAMETERSARELASERBEAMPOWER1500W,BEAMDIAMETER5MM,BEAMSCANNINGSPEED5MM/S,SINGLELAYERDEPOSITIONTHICKNESS02–03MM,POWDERDELIVERYRATE4–55G/MININTHISWORK,TI–47AL–25V–CRANDTI–40AL–2CRPOWDERSWITHANOXYGENCONTENTLESSTHAN01WTWASPRODUCEDBYVACUUMNONCONTACTINGPLASMAMELTINGARGONATOMIZATIONPROCESSTHEASCASTTI–6AL–2ZR–MO–1VANDTI–47AL–25V–CRALLOYINGOTWASMECHANICALLYPROCESSEDTOTHESHAPEOFTHINROBWITHTHEDIAMETERSOFABOUT10MMANDTHENMELTEDINAVACUUMNONCONTRACTINGPLASMAMELTINGFURNACETHROUGHASPECIFICALLYDESIGNEDNOZZLEULTIMATELY,THEMOLTENALLOYINTHENOZZLEWASRAPIDLYSOLIDIFIEDUNDERTHEHIGHSPEEDANDPURITYARFLOWTOTHEFORMOFSPHERICALPOWDERSTHEPARTICLESIZEOFTHEFINEALLOYPOWDERSRANGESFROM70TO75LMONTHEOTHERHAND,THEASCASTTI–6AL–2ZR–MO–1VINGOTWASHOTROLLEDTOTHINWALLLIKESPECIMENWITHTHETHICKNESSOF8–10MMASTHESUBSTRATEMATERIALTABLE1THESURFACEOFTHETI–6AL–2ZR–1MO–1VSUBSTRATEWASPREPOLISHEDBEFORELASERMELTINGDEPOSITIONTHEASDEPOSITEDSPECIMENSWERESEALEDINAQUARTZTUBEANDHEATTREATEDINAMUFFLEFURNACEMETALLOGRAPHICSPECIMENSPREPAREDBYSTANDARDMECHANICALPOLISHINGMETHODWEREETCHEDINAMIXEDSOLUTIONOF300MLH2O,100MLHNO3AND100MLHFANOLYMPUSBX51MOPTICALMICROSCOPE,JEM2100TEMANDAKYKY2800SEMFITTEDWITHLEAGUE2000EDXSYSTEMSWEREUSEDTOCHARACTERIZETHEMICROSTRUCTUREANDTOIDENTIFYTHECHEMICALCOMPOSITIONTHEVICKERSHARDNESSOFTHEGRADIENTZONEWASMEASUREDBYUSINGAHXZFIG3MICROSTRUCTUREANDTHELAMELLARSPACINGOFTHEASDEPOSITEDTI–47AL–25V–1CRA,BANDTI–40AL–2CRALLOYC,DTHEORIENTATIONRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHECTIALANDA2TI3ALPHASEE,FHPQUETAL/MATERIALSANDDESIGN3120102201–22102203

簡(jiǎn)介：EXPERIMENTALRESEARCHONSEISMICBEHAVIOROFABNORMALJOINTINREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMEABSTRACTBASEDONNINEPLANEABNORMALJOINTS,ONESPACEABNORMALJOINTEXPERIMENTANDAPSEUDODYNAMICTESTOFAPOWERPLANTMODEL,THEWORKMECHANISMANDTHEHYSTERETICCHARACTERISTICOFABNORMALJOINTAREPUTTOANALYSISINTHISPAPERACONCEPTIONOFMINORCOREDETERMINEDBYTHESMALLBEAMANDSMALLCOLUMN,ANDACONCLUSIONTHATTHESHEARCAPACITYOFAB2NORMALJOINTDEPENDSONMINORCOREAREPUTFORWARDINTHISPAPERTHISPAPERALSOANALYZESTHEEFFECTSOFAXIALCOMPRES2SION,HORIZONTALSTIRRUPSANDSECTIONVARIATIONOFBEAMANDCOLUMNONTHESHEARBEHAVIOROFABNORMALJOINTFINALLY,THEFORMULAOFSHEARCAPACITYFORABNORMALJOINTINREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMEISPROVIDEDKEYWORDSABNORMALJOINTMINORCORESEISMICBEHAVIORSHEARCAPACITYCLCNUMBERTU3754TU3171DOCUMENTCODEAARTICLEID100627930200602201682101INTRODUCTIONFORREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMESTRUCTURE,THEJOINTISAKEYCOMPONENTITISSUBJECTEDTOAXIALCOMPRESSION,BENDINGMOMENTANDSHEARFORCETHEKEYISWHETHERTHEJOINTHASENOUGHSHEARCAPACI2TYTHECHINESECODEFORSEISMICDESIGNOFBUILDINGSGB5001122001ADOPTSTHEFOLLOWINGFORMULATOCALCULATETHESHEARCAPACITYOFTHEREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMEJOINTVJ11ΗJFTBJHJ005ΗJNBJBCFYVASVJHB0A′SS1WHEREVJDESIGNVALUEOFTHESEISMICSHEARCAPACITYOFTHEJOINTCORESECTIONΗJINFLUENTIALCOEFFICIENTOFTHEORTHOGONALBEAMTOTHECOLUMNFTDESIGNVALUEOFCONCRETETENSILESTRENGTHBJEFFECTIVEWIDTHOFTHEJOINTCORESECTIONHJDEPTHOFTHEJOINTCORESECTION,WHICHCANBEADOPTEDASTHEDEPTHOFTHECOLUMNSECTIONINTHEVERIFICATIONDIRECTIONNDESIGNVALUEOFAXIALCOMPRESSIONATTHEBOTTOMOFUPPERCOLUMNWITHCONSIDERINGTHECOMBI2NATIONOFTHEEARTHQUAKEACTION,WHENN015FCBCHC,LETN05FCBCHCBCWIDTHOFTHECOLUMNSECTIONFYVDESIGNVALUEOFTHESTIRRUPTENSILESTRENGTHASVJTOTALSTIRRUPAREAINASETMAKINGUPONELAYERHB0EFFECTIVEDEPTHOFTHEBEAMIFTHEDEPTHOFTWOBEAMSATTHESIDEOFTHEJOINTISUNEQUAL,HB0THEAVERAGEDEPTHOFTWOBEAMSA′SDISTANCEFROMTHECENTROIDOFTHECOMPRESSIONBEAMSTEELBARTOTHEEXTREMECONCRETEFIBERSDISTANCEOFTHESTIRRUPEQ1ISBASEDONTHEFORMULAINTHEPREVIOUSSEISMICCODE1ANDSOMEMODIFICATIONSMADEEAVLICRANDITISSUIT2ABLETOTHENORMALJOINTOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAME,BUTNOTTOTHEABNORMALONEWHICHHASLARGEDIFFERENTINTHESECTIONOFTHEUPPERCOLUMNANDLOWERONE3600MMAND1200MM,LEFTBEAMANDRIGHTBEAM1800MMAND1200MMTHESHEARCAPACITYOFABNORMALJOINTSCALCULAT2EDBYEQ1MAYCAUSESOMEUNSAFERESULTSATYPEOFAB2NORMALJOINTWHICHOFTENEXISTSINTHEPOWERPLANTSTRUC2TUREISDISCUSSEDSEEFIG1,ANDITSBEHAVIORWASSTUD2IEDBASEDONTHEEXPERIMENTINTHISPAPERBONDGRADUALLYPERMEATEDTOWARDSTHEINTERNALCORE,ENHANCINGTHEBURDENOFTHEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARMECHANISMANDACCELERATESTHECOMPRESSIONFAILUREOFCONCRETEFIG4SHOWSTHEPHOTOSOFTYPICALDAMAGEDJOINTSAPSEUDODYNAMICTESTOFSPACEMODELOFPOWERPLANTSTRUCTUREWASCARRIEDOUTTORESEARCHTHEWORKINGBEHAVIOROFTHEABNORMALJOINTSINRE2ALSTRUCTUREANDTHESEISMICBEHAVIOROFSTRUCTUREFIG5SHOWSTHEPHOTOOFMODELTHETESTINCLUDESTWOSTEPSTHEFIRSTISTHEPSEUDODYNAMICTESTATTHISSTEP,EL2CENTROWAVEISINPUTANDTHEPEAKACCELERATIONVARIESFROM50GALTO1200GALTHESEISMICRESPONSEISMEASUREDTHESECONDISTHEPSEUDOSTATICTESTTHELOADINGCAN’TSTOPUNTILTHEMODELFAILSFIG7MINORCORETHEEXPERIMENTSHOWSTHATTHEDISTRIBUTIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHECRACKISINFLUENCEDBYTHERESTRICTIVEEFFECTOFTHEORTHOGONALBEAM,ANDTHECRACKOFJOINTCOREMAINLYDISTRIBUTESUNDERTHEORTHOGONALBEAMSEEFIG6,WHICHISDIFFERENTFROMTHERESULTOFTHEPLANEJOINTTEST,BUTSIMILARTOJ421033ANALYSISOFTESTRESULTS331MECHANICALANALYSISINTHEEXPERIMENT,THELOCATIONOFTHEINITIALCRACKOFTHEEXTERIORJOINTANDTHECRUSHEDPOSITIONOFCONCRETEBOTHAPPEARINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEJOINTCORE,ANDTHEPOSITIONISNEARTHECENTERLINEOFTHEUPPERCOL2UMNTHEINITIALCRACKANDCRUSHEDPOSITIONOFTHECONCRETEOFTHEINTERIORJOINTBOTHAPPEARINTHEMI2NORCORESEEFIG4,FIG7FORINTERIORABNORMALJOINTTHECRACKDOESN’TAPPEARORDEVELOPINTHEMA2JORCOREOUTSIDEOFTHEMINORCOREUNTILTHOROUGHCRACKINGTAKESPLACE,WHILETHECRACKSELDOMAPPEARSINTHESHADOWREGIONSEEFIG7ASTHEJOINTFAILSTHEREFORE,FORABNORMALJOINT,THESHEARCAPACITYOFTHEJOINTCOREDEPENDSONTHEPROPERTIESOFTHEMINORCORE,NAMELY,ONTHESTRENGTHGRADESOFCONCRETE,THESIZEANDTHEREINFORCEMENTOFTHEMINORCORE,GETTHEEFFECTOFTHEMAJORCOREDIMENSIONCAN’TBENEGLECTEDMECHANICALEFFECTSARETHESAMEWILLTHATOFTHENORMALJOINT,WHENTHEFORCESTRANSFERTOTHEMI2NORCORETHROUGHCOLUMNANDBEAMANDREINFORCEMENTBARTHEREFORE,THEWORKINGMECHANISMSOFNOR2MALJOINT,INCLUDINGTRUSSMECHANISM,DIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARMECHANISMANDRESTRICTIVEMECHANISMOFSTIRRUP,AREALSOSUITABLEFORMINORCOREOFTHEABNORMALJOINT,BUTTHEIRWORKINGCHARACTERISTICISNOTSYMMETRICALWHENTHELOADREVERSESFIG8ILLUSTRATESTHEWORKINGMECHANISMOFTHEABNORMALJOINTWHENTHELOADTRANSFERTOMINORCORE,THEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARAREAOFMINORCOREISBIGGERTHANNORMALJOINTCORE2COMPOSEDBYSMALLCOLUMNANDSMALLBEAMOFABNORMALJOINT,WHICHISDUETOTHECOMPRESSIVESTRESSDIFFUSIONOFCONCRETECOMPRESSIVEREGIONOFTHEBEAMANDCOLUMN,WHILEATTHESAMETIMETHECOMPRESSIONCARRIEDBYTHEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARBECOMESLARGEBECAUSETHEMAINPARTOFBONDFORCEOFCOLUMNANDBEAMISADDEDTOTHEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARBUTCONTRASTINGWITHTHEINCREASEDAREAOFDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBAR,THEINCREASEDACTIONISSMALLTHEREGIONINTHEMAJORCOREBUTOUTOFTHEMINORCOREHASLESSSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONANDFEWERCRACKSTHEREGIONCANCONFINETHEEXPANSIONOFTHECONCRETEOFTHEMINORCOREDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARCONCRETE,WHICHENHANCESTHECONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHOFMINORCOREDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBAR

簡(jiǎn)介：CHANGINGROLESOFTHECLIENTS,ARCHITECTSANDCONTRACTORSTHROUGHBIMRIZALSEBASTIANTNOBUILTENVIRONMENTANDGEOSCIENCES,DELFT,THENETHERLANDSABSTRACTPURPOSE–THISPAPERAIMSTOPRESENTAGENERALREVIEWOFTHEPRACTICALIMPLICATIONSOFBUILDINGINFORMATIONMODELLINGBIMBASEDONLITERATUREANDCASESTUDIESITSEEKSTOADDRESSTHENECESSITYFORAPPLYINGBIMANDREORGANISINGTHEPROCESSESANDROLESINHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTSTHISTYPEOFPROJECTISCOMPLEXDUETOCOMPLICATEDFUNCTIONALANDTECHNICALREQUIREMENTS,DECISIONMAKINGINVOLVINGALARGENUMBEROFSTAKEHOLDERS,ANDLONGTERMDEVELOPMENTPROCESSESDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH–THROUGHDESKRESEARCHANDREFERRINGTOTHEONGOINGEUROPEANRESEARCHPROJECTINPRO,THEFRAMEWORKFORINTEGRATEDCOLLABORATIONANDTHEUSEOFBIMAREANALYSEDTHROUGHSEVERALREALCASES,THECHANGINGROLESOFCLIENTS,ARCHITECTS,ANDCONTRACTORSTHROUGHBIMAPPLICATIONAREINVESTIGATEDFINDINGS–ONEOFTHEMAINFINDINGSISTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFTHEMAINFACTORSFORASUCCESSFULCOLLABORATIONUSINGBIM,WHICHCANBERECOGNISEDAS“POWER”P(pán)RODUCTINFORMATIONSHARINGP,ORGANISATIONALROLESSYNERGYO,WORKPROCESSESCOORDINATIONW,ENVIRONMENTFORTEAMWORKE,ANDREFERENCEDATACONSOLIDATIONRFURTHERMORE,ITISALSOFOUNDTHATTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFBIMINHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTSISSTILLLIMITEDDUETOCERTAINCOMMERCIALANDLEGALBARRIERS,ASWELLASTHEFACTTHATINTEGRATEDCOLLABORATIONHASNOTYETBEENEMBEDDEDINTHEREALESTATESTRATEGIESOFHEALTHCAREINSTITUTIONSORIGINALITY/VALUE–THISPAPERCONTRIBUTESTOTHEACTUALDISCUSSIONINSCIENCEANDPRACTICEONTHECHANGINGROLESANDPROCESSESTHATAREREQUIREDTODEVELOPANDOPERATESUSTAINABLEBUILDINGSWITHTHESUPPORTOFINTEGRATEDICTFRAMEWORKSANDTOOLSITPRESENTSTHESTATEOFTHEARTOFEUROPEANRESEARCHPROJECTSANDSOMEOFTHEFIRSTREALCASESOFBIMAPPLICATIONINHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTSKEYWORDSEUROPE,HOSPITALS,THENETHERLANDS,CONSTRUCTIONWORKS,RESPONSEFLEXIBILITY,PROJECTPLANNINGPAPERTYPEGENERALREVIEW1INTRODUCTIONHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTS,AREOFKEYIMPORTANCE,ANDINVOLVESIGNIFICANTINVESTMENT,ANDUSUALLYTAKEALONGTERMDEVELOPMENTPERIODHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTSAREALSOVERYCOMPLEXDUETOTHECOMPLICATEDREQUIREMENTSREGARDINGHYGIENE,SAFETY,SPECIALEQUIPMENTS,ANDHANDLINGOFALARGEAMOUNTOFDATATHEBUILDINGPROCESSISVERYDYNAMICANDCOMPRISESITERATIVEPHASESANDINTERMEDIATECHANGESMANYACTORSWITHSHIFTINGAGENDAS,ROLESANDRESPONSIBILITIESAREACTIVELYINVOLVED,SUCHASTHEHEALTHCAREINSTITUTIONS,NATIONALANDLOCALGOVERNMENTS,PROJECTDEVELOPERS,FINANCIALINSTITUTIONS,ARCHITECTS,CONTRACTORS,ADVISORS,FACILITYMANAGERS,ANDEQUIPMENTMANUFACTURERSANDSUPPLIERSSUCHBUILDINGPROJECTSAREVERYMUCHINFLUENCED,BYTHEHEALTHCAREPOLICY,WHICHCHANGESRAPIDLYINRESPONSETOTHEMEDICAL,SOCIETALANDTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTS,ANDVARIESGREATLYBETWEENCOUNTRIESWORLDHEALTHORGANIZATION,2000INTHENETHERLANDS,FOREXAMPLE,THEWAYABUILDINGPROJECTINTHETHECURRENTISSUEANDFULLTEXTARCHIVEOFTHISJOURNALISAVAILABLEATWWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOM/09699988HTMECAM18,2176RECEIVEDJANUARY2010ACCEPTEDFEBRUARY2010ENGINEERING,CONSTRUCTIONANDARCHITECTURALMANAGEMENTVOL18NO2,2011PP176187QEMERALDGROUPPUBLISHINGLIMITED09699988DOI101108/096999811111111482008,NEWLEGISLATIONONTHEMANAGEMENTOFHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTSANDREALESTATEHASCOMEINTOFORCEINTHISNEWLEGISLATION,APERMITFORHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTUNDERTHEWTZIISNOLONGEROBLIGATORY,NOROBTAINABLEDUTCHMINISTRYOFHEALTH,WELFAREANDSPORT,2008THISCHANGEALLOWSMOREFREEDOMFROMTHESTATEDIRECTEDPOLICY,ANDRESPECTIVELY,ALLOCATESMORERESPONSIBILITIESTOTHEHEALTHCAREORGANISATIONSTODEALWITHTHEFINANCINGANDMANAGEMENTOFTHEIRREALESTATETHENEWPOLICYIMPLIESTHATTHEHEALTHCAREINSTITUTIONSAREFULLYRESPONSIBLETOMANAGEANDFINANCETHEIRBUILDINGPROJECTSANDREALESTATETHEGOVERNMENT’SSUPPORTFORTHECOSTSOFHEALTHCAREFACILITIESWILLNOLONGERBEGIVENSEPARATELY,BUTWILLBEINCLUDEDINTHEFEEFORHEALTHCARESERVICESTHISMEANSTHATHEALTHCAREINSTITUTIONSMUSTEARNBACKTHEIRINVESTMENTONREALESTATETHROUGHTHEIRSERVICESTHISNEWPOLICYINTENDSTOSTIMULATESUSTAINABLEINNOVATIONSINTHEDESIGN,PROCUREMENTANDMANAGEMENTOFHEALTHCAREBUILDINGS,WHICHWILLCONTRIBUTETOEFFECTIVEANDEFFICIENTPRIMARYHEALTHCARESERVICESTHENEWSTRATEGYFORBUILDINGPROJECTSANDREALESTATEMANAGEMENTENDORSESANINTEGRATEDCOLLABORATIONAPPROACHINORDERTOASSURETHESUSTAINABILITYDURINGCONSTRUCTION,USE,ANDMAINTENANCE,THEENDUSERS,FACILITYMANAGERS,CONTRACTORSANDSPECIALISTCONTRACTORSNEEDTOBEINVOLVEDINTHEPLANNINGANDDESIGNPROCESSESTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHENEWSTRATEGYAREREFLECTEDINTHECHANGINGROLESOFTHEBUILDINGACTORSANDINTHENEWPROCUREMENTMETHODINTHETRADITIONALPROCUREMENTMETHOD,THEDESIGN,ANDITSDETAILS,AREDEVELOPEDBYTHEARCHITECT,ANDDESIGNENGINEERSTHEN,THECLIENTTHEHEALTHCAREINSTITUTIONSENDSANAPPLICATIONTOTHEMINISTRYOFHEALTHTOOBTAINANAPPROVALONTHEBUILDINGPERMITANDTHEFINANCIALSUPPORTFROMTHEGOVERNMENTFOLLOWINGTHIS,ACONTRACTORISSELECTEDTHROUGHATENDERPROCESSTHATEMPHASISESTHESEARCHFORTHELOWESTPRICEBIDDERDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPERIOD,CHANGESOFTENTAKEPLACEDUETOCONSTRUCTABILITYPROBLEMSOFTHEDESIGNANDNEWREQUIREMENTSFROMTHECLIENTBECAUSEOFTHEHIGHLEVELOFTECHNICALCOMPLEXITY,ANDMOREOVER,DECISIONMAKINGCOMPLEXITIES,THEWHOLEPROCESSFROMINITIATIONUNTILDELIVERYOFAHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTCANTAKEUPTOTENYEARSTIMEAFTERTHEDELIVERY,THEHEALTHCAREINSTITUTIONISFULLYINCHARGEOFTHEOPERATIONOFTHEFACILITIESREDESIGNSANDCHANGESALSOTAKEPLACEINTHEUSEPHASETOCOPEWITHNEWFUNCTIONSANDDEVELOPMENTSINTHEMEDICALWORLDVANREEDTDORTLAND,2009THEINTEGRATEDPROCUREMENTPICTURESANEWCONTRACTUALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEPARTIESINVOLVEDINABUILDINGPROJECTINSTEADOFARELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHECLIENTANDARCHITECTFORDESIGN,ANDTHECLIENTANDCONTRACTORFORCONSTRUCTION,INANINTEGRATEDPROCUREMENTTHECLIENTONLYHOLDSACONTRACTUALRELATIONSHIPWITHTHEMAINPARTYTHATISRESPONSIBLEFORBOTHDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONJOINTCONTRACTSTRIBUNAL,2007THETRADITIONALBORDERSBETWEENTASKSANDOCCUPATIONALGROUPSBECOMEBLURREDSINCEARCHITECTS,CONSULTINGFIRMS,CONTRACTORS,SUBCONTRACTORS,ANDSUPPLIERSALLSTANDONTHESUPPLYSIDEINTHEBUILDINGPROCESSWHILETHECLIENTONTHEDEMANDSIDESUCHCONFIGURATIONPUTSTHEARCHITECT,ENGINEERANDCONTRACTORINAVERYDIFFERENTPOSITIONTHATINFLUENCESNOTONLYTHEIRROLES,BUTALSOTHEIRRESPONSIBILITIES,TASKSANDCOMMUNICATIONWITHTHECLIENT,THEUSERS,THETEAMANDOTHERSTAKEHOLDERSTHETRANSITIONFROMTRADITIONALTOINTEGRATEDPROCUREMENTMETHODREQUIRESASHIFTOFMINDSETOFTHEPARTIESONBOTHTHEDEMANDANDSUPPLYSIDESITISESSENTIALFORTHECLIENTANDCONTRACTORTOHAVEAFAIRANDOPENCOLLABORATIONINWHICHBOTHCANOPTIMALLYUSETHEIRCOMPETENCIESTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTEGRATEDCOLLABORATIONISALSODETERMINEDBYTHECLIENT’SCAPACITYANDSTRATEGYTOORGANIZEINNOVATIVETENDERINGPROCEDURESSEBASTIANETAL,2009ECAM18,2178

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文1英文原文REHABILITATIONOFRECTANGULARSIMPLYSUPPORTEDRCBEAMSWITHSHEARDEFICIENCIESUSINGCFRPCOMPOSITESAHMEDKHALIFAA,,ANTONIONANNIBADEPARTMENTOFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFALEXANDRIA,ALEXANDRIA21544,EGYPTBDEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFMISSOURIATROLLA,ROLLA,MO65409,USARECEIVED28APRIL1999RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM30OCTOBER2001ACCEPTED10JANUARY2002ABSTRACTTHEPRESENTSTUDYEXAMINESTHESHEARPERFORMANCEANDMODESOFFAILUREOFRECTANGULARSIMPLYSUPPORTEDREINFORCEDCONCRETERCBEAMSDESIGNEDWITHSHEARDEFICIENCIESTHESEMEMBERSWERESTRENGTHENEDWITHEXTERNALLYBONDEDCARBONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERCFRPSHEETSANDEVALUATEDINTHELABORATORYTHEEXPERIMENTALPROGRAMCONSISTEDOFTWELVEFULLSCALERCBEAMSTESTEDTOFAILINSHEARTHEVARIABLESINVESTIGATEDWITHINTHISPROGRAMINCLUDEDSTEELSTIRRUPS,ANDTHESHEARSPANTOEFFECTIVEDEPTHRATIO,ASWELLASAMOUNTANDDISTRIBUTIONOFCFRPTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSINDICATEDTHATTHECONTRIBUTIONOFEXTERNALLYBONDEDCFRPTOTHESHEARCAPACITYWASSIGNIFICANTTHESHEARCAPACITYWASALSOSHOWNTOBEDEPENDENTUPONTHEVARIABLESINVESTIGATEDTESTRESULTSWEREUSEDTOVALIDATEASHEARDESIGNAPPROACH,WHICHSHOWEDCONSERVATIVEANDACCEPTABLEPREDICTIONS2002ELSEVIERSCIENCELTD○CALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSREHABILITATIONSHEARCARBONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMER1INTRODUCTIONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERFRPCOMPOSITESYSTEMS,COMPOSEDOFFIBERSEMBEDDEDINAPOLYMERICMATRIX,CANBEUSEDFORSHEARSTRENGTHENINGOFREINFORCEDCONCRETERCMEMBERS1–7MANYEXISTINGRCBEAMSAREDEFICIENTANDINNEEDOFSTRENGTHENINGTHESHEARFAILUREOFANRCBEAMISCLEARLYDIFFERENTFROMITSFLEXURALFAILUREINSHEAR,THEBEAMFAILSSUDDENLYWITHOUTSUFFICIENTWARNINGANDDIAGONALSHEARCRACKSARECONSIDERABLYWIDERTHANTHEFLEXURALCRACKS8THEOBJECTIVESOFTHISPROGRAMWERETO畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文3THEMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFTHEMATERIALSUSEDFORMANUFACTURINGTHETESTSPECIMENSARELISTEDINTABLE1FABRICATIONOFTHESPECIMENSINCLUDINGSURFACEPREPARATIONANDCFRPINSTALLATIONISDESCRIBEDELSEWHERE10TABLE122STRENGTHENINGSCHEMESONESPECIMENFROMEACHSERIESSW31,SW41,SO31ANDSO41WASLEFTWITHOUTSTRENGTHENINGASACONTROLSPECIMEN,WHEREASEIGHTBEAMSPECIMENSWERESTRENGTHENEDWITHEXTERNALLYBONDEDCFRPSHEETSFOLLOWINGTHREEDIFFERENTSCHEMESASILLUSTRATEDINFIG2INSERIESSW3,SPECIMENSW32WASSTRENGTHENEDWITHTWOCFRPPLIESHAVINGPERPENDICULARFIBERDIRECTIONS90°/0°THEFIRSTPLYWASATTACHEDINTHEFORMOFCONTINUOUSUWRAPWITHTHEFIBERDIRECTIONORIENTEDPERPENDICULARTOTHELONGITUDINALAXISOFTHESPECIMEN90°THESECONDPLYWASBONDEDONTHETWOSIDESOFTHESPECIMENWITHTHEFIBERDIRECTIONPARALLELTOTHEBEAMAXIS（0°）THISPLYIE0°PLYWASSELECTEDTOINVESTIGATETHEIMPACTOFADDITIONALHORIZONTALRESTRAINTONSHEARSTRENGTHINSERIESSW4,SPECIMENSW42WASSTRENGTHENEDWITHTWOCFRPPLIESHAVINGPERPENDICULARFIBERDIRECTION90°/0°ASFORSPECIMENSW32FOURBEAMSPECIMENSWERESTRENGTHENEDINSERIESSO3SPECIMENSO32WASSTRENGTHENEDWITHONEPLYCFRPSTRIPSINTHEFORMOFUWRAPWITH90°FIBERORIENTATIONTHESTRIPWIDTHWAS50MMWITHCENTERTOCENTERSPACINGOF125MMSPECIMENSO33WASSTRENGTHENEDINAMANNERSIMILARTOTHATOFSPECIMENSO32,BUT

簡(jiǎn)介：1文獻(xiàn)綜述1引言沖壓模具是沖壓生產(chǎn)必不可少的工藝裝備，是技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)品。沖壓件的質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)效率以及生產(chǎn)成本等，與模具設(shè)計(jì)和制造有直接關(guān)系。模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造技術(shù)水平的高低，是衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家產(chǎn)品制造水平高低的重要標(biāo)志之一，在很大程度上決定著產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、效益和新產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)能力。2005年2008年，我國(guó)沖壓模具產(chǎn)品均出口較大幅度的增長(zhǎng)。2009年在全球高壓鍋爐管市場(chǎng)總需求量下降的情況下，國(guó)際采購(gòu)商通過(guò)國(guó)內(nèi)某網(wǎng)站采購(gòu)沖壓模具的數(shù)量仍逆勢(shì)上揚(yáng)。我國(guó)沖壓模具的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力正在不斷提升。根據(jù)我國(guó)海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)資料顯示，2005年2008年，我國(guó)沖壓模具產(chǎn)品均出口較大幅度的增長(zhǎng)。2008年，即使遭受全球金融危機(jī)，我們沖壓模具出口金額達(dá)411億美元，比2007年的326億美元增長(zhǎng)了26。另外，2009年在全球高壓鍋爐管市場(chǎng)總需求量下降的情況下，國(guó)際采購(gòu)商通過(guò)國(guó)內(nèi)某網(wǎng)站采購(gòu)沖壓模具的數(shù)量仍逆勢(shì)上揚(yáng)。從全年采購(gòu)情況來(lái)看，總體趨于上漲的趨勢(shì)。其中，2009年下半年回暖明顯，國(guó)際采購(gòu)商借此網(wǎng)站采購(gòu)頻次約616頻次，比上半年的288頻次增長(zhǎng)了114％。雖然近年來(lái)我國(guó)模具行業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，但是離國(guó)內(nèi)的需要和國(guó)際水平還有很大的差距。差距較大主要表現(xiàn)在（1）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度低。（2）模具制造精度低、周期長(zhǎng)。解決這些問(wèn)題主要體現(xiàn)在模具設(shè)計(jì)上，故改善模具設(shè)計(jì)的水平成為拉近差距的關(guān)鍵性問(wèn)題。若要很好的設(shè)計(jì)出一副沖壓模具，就必須去了解沖壓模具的歷史、現(xiàn)狀以及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。2主體21沖壓模具的發(fā)展歷史我國(guó)考古發(fā)現(xiàn)，早在2000多年前，我國(guó)已有沖壓模具被用于制造銅器，證明了中國(guó)古代沖壓成型和沖壓模具方面的成就就在世界領(lǐng)先。1953年，長(zhǎng)春第一汽車(chē)制造廠在中國(guó)首次建立了沖模車(chē)間，該廠于1958年開(kāi)始制造汽車(chē)覆蓋件模具。我國(guó)于20世紀(jì)60年代開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)精沖模具。在走過(guò)了溫長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展道路之后，目前我國(guó)已形成了300多億元（未包括港、澳、臺(tái)的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字，下同）各類沖壓模具的生產(chǎn)能力。浙江寧波3色列公司的DIMATRON，還引進(jìn)了BUTODBD、DBTIB等軟件及法國(guó)MARTADARAVISION公司用于汽車(chē)及覆蓋件模具的EUCLIDIS等專用軟件。國(guó)內(nèi)汽車(chē)覆蓋件模具生產(chǎn)企業(yè)普遍采用了DBD/DBM技術(shù)。DL圖的設(shè)計(jì)和模具結(jié)構(gòu)圖的設(shè)計(jì)均已實(shí)現(xiàn)二維DBD，多數(shù)企業(yè)已經(jīng)向三維過(guò)渡，總圖生產(chǎn)逐步代替零件圖生產(chǎn)。且模具的參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì)也開(kāi)始走向少數(shù)模具廠家技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)的領(lǐng)域。在沖壓成型DBE軟件方面，除了引進(jìn)的軟件外，華中科技大學(xué)、吉林大學(xué)、湖南大學(xué)等都已研發(fā)了較高水平的具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的軟件，并已在生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中得到成功應(yīng)用，產(chǎn)生了良好的效益?？焖僭停≧P）與傳統(tǒng)的快速經(jīng)濟(jì)模具相結(jié)合，快速制造大型汽車(chē)覆蓋件模具，解決了原來(lái)低熔點(diǎn)合金模具靠樣件澆鑄模具，模具精度低、制件精度低，樣件制作難等問(wèn)題，實(shí)現(xiàn)了以三維DBD模型作為制模依據(jù)的快速模具制造，并且保證了制件的精度，為汽車(chē)行業(yè)新車(chē)型的開(kāi)發(fā)、車(chē)身快速試制提供了覆蓋件制作的保證，它標(biāo)志著RPM應(yīng)用于汽車(chē)車(chē)身大型覆蓋件試制模具已取得了成功。圍繞著汽車(chē)車(chē)身試制、大型覆蓋件模具的快速制造，今年來(lái)也涌現(xiàn)出一些新的快速成型方法，例如目前已開(kāi)始在生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用俄無(wú)模多點(diǎn)成型及激光沖擊和電磁成型等技術(shù)。它們都表現(xiàn)出了降低成本、提高效率等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。（2）模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造能力狀況在國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的正確引導(dǎo)下，經(jīng)過(guò)幾十年努力，現(xiàn)在我國(guó)沖壓模具的設(shè)計(jì)與制造能力已達(dá)到較高水平，包括信息工程和虛擬技術(shù)等許多現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)制造技術(shù)已在很多模具企業(yè)得到應(yīng)用。雖然如此，我國(guó)的沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)制造能力與市場(chǎng)需要和國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平相比仍有較大差距。這些主要表現(xiàn)在高檔轎車(chē)和大中型汽車(chē)覆蓋件模具及高精度沖模方面，無(wú)論在設(shè)計(jì)還是加工工藝和能力反面，都有較大差距。轎車(chē)覆蓋件模具，具有設(shè)計(jì)和制造難度大，質(zhì)量和精度要求高的特點(diǎn)，可代表覆蓋件模具的水平。雖然在設(shè)計(jì)制造方面和手段方面已基本達(dá)到了國(guó)際水平，模具結(jié)構(gòu)功能方面也接近國(guó)際水平，在轎車(chē)模具國(guó)產(chǎn)化進(jìn)程中前進(jìn)了一大步，但在制造質(zhì)量、進(jìn)度、制造周期等方面，與國(guó)外相比還存在一定的差距。標(biāo)志沖模技術(shù)先進(jìn)水平的多工位級(jí)進(jìn)模和多功能模具，是我國(guó)重點(diǎn)發(fā)展的精密模具品種。有代表性的是集機(jī)電一體化的鐵芯精密自動(dòng)閥片多功能模具，已基本達(dá)到國(guó)際水平。但總體上和國(guó)外多工位級(jí)進(jìn)模相比，在制造精度、使用壽命、模具結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上，仍存在一定差距。汽車(chē)覆蓋件模具制造技術(shù)正在不斷地提高和完善，高精度、高效益加工設(shè)備的使用越來(lái)越廣泛。高性能的五軸高速銑床和三軸的高速銑床的應(yīng)用已越來(lái)越多。ND、DND技術(shù)的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越成熟，可以進(jìn)行傾角加工和超精加工。這些都提高了模具型面加工精度，提高了模具的質(zhì)量，縮短了模具的制造周期。模具表面強(qiáng)化技術(shù)得到廣泛應(yīng)用。工藝成熟、無(wú)污染、成本