簡介：BIOLOGICALACTIVITIESOFCURCUMINANDITSANALOGUESCONGENERSMADEBYMANANDMOTHERNATUREPREETHAANANDA,SHERINGTHOMASB,AJAIKUMARBKUNNUMAKKARAA,CHITRASUNDARAMA,KUZHUVELILBHARIKUMARA,BOKYUNGSUNGA,SHEEJATTHARAKANA,KRISHNAMISRAC,INDIRAKPRIYADARSINID,KALLIKATNRAJASEKHARANB,BHARATBAGGARWALA,ACYTOKINERESEARCHLABORATORY,DEPARTMENTOFEXPERIMENTALTHERAPEUTICS,UNIT143,THEUNIVERSITYOFTEXASMDANDERSONCANCERCENTER,1515HOLCOMBEBOULEVARD,HOUSTON,TX77030,USABDEPARTMENTOFCHEMISTRY,UNIVERSITYOFKERALA,THIRUVANANTHAPURAM,INDIACBIOINFORMATICSDIVISION,INDIANINSTITUTEOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,ALLAHABAD,INDIADRADIATIONANDPHOTOCHEMISTRYDIVISION,BHABHAATOMICRESEARCHCENTRE,MUMBAI400085,INDIA1INTRODUCTIONCURCUMIN,COMMONLYCALLEDDIFERULOYLMETHANE,ISAHYDROPHOBICPOLYPHENOLDERIVEDFROMTHERHIZOMETURMERICOFTHEHERBCURCUMALONGATURMERICHASBEENUSEDTRADITIONALLYFORMANYAILMENTSBECAUSEOFITSWIDESPECTRUMOFPHARMACOLOGICALACTIVITIESCURCUMINHASBEENIDENTIFIEDASTHEACTIVEPRINCIPLEOFTURMERICCHEMICALLY,ITISABISA,BUNSATURATEDBDIKETONETHATEXHIBITSKETOENOLTAUTOMERISMCURCUMINHASBEENSHOWNTOEXHIBITANTIOXIDANT,ANTIINFLAMMATORY,ANTIMICROBIAL,ANDANTICARCINOGENICACTIVITIESITALSOHASHEPATOPROTECTIVEANDNEPHROPROTECTIVEACTIVITIES,SUPPRESSESTHROMBOSIS,PROTECTSAGAINSTMYOCARDIALINFARCTION,ANDHASHYPOGLYCEMICANDANTIRHEUMATICPROPERTIESMOREOVER,CURCUMINHASBEENSHOWNINVARIOUSANIMALMODELSANDHUMANSTUDIESTOBEEXTREMELYSAFEEVENATVERYHIGHDOSES1–12INBIOCHEMICALPHARMACOLOGY7620081590–1611ARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED27JUNE2008ACCEPTED7AUGUST2008KEYWORDSCURCUMINSYNTHETICANALOGUESBIOAVAILABILITYLIPOSOMESNANOPARTICLESABSTRACTCURCUMIN,AYELLOWPIGMENTPRESENTINTHEINDIANSPICETURMERICASSOCIATEDWITHCURRYPOWDER,HASBEENLINKEDWITHSUPPRESSIONOFINFLAMMATIONANGIOGENESISTUMORIGENESISDIABETESDISEASESOFTHECARDIOVASCULAR,PULMONARY,ANDNEUROLOGICALSYSTEMS,OFSKIN,ANDOFLIVERLOSSOFBONEANDMUSCLEDEPRESSIONCHRONICFATIGUEANDNEUROPATHICPAINTHEUTILITYOFCURCUMINISLIMITEDBYITSCOLOR,LACKOFWATERSOLUBILITY,ANDRELATIVELYLOWINVIVOBIOAVAILABILITYBECAUSEOFTHEMULTIPLETHERAPEUTICACTIVITIESATTRIBUTEDTOCURCUMIN,HOWEVER,THEREISANINTENSESEARCHFORA‘‘SUPERCURCUMIN’’WITHOUTTHESEPROBLEMSMULTIPLEAPPROACHESAREBEINGSOUGHTTOOVERCOMETHESELIMITATIONSTHESEINCLUDEDISCOVERYOFNATURALCURCUMINANALOGUESFROMTURMERICDISCOVERYOFNATURALCURCUMINANALOGUESMADEBYMOTHERNATURESYNTHESISOF‘‘MANMADE’’CURCUMINANALOGUESREFORMULATIONOFCURCUMINWITHVARIOUSOILSANDWITHINHIBITORSOFMETABOLISMEG,PIPERINEDEVELOPMENTOFLIPOSOMALANDNANOPARTICLEFORMULATIONSOFCURCUMINCONJUGATIONOFCURCUMINPRODRUGSANDLINKINGCURCUMINWITHPOLYETHYLENEGLYCOLCURCUMINISAHOMODIMEROFFERULOYLMETHANECONTAININGAMETHOXYGROUPANDAHYDROXYLGROUP,AHEPTADIENEWITHTWOMICHAELACCEPTORS,ANDANA,BDIKETONESTRUCTURALHOMOLOGUESINVOLVINGMODIFICATIONOFALLTHESEGROUPSAREBEINGCONSIDEREDTHISREVIEWFOCUSESONTHESTATUSOFALLTHESEAPPROACHESINGENERATINGA‘‘SUPERCURCUMIN’’2008ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL17137921817FAX17137456339EMAILADDRESSAGGARWALMDANDERSONORGBBAGGARWALAVAILABLEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/BIOCHEMPHARM00062952/–SEEFRONTMATTER2008ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JBCP200808008DIKETONELINKINTHISMOLECULE,THEA,BUNSATURATEDBDIKETONEMOIETYOFCURCUMINISREPLACEDBYANA,BUNSATURATEDDIHYDROPYRANONEMOIETYTODATE,NOTMANYBIOLOGICALSTUDIESONCYCLOCURCUMINHAVEBEENREPORTEDINONESTUDY,SIMONETAL14REPORTEDTHATTHISANALOGUEWASINEFFECTIVEININHIBITINGMCF7TUMORCELLPROLIFERATIONANDARRESTOFCELLCYCLEPROGRESSIONINTHELASTFEWDECADES,EFFORTSHAVEBEENMADETOISOLATECURCUMINOIDSFROMDIFFERENTSOURCES,INCLUDINGCURCUMALONGA,CURCUMAZEDOARIA,ANDCURCUMAAROMATICASEVERALRESEARCHGROUPSHAVEINVESTIGATEDANDCOMPAREDTHEIRANTIOXIDANT,CARDIOPROTECTIVE,NEUROPROTECTIVE,ANTIDIABETIC,ANTITUMOR,ANDCHEMOPREVENTIVEACTIVITIES,EMPLOYINGTHEMEITHERINDIVIDUALLYORASMIXTURESTHECURCUMINOIDSHAVEBEENSHOWNTOBESCAVENGERSOFFREERADICALSANDREACTIVEOXYGENSPECIESROS,SUCHASHYDROXYLRADICALS,SUPEROXIDERADICALS,SINGLETOXYGEN,PEROXYLRADICALS,ANDPEROXYNITRITE,WHOSEPRODUCTIONISIMPLICATEDINTHEINDUCTIONOFOXIDATIVESTRESSTABLE1–ACTIVITIESOFCURCUMINANALOGUESDERIVEDFROMTURMERICANDOFCURCUMINMETABOLITES?BDMCISMOREACTIVETHANDMCORCURCUMINFORCYTOTOXICITYAGAINSTOVARIANCANCERCELLS32?BDMCISLESSACTIVETHANCURCUMINORDMCASANANTIOXIDANTANDASANOXIDATIVEDNACLEAVINGAGENT15?BDMCISLESSACTIVETHANCURCUMINORDMCASANINHIBITOROFPEROXYNITRITESCAVENGER16?BDMCWASMOSTACTIVEWHENCOMPAREDWITHDMCORCURCUMINFORANTIMUTAGENICANDANTICARCINOGENICACTIVITY31?BDMCISMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMINORDMCFORANTITUMORANDANTIOXIDANTACTIVITY24?BDMCISMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMINORDMCFORSUPPRESSIONOFCARCINOGENESIS31?BDMCWASMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMINFORREDUCINGNICOTINEINDUCEDOXIDATIVESTRESS121?BDMCIMPROVEDINNATEIMMUNITYANDTRANSCRIPTIONOFMGATIIIANDTOLLLIKERECEPTORSINADPTS29?BDMCISMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMINFORMODULATIONOFMDR1GENE58?BDMCISLESSACTIVETHANCURCUMINORDMCININHIBITINGSINGLETOXYGENINDUCEDDNADAMAGE18?BDMCISLESSACTIVETHANCURCUMINORDMCINBINDINGANDINHIBITINGPGPANDSENSITIZINGCELLSTOVINBLASTIN35?BDMCISLESSACTIVETHANCURCUMINORDMCINBINDINGANDINHIBITINGMRP1ANDSENSITIZINGCELLSTOETOPOSIDE37?BDMCWASMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMINORDMCINPROTECTINGNERVEANDENDOTHELIALCELLSFROMBETAAMYLOIDINDUCEDOXIDATIVESTRESS27?BDMCPREVENTSDMHINDUCEDCOLONCARCINOGENESIS67?BDMCISASACTIVEASCURCUMININPREVENTINGDMHINDUCEDCOLONCARCINOGENESIS36?BDMCISMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMININPREVENTINGALCOHOLANDPUFAINDUCEDOXIDATIVESTRESS99?BDMCISMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMININPREVENTINGCCL4INDUCEDHEPATOTOXICITYINRATS122?BDMCISMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMININPREVENTINGALCOHOLANDPUFAINDUCEDCHOLESTEROL,TGS,PLSANDFFA104?BDMC,CURCUMIN,ANDDMCEXHIBITEQUIVALENTACTIVITYINSUPPRESSIONOFBLOODGLUCOSELEVELSINDIABETICMICETHROUGHBINDINGTOPPARG25?BDMCISLESSACTIVETHANCURCUMINANDDMCINPROTECTINGRATSFROMLEADINDUCEDNEUROTOXICITY28?BDMCISLESSACTIVETHANCURCUMINANDDMCINSUPPRESSINGNFKBACTIVATION30?BDMCISMOREACTIVETHANDMCORCURCUMINININDUCINGNRF2MEDIATEDINDUCTIONOFHEMEOXYGENASE136?BDMCISLEASTACTIVETHANDMCORCURCUMINININDUCINGP38MAPKMEDIATEDINDUCTIONOFHEMEOXYGENASE123?BDMCISLEASTACTIVETHANDMCORCURCUMINININHIBITINGH2O2INDUCEDLIPIDPEROXIDATIONANDHEMOLYSISOFEYTHROCYTES21?BDMCISLEASTACTIVETHANDMCORCURCUMINININHIBITINGTHEPROLIFERATIONOFVSMCINDUCEDBYOXLDLANDINDUCTIONOFLDLR21?BDMCISLEASTACTIVETHANDMCORCURCUMINININHIBITINGTHELIPOSOMALPEROXIDATIONANDOFCOX1ANDCOX2ACTIVITY20?DMCISMOREPOTENTTHANCURCUMIN,BDMCANDCYCLOCURCUMINININHIBITINGPROLIFERATIONOFBREASTCANCERCELLS14?DMCISMOREPOTENTTHANCURCUMINANDBDMCININDUCINGNEMATOCIDALACTIVITY13?THCISLESSPOTENTTHANCURCUMINININHIBITINGTHEACTIVITYOF5LOXBUTMOREPOTENTTHANCURCUMINININHIBITINGCOXDEPENDENTARACHIDONICACIDMETABOLISM60?THCISMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMININPREVENTINGDMHINDUCEDACFFORMATIONINMICE61?THCDOESNOTINDUCESROSPRODUCTIONANDMEMBRANEMOBILITYCOEFFICIENTBUTCURCUMINDOES185?THCISLESSACTIVETHANCURCUMININPREVENTINGPMAINDUCEDSKINTUMORPROMOTIONINMICE33?THCISMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMINASANANTIOXIDANT39THCISLESSACTIVETHANCURCUMINASANANTIOXIDANT186?THCISLESSACTIVEUNDERAERATEDCONDITIONTHANCURCUMINBUTUNDERN2OPURGEDCONDITIONS,THCISMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMININSUPPRESSINGRADIATIONINDUCEDLIPIDPEROXIDATION41?THCWASLESSACTIVETHANCURCUMIN,DMCORBDMCINSUPPRESSINGNFKBACTIVATION30?THC,HHC,OHCARELESSACTIVETHANCURCUMININSUPPRESSINGNFKBACTIVATION59?THCISMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMININSUPPRESSINGNITRILOTRIACETATEINDUCEDOXIDATIVERENALDAMAGE43?THCISMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMININPROTECTINGFROMCHLOROQUINEINDUCEDHEPATOTOXICITYINRATS45?THCISMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMININPREVENTINGBRAINLIPIDPEROXIDATIONINDIABETICRATS51?THCISMOREPOTENTTHANCURCUMINFORANTIOXIDANTANDANTIDIABETICEFFECTSINRATS48?THCISMOREPOTENTTHANCURCUMINFORMODULATIONOFRENALANDHEPATICFUNCTIONALMARKERSINDIABETICRATS56?THCISMOREPOTENTTHANCURCUMINFORMODULATIONOFBLOODGLUCOSE,PLASMAINSULINANDERYTHROCYTETBARSINDIABETICRATS55?THCISMOREPOTENTTHANCURCUMININDECREASINGBLOODGLUCOSEANDINCREASINGPLASMAINSULININDIABETICRATS50?THCISLESSPOTENTTHANCURCUMININMODULATIONOFABCDRUGTRANSPORTERS58?THC’SEFFECTWASCOMPARABLEWITHCURCUMINONREDUCTIONOFACCUMMULATIONANDCROSSLINKINGOFCOLLAGENINDIABETICRATS53?THCEXHIBITSSTRONGERANTIOXIDANTACTIVITYTHANHHCOHCCURCUMINDMCBDMC17?THCWASMOREPOTENTTHANCURCUMININSUPPRESSINGLDLOXIDATION42?THCISMOREACTIVETHANCURCUMININSUPPRESSINGLIPIDPEROXIDATIONOFERYTHROCYTEMEMBRANEGHOSTS40?CYCLOCUREXHIBITSWEEKANTICANCERACTIVITY14NOTEBDMC,BISDEMETHOXYCURCUMINCOX,CYCLOOXYGENASEDMC,DEMETHOXYCURCUMINHHC,HEXAHYDROCURCUMINLDL,LOWDENSITYLIPOPROTEINSNFKB,NUCLEARFACTORKAPPABOHC,OCTAHYDROCURCUMINROS,REACTIVEOXYGENSPECIESTHC,TETRAHYDROCURCUMINBIOCHEMICALPHARMACOLOGY7620081590–16111592

簡介：點(diǎn)擊查看更多環(huán)境工程外文資料翻譯--耕作方式與氮肥用量對土壤中有機(jī)物和氮的百分含量的影響（英文）精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：4OR2007599–116DOI101007/S1028800700473INVITEDSURVEYCOMBINATORIALOPTIMIZATIONANDGREENLOGISTICSABDELKADERSBIHIRICHARDWEGLESERECEIVED23FEBRUARY2007/REVISED20APRIL2007/PUBLISHEDONLINE1JUNE2007?SPRINGERVERLAG2007ABSTRACTTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOINTRODUCETHEAREAOFGREENLOGISTICSANDTODESCRIBESOMEOFTHEPROBLEMSTHATARISEINTHISSUBJECTWHICHCANBEFORMULATEDASCOMBINATORIALOPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMSTHEPAPERPARTICULARLYCONSIDERSTHETOPICSOFREVERSELOGISTICS,WASTEMANAGEMENTANDVEHICLEROUTINGANDSCHEDULINGKEYWORDSGREENLOGISTICSREVERSELOGISTICSCOMBINATORIALOPTIMIZATIONWASTEMANAGEMENTHAZARDOUSMATERIALSMSCCLASSIFICATION200090C1090C3590C5990C901INTRODUCTIONGREENLOGISTICSISCONCERNEDWITHPRODUCINGANDDISTRIBUTINGGOODSINASUSTAINABLEWAY,TAKINGACCOUNTOFENVIRONMENTALANDSOCIALFACTORSTHUSTHEOBJECTIVESARENOTONLYCONCERNEDWITHTHEECONOMICIMPACTOFLOGISTICSPOLICIESONTHEORGANIZATIONCARRYINGTHEMOUT,BUTALSOWITHTHEWIDEREFFECTSONSOCIETY,SUCHASTHEEFFECTSOFPOLLUTIONONTHEENVIRONMENTGREENLOGISTICSACTIVITIESINCLUDEMEASURINGTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTOFDIFFERENTDISTRIBUTIONSTRATEGIES,REDUCINGTHEENERGYUSAGEINLOGISTICSACTIVITIES,REDUCINGWASTEANDMANAGINGITSTREATMENTINRECENTYEARSTHEREHASBEENINCREASINGCONCERNABOUTTHEENVIRONMENTALEFFECTSONTHEPLANETOFHUMANACTIVITYANDCURRENTLOGISTICPRACTICESMAYNOTBESUSTAINABLEINTHELONGTERMASBIHIRWEGLESEBDEPARTMENTOFMANAGEMENTSCIENCE,LANCASTERUNIVERSITYMANAGEMENTSCHOOL,LANCASTER,LA14YX,UKEMAILASBIHILANCASTERACUKRWEGLESEEMAILREGLESELANCASTERACUK123COMBINATORIALOPTIMIZATIONANDGREENLOGISTICS101GRAMMINGMODELTODETERMINETHEOPTIMALINVESTMENTPOLICIESFORTHECOPPERINDUSTRYINCHILEAKEYPARTOFTHEMODELWASTOCONTROLAIRPOLLUTIONTHROUGHEMISSIONSINTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSLEGISLATIONWITHINTHEEUROPEANCOMMUNITYGIVESHIGHIMPORTANCETORECYCLEDPRODUCTSAND,INSOMECASES,ITHASESTABLISHEDTHERESPONSIBILITYFORTHEENDOFLIFEPRODUCTSTOTHEMANUFACTURERSFOREXAMPLE,THEWASTEELECTRONICANDELECTRICALEQUIPMENTWEEEDIRECTIVE2002/96/EC1DEALSWITHTHISSUCHLEGISLATIONISONEOFTHEDRIVERSINESTABLISHINGTHEIMPORTANCEOFREVERSELOGISTICSOPERATIONSMOSTEUROPEANCOMPANIESWILLINCREASINGLYHAVETOTHINKABOUTINCORPORATINGREVERSELOGISTICSACTIVITIESINTHEIRBUSINESSOPERATIONS21LOCATIONMODELSUSEDINREVERSELOGISTICSTHEREISAHUGEAMOUNTOFRESEARCHINFACILITYLOCATIONTHEORYINGENERALHOWEVER,INTHELITERATUREWEFOUNDRELATIVELYFEWPAPERSONTHISTOPICAPPLICABLETOREVERSELOGISTICSRLKRIKKE1998PROPOSESSOMEMODELSFORRLNETWORKDESIGNHEDESIGNSAMODELFORAMULTIPRODUCTANDMULTIECHELONSITUATIONTHEMODELALLOWSNEWFACILITIESTOBEADDEDWITHTHECORRESPONDINGCOSTFUNCTIONSWHENNECESSARYHEPROPOSESTHEDESIGNOFANETWORKGRAPHANDATRANSPORTATIONGRAPHASBASICINPUTSFORHISMODELBARROSETAL1998CONSIDERTHEPROBLEMOFTHERECYCLINGOFSANDASUBPRODUCTOFRECYCLINGCONSTRUCTIONWASTEINTHENETHERLANDSTHEYPROPOSEATWOLEVELLOCATIONMODELFORTHESANDPROBLEMANDCONSIDERITSOPTIMIZATIONUSINGHEURISTICPROCEDURESFLEISCHMANNETAL2000REVIEWEDNINEPUBLISHEDCASESTUDIESONLOGISTICSNETWORKDESIGNFORPRODUCTRECOVERYINDIFFERENTINDUSTRIES,ANDIDENTIFIEDSOMEGENERALCHARACTERISTICSOFPRODUCTRECOVERYNETWORKS,COMPARINGTHEMWITHTRADITIONALLOGISTICSSTRUCTURESTHEYCLASSIFIEDTHEPRODUCTRECOVERYNETWORKSINTHREESUBAREASREUSABLEITEMNETWORKS,REMANUFACTURINGNETWORKS,ANDRECYCLINGNETWORKSOTHERREFERENCESDEALWITHTHISTOPICEG,KRIKKE1998SARKIS2001FLEISCHMANN2001MOSTOFTHEMODELSDEVELOPEDINTHISFIELDARESIMILARTOTHETRADITIONALLOCATIONPROBLEMS,INPARTICULARLOCATIONALLOCATIONMODELSSEEKROONANDVRIJENS1995AMMONSETAL1999SPENGLERETAL1997MARìNANDPELEGRìN1998JAYARAMANETAL1999KRIKKEETAL1999,2001INMOSTOFTHEMODELS,TRANSPORTATIONANDPROCESSINGCOSTSWEREMINIMIZEDWHILETHEENVIRONMENTALCOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHTHEDESIGNEDNETWORKWEREOFTENNEGLECTED22DYNAMICLOTSIZINGPROBLEMTHEDYNAMICLOTSIZINGPROBLEMINITSSIMPLESTFORMCONSIDERSAFACILITY,POSSIBLYAWAREHOUSEORARETAILER,WHICHFACESDYNAMICDEMANDFORASINGLEITEMOVERAFINITEHORIZONSEEWAGNERANDWHITIN1958THEFACILITYPLACESORDERSFORTHEITEMFROMASUPPLYAGENCY,EG,AMANUFACTURERORASUPPLIER,WHICHISASSUMEDTOHAVEANUNLIMITEDQUANTITYOFTHEPRODUCTTHEMODELASSUMESAFIXEDORDERINGSETUPCOST,ALINEAR1HTTP//EURLEXEUROPAEU/LEXURISERV/LEXURISERVDOURICELEX32002L0096ENHTMLACCESSED20/02/2007123

簡介：EFFECTOFNANOSILICAONTHECOCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGYOFPOLYPROPYLENE/POLYOLEFINELASTOMERBLENDSSHLEEA,MKONTOPOULOUA,,CBPARKBADEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,QUEEN’SUNIVERSITY,KINGSTON,ONK7L3N6,CANADABDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALANDINDUSTRIALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFTORONTO,TORONTO,ONM5S3G8,CANADAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED25OCTOBER2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM8JANUARY2010ACCEPTED11JANUARY2010AVAILABLEONLINE18JANUARY2010KEYWORDSNANOCOMPOSITESTHERMOPLASTICOLEFINBLENDSCOCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGYABSTRACTTHISPAPERREPORTSTHEEFFECTOFNANOSILICASIO2ONTHEMORPHOLOGYOFCOCONTINUOUSIMMISCIBLEPOLYPROPYLENEPP/POLYOLEFINELASTOMERPOEBLENDSTHEUNFILLEDBLENDSDISPLAYPHASEINVERSIONANDACOCONTINUOUSSTRUCTUREATARATIOOF50/50PP/POEBYWEIGHTUPONADDITIONOFSIO2INTHEPRESENCEOFMALEATEDPPCOMPATIBILIZERAFINERSTRUCTURE,CONSISTINGOFELONGATEDPOEPARTICLESDISPERSEDWITHINTHEPPPHASEISOBTAINEDTHISTRANSFORMATIONISASSOCIATEDTOTHEPRESENCEOFFINELYDISPERSEDSIO2PARTICLESTHATARELOCALIZEDEXCLUSIVELYWITHINTHEPPMATRIXTHEIMPACTPROPERTIES,FLEXURALANDYOUNG’SMODULIOFTHEBLENDSINCREASESIGNIFICANTLY,POINTINGTOASYNERGISTICEFFECTARISINGFROMTHEPRESENCEOFTHEREINFORCEDPPPHASE,CONTAININGHIGHAMOUNTSOFTHEFINELYDISPERSEDELASTOMERICPHASE?2010ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONPOLYMERBLENDINGISUSEDEXTENSIVELYTODEVELOPNEWMATERIALSTHATEXHIBITAFAVORABLECOMBINATIONOFPROPERTIES,DEPENDINGONTHESELECTIONOFBLENDCOMPONENTSASMOSTPOLYMERSAREIMMISCIBLE,THEIRBLENDSFORMMULTIPHASESYSTEMSWITHVARIOUSMORPHOLOGIESANDSYNERGISTICPROPERTIESTHENATUREOFTHESTRUCTURESCREATEDDURINGPROCESSINGDEPENDSUPONSEVERALFACTORS,SUCHASTHEMATERIALPROPERTIESOFTHENEATPOLYMERSINTERFACIALTENSION,RHEOLOGICALPROPERTIES,PROCESSINGCONDITIONSSHEARRATEANDMIXINGTIMEANDTHERELATIVEAMOUNTSOFMATERIALUSEDTHETYPEOFMORPHOLOGYDETERMINESTOALARGEEXTENTTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFTHEBLENDS,THUSPROPERCONTROLOFTHEMORPHOLOGYPLAYSAKEYROLEININDUCINGDESIRABLEPROPERTIESTOTHEBLENDSTHEDROPLET/MATRIXMORPHOLOGY,WHICHIMPARTSFAVORABLEIMPACTANDOTHERMECHANICALPROPERTIES,ASINTHECASEOFHIGHIMPACTPOLYSTYRENEANDPOLYPROPYLENE,HASBEENWIDELYSTUDIEDCOCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGIESHAVEALSODRAWNSIGNIFICANTINTEREST1,BECAUSETHEYHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOWIDENTHEAPPLICATIONRANGEFORPOLYMERBLENDSDUETOTHEIRINTERCONNECTEDNATURE1–4COCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGIESEXHIBITINTERESTINGPROPERTIESRELEVANTTOCONDUCTIVITYORPERMEABILITYOWINGTOTHEPERCOLATIONOFTHETWOPHASESAWIDERANGEOFTECHNIQUESTODETERMINETHECOCONTINUITYREGIONANDTHERESULTINGSTRUCTURES,INCLUDINGSOLVENTEXTRACTION5–9,MICROSCOPY10–14ANDRHEOLOGY10,15–17HAVEBEENDESCRIBEDINTHELITERATUREEXTENSIVERESEARCHDURINGTHELASTDECADEHASCONFIRMEDTHEINFLUENCEOFNANOPARTICLEADDITIONONTHEMORPHOLOGYOFPOLYMERBLENDSITISNOWWIDELYACCEPTEDTHATINTHEPRESENCEOFNANOPARTICLES,SUCHASORGANOCLAYSANDNANOSILICA,THEDROPLETMATRIXMORPHOLOGYSHIFTSTOWARDAFINERDISPERSIONOFTHEMINORPHASETHESELECTIVELOCALIZATIONOFTHENANOFILLERINONEOFTHEPHASES,TYPICALLYTHEMATRIXORTHEINTERPHASE,SEEMSTOBEKEYTOEXPLAININGTHISPHENOMENONPOSSIBLEEXPLANATIONSTHATHAVEBEENOFFEREDINCLUDECOMPATIBILIZINGEFFECTSDUETOFILLERADSORPTIONATTHEINTERFACEOFTHETWOPOLYMERS,RESULTINGINAREDUCTIONINTHEINTERFACIALTENSION18–20HOWEVERTHESEMECHANISMSAREOBVIOUSLYNOTDOMINANTWHENTHEFILLERRESIDESINTHEMATRIX21INTHATCASEITHASBEENSPECULATEDTHATEXFOLIATEDCLAYPLATELETSORWELLDISPERSEDNANOPARTICLESSURROUNDEDBYANIMMOBILIZEDBOUNDLAYEROFPOLYMERMAYHINDERPARTICLECOALESCENCEBYACTINGASPHYSICALBARRIERS22–24ONTHEOTHERHAND,THEREAREQUITEAFEWREPORTSOFNANOFILLERSFAVORINGTHEFORMATIONOFCOCONTINUOUSSTRUCTURESINVARIOUSBLENDCOMBINATIONS25–30INSOMECASES,THEFORMATIONOFADOUBLEPERCOLATEDSTRUCTURE,WHERECONDUCTIVEFILLERSSUCHASCARBONNANOTUBESAREDISPERSEDINONEOFTHECOCONTINUOUSPHASESISDESIRABLEANDISDONEONPURPOSE,SINCEITCANRESULTINFAVORABLECONDUCTIVEPROPERTIES31,32ITISTHEREFORECLEARTHAT,APARTFROMTHEOBVIOUSEFFECTTHATNANOFILLERSHAVEONTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFTHEBLENDS,THEYCANALSOGENERATEAMOREINDIRECTEFFECT,THROUGHTHECONTROLOFTHEIRMORPHOLOGYCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELT16135333079FAXT16135336637EMAILADDRESSMARIANNAKONTOPOULOUCHEEQUEENSUCAMKONTOPOULOUCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTPOLYMERJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/POLYMER00323861/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JPOLYMER201001018POLYMER5120101147–1155FOURBLOCKSOFKNEADINGDISCSHAVINGPOSITIVET30?,NEUTRAL90?,ANDNEGATIVE?30?STAGGEREDANGLESANDTWOLEFTHANDEDSCREWELEMENTS,TOPROVIDEGOODDISPERSIVEANDDISTRIBUTIVEMIXINGTHESCREWSPEEDWAS200RPM,RESULTINGINANEXTRUSIONRATEOF25KG/HTHETEMPERATUREPROFILEINTHEEXTRUDERFROMTHEFEEDINGSECTIONTOTHEDIEWAS60?C–200?C–205?C–205?C–210?C–210?C–200?CFORALLBLENDSTHESECONDITIONSWERESELECTEDBECAUSEPRIORWORKHASSHOWNTHATTHEYPROVIDETHEOPTIMUMDISPERSIONOFNANOSILICASILICAWASADDEDTOTHE50/50PP/POEBLENDSATLOADINGSRANGINGFROM1TO5WTPPGMANWASUSEDTOIMPROVETHEDISPERSIONOFSIO2RESULTINGINAPPMATRIXCOMPOSITIONOFPP/PPGMAN90/10ANTIOXIDANT03PHRWASADDEDTOALLFORMULATIONS23MECHANICALPROPERTIESTENSILEPROPERTIESWEREMEASUREDUSINGANINSTRON3369UNIVERSALTESTER,ATCROSSHEADSPEEDSOF50MM/MINDUMBBELLSHAPEDSPECIMENSWERECUTWITHATYPEVDIEACCORDINGTOASTMD638FROM15MMTHICKSHEETS,WHICHWEREPREPAREDBYCOMPRESSIONMOLDINGOFTHECOMPOUNDEDSAMPLESATAPPROXIMATELY200?CUSINGACARVERPRESSFLEXURALTESTSWEREPERFORMEDACCORDINGTOASTMD790,PROCEDUREB,ATASPEEDOF1365MM/MINRECTANGULARBARSOFDIMENSIONS127?127?32MMWEREPRODUCEDBYCOMPRESSIONMOLDINGAT200?CNOTCHEDIZODIMPACTTESTSWERECARRIEDOUTUSINGANINSTRONBLIIMPACTTESTERATROOMTEMPERATUREACCORDINGTOASTMD256SPECIMENSOFDIMENSIONS64?127?32MMWEREPREPAREDBYCOMPRESSIONMOLDINGAT200?CATLEAST5SPECIMENSWERETESTEDFOREACHSAMPLEANDTHEAVERAGEVALUESAREREPORTED24MICROSCOPYANDIMAGEANALYSISTHESTATEOFDISPERSIONOFTHEFILLERWASASSESSEDBYTEMIMAGING,USINGANFEITECNAI20INSTRUMENTULTRATHINSECTIONSWERECRYOMICROTOMEDUSINGALEICAULTRAMICROTOMEANDSTAINEDINRUO4VAPORTOENHANCETHEPHASECONTRASTBETWEENTHEPPANDELASTOMERPHASESFORSEMOBSERVATIONS,SAMPLESWEREFIRSTHOTPRESSEDAT190?C,2TONSFOR1MIN,THENIMMERSEDINLIQUIDNITROGENFOR5MINBEFOREBRITTLEFRACTURETHEELASTOMERPHASEWASETCHEDINNHEPTANEFOR25HAT80?CTHEETCHEDSURFACESWEREOBSERVEDONAJEOLJSM840SCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPETHESEMIMAGESWEREANALYZEDBYUSINGTHESIGMASCANPROIMAGEANALYSISSOFTWARETOESTIMATETHEAVERAGEDIAMETERSOFTHEDISPERSEDELASTOMERPHASEONTHEBASISOFTHEFERRETDIAMETER,WHICHISCALCULATEDBASEDONTHEESTIMATEDAREA,A,OFTHEPARTICLES,ACCORDINGTOD?FFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFI4APR10010203040506070809101020304050POECONTENTWTAVERAGEDOMAINSIZE,ΜMFIG3AVERAGEPOEDOMAINSIZEASAFUNCTIONOFPOECONTENTERRORBARSREPRESENTTHESTANDARDDEVIATIONFIG4PERCENTAGEOFCONTINUITYOFTHEPOEPHASEASAFUNCTIONOFPOECONTENT02040608010012014001020304050607080GECAFRETNIAPPOECONTENTWTFIG5G’INTERFACEASAFUNCTIONOFPOECONTENTAT004RAD/SAND190?C1010010001000010100100010000SHEARRATES1SHEARVISCOSITYPASFIG6SHEARVISCOSITIESOFBLENDCOMPONENTSASAFUNCTIONOFSHEARRATEAT200?CAPP,POEBPP/PPGMAN6PP/PPGMAN/SIO22WTTPP/PPGMAN/SIO2105WTSHLEEETAL/POLYMER5120101147–11551149

簡介：AMIXTUREINTEGERVALUEDARCHMODELFUKANGZHU,QILI,DEHUIWANG?SCHOOLOFMATHEMATICS,JILINUNIVERSITY,CHANGCHUN,JILIN130012,PRCHINAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED1JUNE2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM22OCTOBER2009ACCEPTED26JANUARY2010AVAILABLEONLINE4FEBRUARY2010KEYWORDSAUTOCORRELATIONEMALGORITHMINTEGERVALUEDTIMESERIESMIXTUREMODELMODELSELECTIONSTATIONARITYABSTRACTWEPROPOSEAMIXTUREINTEGERVALUEDARCHMODELFORMODELINGINTEGERVALUEDTIMESERIESWITHOVERDISPERSIONTHEMODELCONSISTSOFAMIXTUREOFKSTATIONARYORNONSTATIONARYINTEGERVALUEDARCHCOMPONENTSTHEADVANTAGESOFTHEMIXTUREMODELOVERTHESINGLECOMPONENTMODELINCLUDETHEABILITYTOHANDLEMULTIMODALITYANDNONSTATIONARYCOMPONENTSTHENECESSARYANDSUFFICIENTFIRSTANDSECONDORDERSTATIONARITYCONDITIONS,THENECESSARYARBITRARYORDERSTATIONARITYCONDITIONS,ANDTHEAUTOCORRELATIONFUNCTIONAREDERIVEDTHEESTIMATIONOFPARAMETERSISDONETHROUGHANEMALGORITHM,ANDTHEMODELISSELECTEDBYTHREEINFORMATIONCRITERIONS,WHOSEPERFORMANCESARESTUDIEDVIASIMULATIONSFINALLY,THEMODELISAPPLIEDTOAREALDATASETP1,Y,PKMODELISFIRSTORDERSTATIONARY,THENFROM22WEHAVEM?EDXTT?EDMTT?PKK?1AKBK01?PKK?1PPKI?1AKBKITHEOREM2SUPPOSETHATTHEPROCESSXTFOLLOWINGAMINARCHKP,Y,PMODELISFIRSTORDERSTATIONARYANECESSARYANDSUFFICIENTCONDITIONFORTHEPROCESSTOBESECONDORDERSTATIONARYISTHATALLROOTSOF1?C1Z?1?????CPZ?P?0LIEINSIDETHEUNITCIRCLE,WHEREFORU,L1,Y,P1,CU?XKK?1AKB2KU?XP?1V?1XJI?JJ?VBKIBKJBVUYU001ACP?XKK?1AKB2KPYL0?XKK?1AKBKLYLL?XKK?1AKXJI?LJ?LBKI01A?1ANDYLU?XKK?1AKXJI?LJ?UBKIUALWHEREBANDB?1AREDP?1T?DP?1TMATRICESSUCHTHATB?DYIJTP?1IJ?1ANDB?1BIJI,J1P1INTHEFOLLOWING,WEGIVETWOSPECIALCASESOFTHEOREM2COROLLARY1SUPPOSETHATTHEPROCESSXTFOLLOWINGAMINARCHKP,Y,PMODELISFIRSTORDERSTATIONARYWHENP1,THESECONDORDERSTATIONARITYCONDITIONISPKK?1AKB2K1O1WHENP2,THESECONDORDERSTATIONARITYCONDITIONISD2TD1O1,WHERED1?XKK?1AKB2K1T2PKK?1AKBK1BK2??PKK?1AKBK1??1?PKK?1AKBK2D2?XKK?1AKB2K2ASANILLUSTRATION,CONSIDERTHEMINARCH21,1MODELTHECONDITIONSFORFIRSTANDSECONDORDERSTATIONARITIESAREA1B11TA2B21O1ANDA1B211TA2B221O1,RESPECTIVELYNOTETHATITISPOSSIBLEFORONEOFTHECOMPONENTSTOBEANONSTATIONARYINARCHPROCESSYETFORTHETIMESERIESTOSTILLBESECONDORDERSTATIONARYWEILLUSTRATETHISPOINTWITHASIMULATEDSERIESFROMTHEFOLLOWINGMINARCH21,1MODELAA1?075A2?025L1T?1T05XT?1L2T?2T15XT?1THETIMEPLOTS,THESAMPLEAUTOCORRELATIONFUNCTIONS,THESAMPLEPARTIALAUTOCORRELATIONFUNCTIONS,ANDAHISTOGRAMFORTHESIMULATEDSERIESARESHOWNINFIGS1AND2,RESPECTIVELYTHESIMULATEDTIMESERIESAPPEARSTOBESTATIONARYANDBIMODALASTHEMINARCHMODELISAMIXTUREOFINARCHMODELS,THERANGEOFAUTOCORRELATIONSOFTHETIMESERIESGENERATEDBYTHEMINARCHMODELSHOULDBESIMILARTOTHATOFANINARCHMODELFORASECONDORDERSTATIONARYPROCESSXTFOLLOWINGAMINARCHMODEL,WEHAVECOVDXT?MTXT?JT?E?DXT?MTTDXT?J?MT??E?DXT?J?MTEDDXT?MTTJFT?1T??0THENCOVDXTXT?JT?COVDMTXT?JT?COVXPI?1XKK?1AKBKIXT?IXT?JSORJ?XPI?1XKK?1AKBKIRJI?JJJ?1PWHERERJISTHELAGJAUTOCORRELATIONNOTETHATTHESEEQUATIONSARESIMILARTOTHEYULE–WALKEREQUATIONSFORTHEORDINARYINARCHPPROCESSSEEWEI?,2009,WHERETHECOEFFICIENTPKK?1AKBKIREPLACESTHELAGICOEFFICIENTOFTHEINARCHPPROCESSSPECIALLY,FORTHEMINARCHK1,Y,1MODEL,RJ??PKK?1AKBK1?JTHERANGEOFPOSSIBLEAUTOCORRELATIONSISASGREATASTHATOFTHESTANDARDINARCHPROCESS,SINCETHEINARCHMODELISJUSTALIMITINGCASEOFTHEMINARCHMODELITISNOTDIFFICULTTOMODIFYTHEMINARCHMODEL21TOHANDLENONSTATIONARYTIMESERIESTHISCANBEDONEBYRESTRICTINGONEOFTHEROOTSOFTHEEQUATION1?BK1Z?1?????BKPKZ?PK?0TOBE1FOREACHOFTHEKCOMPONENTSHOWEVER,ITISEQUIVALENTTOTHEFITTINGOFASTATIONARYMINARCHMODELFORTHEDIFFERENCESERIESXT?XT?1THENECESSARYANDSUFFICIENTCONDITIONFORTHEPROCESSXTFOLLOWINGAMINARCHKP1,Y,PKMODELTOBEMTHORDERSTATIONARYISDIFFICULTTOBEGIVENNEXT,WEWILLDERIVEANECESSARYCONDITIONFORTHEPROCESSXTTHATISMTHORDERSTATIONARYTHEOREM3SUPPOSETHATTHEPROCESSXTFOLLOWINGAMINARCHKP1,Y,PKMODELISMTHORDERSTATIONARY,THENQO1,WHEREQ?XKK?1AKXPKI?1BKIMARTICLEINPRESSFZHUETAL/JOURNALOFSTATISTICALPLANNINGANDINFERENCE14020102025–20362027

簡介：FIBERSANDPOLYMERS2008,VOL9,NO1,212621IMPROVEMENTSOFSURFACEFUNCTIONALITYOFCOTTONFIBERSBYATMOSPHERICPLASMATREATMENTHAKARAHANANDE?ZDOANDEPARTMENTOFTEXTILEENGINEERING,EGEUNIVERSITY,35100,BORNOVA,IZMIR,TURKEYRECEIVEDJULY18,2007REVISEDNOVEMBER12,2007ACCEPTEDNOVEMBER27,2007ABSTRACTTHISSTUDYAIMSTOINVESTIGATETHEVIABILITYOFATMOSPHERICPLASMATREATMENTOVERRAWCOTTONFABRICSURFACESASANALTERNATIVEMETHODFORSUPERSEDINGTHEWETTEXTILEPRETREATMENTPROCESSESFORTHISPURPOSE,THEFABRICSAMPLESWERETREATEDWITHAIRPLASMAANDARGONATMOSPHERICPLASMATHEREAFTER,THEHYDROPHILICITYANDTHEWICKABILITYOFPLASMATREATEDSAMPLESINCREASED,ANDALSOTHECONTACTANGLESDECREASEDSIGNIFICANTLYCHEMICALCHANGESWEREANALYZEDBYFTIRATRANDXPSMORPHOLOGICALCHANGESWEREOBSERVEDBYSEMTHERESULTSWEREINSPECTEDFORASSESSINGTOWHATEXTENTTHEREPLACEMENTMIGHTBEACHIEVEDBYINDUCINGTHISSURFACEMODIFICATIONMETHODKEYWORDSATMOSPHERICPLASMA,AIRPLASMA,ARGONPLASMA,SURFACEMODIFICATION,COTTONINTRODUCTIONCOTTONISMAINLYCOMPOSEDOFCELLULOSEWITHSOMENONCELLULOSICCOMPONENTSTHESENONCELLULOSICCOMPONENTSAREWAXES,PECTINANDSOMEPROTEINS,ANDTHEYAREMAINLYFOUNDINTHECUTICLELAYERANDTHEPRIMARYWALLWHICHARETHEOUTERMOSTLAYERSOFTHECOTTONFIBERTHESEHYDROPHOBICIMPURITIES,ESPECIALLYCOTTONWAX,AFFECTTHEUPTAKEOFDYEINGANDFINISHINGSOLUTIONSTOREMOVETHESEIMPURITIESFROMTHECOTTONSURFACE,CERTAINCHEMICALMETHODSAREUSEDINTHETEXTILEINDUSTRYTHESECONVENTIONALMETHODSAREENERGYCONSUMINGPROCESSESWITHNEGATIVEENVIRONMENTALIMPACT1INTHISCONCERN,MANYALTERNATIVEENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYMETHODSWEREDEVELOPEDPLASMATREATMENTISONEOFTHOSEMETHODSANDCANBEUSEDASANEFFECTIVETECHNIQUEFORMODIFYINGTHESURFACEPROPERTIESOFCOTTONFABRICWITHOUTALTERINGTHEINTERIORPARTOFTHEFIBER24PLASMAISGENERATEDWHENAGASISEXPOSEDTOANELECTROMAGNETICFIELDATLOWPRESSUREANDNEARAMBIENTTEMPERATURETHECHEMISTRYOFTHEPLASMATAKESPLACEINNONEQUILIBRIUMCONDITIONS5PLASMASCANBECLASSIFIEDASLOWPRESSUREANDATMOSPHERICPLASMASBOTHPLASMASCANBEUSEDFORSURFACEMODIFICATIONOFMATERIALSVACUUMSYSTEMSARETIME,SPACE,ANDENERGYCONSUMINGPROCESSES,ANDSOMEMATERIALPROPERTIES,SUCHASTHICKNESSANDSIZE,AREHIGHLYDEPENDENTONTHEDIMENSIONOFTHEDEVICEAND,INADDITION,THEPROCESSISNOTACONTINUOUSONEONTHEOTHERHAND,ATMOSPHERICPLASMACANBEGENERATEDUNDERATMOSPHERICCONDITIONSANDDOESNOTREQUIREVACUUMSYSTEMSWITHCONTINUOUSANDOPENPERIMETERFABRICFLOW6THEEFFICIENCYOFPLASMATREATMENTSDEPENDONTREATMENTCONDITIONSOFTIME,PRESSURE,POWERANDGASTHESPECIESTHATPARTICIPATEINPLASMAREACTIONS,SUCHASEXCITEDATOMS,FREERADICALSANDMETASTABLEPARTICLES,ELECTRONSANDIONS,CANINTERACTEITHERPHYSICALLYORCHEMICALLYWITHSUBSTRATES7NUMEROUSRESEARCHESHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUTTOIMPROVEWETTABILITY,WATERREPELLENCYANDSOILRELEASINGPROPERTYOFTEXTILEFIBERSANDFABRICSBYUSINGPLASMATECHNOLOGY811ADDITIONALLY,MODIFICATIONSOFCONVENTIONALDYEING,PRINTINGANDFINISHINGPROPERTIESHAVEBEENACHIEVEDBYPLASMATREATMENTMETHODSHOWEVER,LOWPRESSUREPLASMAWASUSEDINMOSTOFTHESTUDIESINTHISSTUDY,THEEFFECTSOFAIRANDARGONATMOSPHERICPLASMATREATMENTSONTHEFUNCTIONALITYOFCOTTONFABRICSWEREINVESTIGATEDTHEWETPROCESSESINTEXTILEFINISHINGUNFORTUNATELYREQUIREGREATAMOUNTSOFWATERTHISREQUISITELEADSENORMOUSENERGYCONSUMPTIONALONGWITHTHEPOLLUTIONOFSUBTERRANEANWATERWITHWASTEWATERASWELLASTHERMALPOLLUTIONTHEREFORETHEMAINPURPOSESOFTHISSTUDYARETOINVESTIGATETHEPOTENTIALOFVIABILITYOFTHEATMOSPHERICPLASMAMETHODSFORREDUCINGENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDWATERPOLLUTIONASBEINGANALTERNATIVEMETHODIEREPLACEMENTOFWETTEXTILEPRETREATMENTPROCESSESEXPERIMENTALMATERIALSINTHISSTUDY,100RAWCOTTONFABRIC,PLAINWEAVE,153G/M2,45ENDSCM?1,26PICKSCM?1SAMPLESWEREUSEDATMOSPHERICPLASMATREATMENTSFORPLASMATREATMENT,ADIELECTRICBARRIERDISCHARGEDBDATMOSPHERICPLASMADEVICEWASUSED12THESAMPLESWEREPLACEDBETWEENTHEELECTRODESANDTHEDISTANCEBETWEENTHEELECTRODESWAS02CMINALLTREATMENTS,AIRANDARGONWEREUSEDASTHEPROCESSINGGASWITHTHEPOWEROF50,100,130WATTSWITHDIFFERENTTIMEINTERVALS,NAMELY20,40AND60SECONDSCHARACTERIZATIONTECHNIQUESTHEHYDROPHILICITYABSORBENCYOFFABRICSWASMEASUREDACCORDINGTOAATCC791995STANDARDINTHISSTANDARD,ADROPOFWATERWASALLOWEDTOFALLFROMAFIXEDHEIGHTONTOGOCORRESPONDINGAUTHORESENOZDOGANEGEEDUTREFFECTOFATMOSPHERICPLASMAONCOTTONFIBERSFIBERSANDPOLYMERS2008,VOL9,NO123ASCOULDBESEENFROMTHEOUTCOMESOFTHETABLE3,PLASMATREATMENTSIMPROVEDTHEWICKABILITYOFRAWCOTTONFABRICS14THEWICKINGHEIGHTINCREASEDREMARKABLYASHYDROPHILICITYANDTHECONTACTANGLEVALUES,BUTTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTWOPLASMASCOULDBESEENMORECLEARLYFROMWICKINGRESULTSINTABLES2AND3,ITCOULDBESEENTHATTHE130WTREATMENTSFOR60SECHADTHESAMEHYDROPHILICITYANDCONTACTANGLEVALUES,BUTTHEWICKINGHEIGHTSWEREHIGHERWITHARGONGASTHISWASPROBABLYCAUSEDBYTHEETCHINGEFFECTOFARGONGASASSTATEDBEFORE,NOBLEGASSESHAVEHIGHERETCHINGTENDENCYASCOULDBESEENFROMSEMPICTURES,MODIFICATIONOFTHESURFACEBYARGONPLASMAWASMOREEFFECTIVETHANTHEAIRPLASMATHECRACKSFORMEDONTHESURFACEWERETHECAUSEOFTHEDECREASEOFCAPILLARYPRESSUREWHICHIMPROVEDTHEWICKABILITY16WICKINGRESULTSGAVECOMPARATIVELYMOREEXTENSIVEINFORMATIONABOUTTHESURFACEMODIFICATIONPHENOMENONTHANHYDROPHILICITYANDCONTACTANGLEMEASUREMENTITALSOREVEALEDHOMOGENEITYOFTHETREATMENT17IFTHETREATMENTINDUCEDAHOMOGENOUSSTRUCTURE,THENTHEWICKINGTENDENCYWOULDBESIMILARINEVERYPARTOFTHEFABRICWEOBSERVEDHOMOGENOUSWICKABILITYONTHEHIGHERPOWERANDLONGEREXPOSURETIMESOFINDUCEDSAMPLESFTIR/ATRANALYSISFTIRATRISASIMPLEMETHODWHICHISUTILIZEDTOCHARACTERIZETHEWAXESANDOTHERIMPURITIESOFCELLULOSELOCATEDINTHEOUTERMOSTLAYEROFCOTTONFIBERS18CHARACTERISTICBANDSRELATEDTOTHECHEMICALSTRUCTUREOFCELLULOSEWERETHEHYDROGENBONDEDOHSTRETCHINGAT35503100CM?1,THECHSTRETCHINGAT2900CM?1,ANDTHECHWAGGINGAT1315CM?11820FTIRATRSPECTRAOFALLUNTREATEDANDTREATEDFABRICSSHOWEDTHESEBANDSBUTTHEREWERESOMEDISTINCTPEAKSAT2943CM?1,1737CM?1,CHSTRETCHINGREGIONAT28003000CM?1WASRELATEDWITHTHEAMOUNTOFWAXESLEFTONTHEFABRICWAXESWEREMIXTURESOFHYDROCARBONS,ALCOHOLS,ESTERSANDFREEACIDSWHICHHAVELONGALKYLCHAINS18ANEWPEAKFORMEDAT2943CM?1,ASSEENONFIGURE2B,WHICHWASSYMMETRICCH2STRETCHINGLONGALKYLCHAIN,WHICHMIGHTBEATTRIBUTEDTOAPARTIALDECOMPOSITIONOFWAXESCAUSEDBYTHEATMOSPHERICPLASMATREATMENTPEAKSAROUND1735CM?1WEREINDICATORSOFPECTICPOLYSACCHARIDESANDREPRESENTEDTHEESTERGROUPSOFPECTIN21THEWAXCOMPONENTSWEREBELIEVEDTOBELOCATEDINTHEPRIMARYCELLWALLWITHTHEHIGHESTCONCENTRATIONATTHESURFACE,ANDTOBECLOSELYCONNECTEDWITHTHEPECTICSUBSTANCES22ABROADBANDAT1737CM?1,APPARENTONFIGURE2A,FORTHEARGONPLASMAMIGHTCORRESPONDTOPECTICSUBSTANCESUNDERTHEWAXYLAYERWHICHBECAMEMOREDETECTABLEAFTERARGONTABLE3WICKINGHEIGHTCMTREATMENTAIRPLASMAARGONPLASMAUNTREATED050W,20SEC010850W,40SEC024650W,60SEC0355100W,20SEC2271100W,40SEC4378100W,60SEC4890130W,20SEC3972130W,40SEC7884130W,60SEC8092FIGURE2FTIRATRSPECTRAOFUNTREATED,AIRPLASMATREATEDANDARGONPLASMATREATEDCOTTONFABRICSATA18711500CM?1ANDB31892800CM?1FIGURE3XPSSURVEYSCANOFUNTREATEDCOTTONFABRIC

簡介：EMBOOPENEMBOMEMBER‘SREVIEWTHEMAKINGOFACHLOROPLASTTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEDISTRIBUTEDUNDERTHETERMSOFTHECREATIVECOMMONSATTRIBUTIONLICENSE,WHICHPERMITSDISTRIBUTION,ANDREPRODUCTIONINANYMEDIUM,PROVIDEDTHEORIGINALAUTHORANDSOURCEARECREDITEDTHISLICENSEDOESNOTPERMITCOMMERCIALEXPLOITATIONORTHECREATIONOFDERIVATIVEWORKSWITHOUTSPECIFICPERMISSIONMARKTWATERSANDJANEALANGDALEDEPARTMENTOFPLANTSCIENCES,UNIVERSITYOFOXFORD,SOUTHPARKSROAD,OXFORD,UKSINCEITSENDOSYMBIOTICBEGINNING,THECHLOROPLASTHASBECOMEFULLYINTEGRATEDINTOTHEBIOLOGYOFTHEHOSTEUKARYOTICCELLTHEEXCHANGEOFGENETICINFORMATIONFROMTHECHLOROPLASTTOTHENUCLEUSHASRESULTEDINCONSIDERABLECOORDINATIONINTHEACTIVITIESOFTHESETWOORGANELLESDURINGALLSTAGESOFPLANTDEVELOPMENTHERE,WEGIVEANOVERVIEWOFTHEMECHANISMSOFLIGHTPERCEPTIONANDTHESUBSEQUENTREGULATIONOFNUCLEARGENEEXPRESSIONINTHEMODELPLANTARABIDOPSISTHALIANA,ANDWECOVERTHEMAINEVENTSTHATTAKEPLACEWHENPROPLASTIDSDIFFERENTIATEINTOCHLOROPLASTSWEALSOCONSIDERRECENTFINDINGSREGARDINGSIGNALLINGNETWORKSBETWEENTHECHLOROPLASTANDTHENUCLEUSDURINGSEEDLINGDEVELOPMENT,ANDHOWTHESESIGNALSAREMODULATEDBYLIGHTINADDITION,WEDISCUSSTHEMECHANISMSTHROUGHWHICHCHLOROPLASTSDEVELOPINDIFFERENTCELLTYPES,NAMELYCOTYLEDONSANDTHEDIMORPHICCHLOROPLASTSOFTHEC4PLANTMAIZEFINALLY,WEDISCUSSRECENTDATATHATSUGGESTTHESPECIFICREGULATIONOFTHELIGHTDEPENDENTPHASESOFPHOTOSYNTHESIS,PROVIDINGAMEANSTOOPTIMIZEPHOTOSYNTHESISTOVARYINGLIGHTREGIMESTHEEMBOJOURNAL200928,2861–2873DOI101038/EMBOJ2009264PUBLISHEDONLINE10SEPTEMBER2009SUBJECTCATEGORIESSIGNALTRANSDUCTIONPLANTBIOLOGYKEYWORDSCHLOROPLASTBIOGENESISPHOTOMORPHOGENESISPHOTOSYNTHESISPLASTIDNUCLEUSSIGNALINGTRANSCRIPTIONFACTORINTRODUCTIONASADEFININGFEATUREOFPLANTS,THECHLOROPLASTREPRESENTSAMARVELOFEVOLUTIONSINCEITSORIGINASACYANOBACTERIALSYMBIONTABOUT1TO15BILLIONYEARSAGODOUZERYETAL,2004YOONETAL,2004,THISORGANELLEHASBECOMEFULLYINTEGRATEDINTOTHELIFECYCLEOFPHOTOSYNTHETICEUKARYOTESANDHASESSENTIALLYUNDERPINNEDGLOBALECOSYSTEMSPHOTOSYNTHESISCOMPRISESTWOCONCEPTUALLYDISTINCTPHASESTHATOCCURENTIRELYWITHINTHECHLOROPLASTTHELIGHTDEPENDENTREACTIONSTAKEPLACEONTHETHYLAKOIDMEMBRANE,INWHICHLIGHTENERGYDRIVESELECTRONTRANSPORTBETWEENASERIESOFMULTISUBUNITPROTEINCOMPLEXESINTWOOFTHESECOMPLEXES,PHOTOSYSTEMIPSIANDPHOTOSYSTEMIIPSII,PROTEINBOUNDCHLOROPHYLLPIGMENTSAREEXCITEDBYLIGHTANDINITIATEELECTRONFLOW,SOGENERATINGATPANDREDUCINGEQUIVALENTSTHISCHEMICALENERGYISTHENUSEDINTHELIGHTINDEPENDENTREACTIONSTHATTAKEPLACEINTHECHLOROPLASTSTROMA,INWHICHCO2ISFIXEDBYRUBISCOTOGENERATESUGARSSUBSEQUENTLY,THISCARBOHYDRATEISEITHERIMMEDIATELYEXPORTEDTOTHECYTOSOLORISSTOREDWITHINTHECHLOROPLASTASSTARCHBEYONDPHOTOSYNTHESIS,THECHLOROPLASTISALSOTHESITEOFFATTYACIDBIOSYNTHESIS,NITRATEASSIMILATIONANDAMINOACIDBIOSYNTHESISGIVENTHEIMPORTANCEOFPLANTPRODUCTSTOHUMANBEINGS,PHOTOSYNTHETICDEVELOPMENTANDTHEBIOGENESISOFCHLOROPLASTSHAVERECEIVEDINTENSESCRUTINYINSEEDPLANTS,CHLOROPLASTSDEVELOPFROMANONPHOTOSYNTHETICFORMCALLEDTHEPROPLASTID,WHICHISTRANSMITTEDBETWEENGENERATIONSTHROUGHTHEOVULEANDISMAINTAINEDINMERISTEMATICSTEMCELLSHOWDOESACHLOROPLASTDEVELOPFROMAPROPLASTIDHOWISPHOTOSYNTHETICCOMPETENCEREACHEDANDSUSTAINEDTHESEARECERTAINLYCOMPLEXANDOPENQUESTIONS,BUTTWOCENTRALTHEMESEMERGEFIRST,THECOORDINATIONANDINTEGRATIONOFMULTIPLEPARALLELPROCESSES,NONEOFWHICHOPERATESINISOLATION,AREABSOLUTELYNECESSARYTHISTHEMEISMOSTCLEARLYSHOWNBYTHEFACTTHATMUTATIONSINSINGLECHLOROPLASTCOMPONENTSCANHAVEMAJORRAMIFICATIONSBEYONDTHEIMMEDIATEPROCESSINQUESTIONSECOND,CONSTANTINTERORGANELLARCROSSTALKOCCURSBOTHDURINGTHEINITIALCONSTRUCTIONOFTHECHLOROPLASTANDTOMAINTAINFORMANDFUNCTIONINMATURETISSUESCOUPLEDWITHTHENEEDTORESPONDTOACONSTANTLYVARIABLEENVIRONMENT,THISCROSSTALKREFLECTSTHEEXISTENCEOFTWOGENOMESANDTHENEEDTOREGULATEDYNAMICALLYTHERELATIVEINPUTFROMEACHTOWARDSCONSTITUENTPARTSOFTHECHLOROPLASTTHISREVIEWCOVERSSOMEOFTHEMAJORCELLULARANDDEVELOPMENTALASPECTSOFCHLOROPLASTBIOGENESISTHATENCOMPASSTHEABOVETHEMESLIGHTSIGNALLINGDURINGPHOTOMORPHOGENESISINSEEDPLANTS,LIGHTISAPREREQUISITEFORTHESYNTHESISOFCHLOROPHYLL,ANDCHLOROPLASTSDONOTDEVELOPINTHEDARKPHOTOMORPHOGENESISDESCRIBESTHEDEVELOPMENTALPROGRAMMEUNDERTAKENBYSEEDLINGSEXPOSEDTOLIGHT,ANDISTYPIFIEDBYTHEINHIBITIONOFHYPOCOTYLGROWTH,THEDEVELOPMENTOFCHLOROPLASTSANDTHEOPENINGOFCOTYLEDONSINEUDICOTYLEDONOUSSPECIESLIGHTISPERCEIVEDBYASUITERECEIVED12JULY2009ACCEPTED12AUGUST2009PUBLISHEDONLINE10SEPTEMBER2009CORRESPONDINGAUTHORDEPARTMENTOFPLANTSCIENCES,UNIVERSITYOFOXFORD,SOUTHPARKSROAD,OXFORD,OX13RB,UKTELT441865275099FAXT441865275074EMAILJANELANGDALEPLANTSOXACUKTHEEMBOJOURNAL200928,2861–2873|INADDITION,COP1PREFERENTIALLYINTERACTSWITHTHEUNPHOSPHORYLATEDFORMOFHY5,FURTHERSUPPRESSINGLEVELSOFBIOLOGICALLYACTIVEHY5HARDTKEETAL,2000INPARALLEL,PIF3ISBOUNDTOGBOXSEQUENCESINTARGETPROMOTERS,INHIBITINGTRANSCRIPTIONOFPHOTOMORPHOGENESISRELATEDGENESBBLUELIGHTEXPOSURETRIGGERSTHEPHOTOACTIVATIONOFCRY1,WHICHLEADSTOTHEEXITOFCOP1FROMTHENUCLEUSANDTHUSALLOWSHY5LEVELSTOINCREASEHY5ISDEPHOSPHORYLATED,INCREASINGITSBIOLOGICALACTIVITYANDFURTHERREDUCINGITSAFFINITYFORCOP1MOREHY5ISTHENAVAILABLETOBINDTOGBOXMOTIFSANDPROMOTETRANSCRIPTIONOFGENESSUCHASLIGHTHARVESTINGCHLOROPHYLLBINDING1LHCB1/CAB1,AMAJORANTENNAPROTEINOFPSIINOTETHATHY5CANALSONEGATIVELYREGULATETRANSCRIPTIONOFTARGETGENESANDISNECESSARY,BUTINSUFFICIENTTOREGULATETRANSCRIPTIONALONELEEETAL,2007MEANWHILE,PRISCONVERTEDINTOTHEBIOLOGICALLYACTIVEPFRFORMBYREDLIGHT,WHICHTRANSLOCATESINTOTHENUCLEUSANDBINDSPIFSSUCHASPIF3PHYBOUNDPIF3ISPHOSPHORYLATED,RENDERINGITSUSCEPTIBLETOUBIQUITINATIONANDSUBSEQUENTDEGRADATIONASARESULT,TRANSCRIPTIONOFGENESSUCHASTHOSEINVOLVEDINCHLOROPHYLLBIOSYNTHESISCANPROCEEDPHYDEPENDENTREPRESSIONOFCOP/DET/FUSPROTEINSREVEALEDBYEPISTASISISDEPICTEDBYADASHEDARROWNOTETHATPIF3REGULATEDGENESARENOTNECESSARILYHY5REGULATED,EVENTHOUGHBOTHTRANSCRIPTIONFACTORSBINDDNATHROUGHTHEGBOXINADDITION,THEREISSOMEEVIDENCETHATPHYBMAYINTERACTWITHCOP1YANGETAL,2001FORABBREVIATIONS,SEETEXTCHLOROPLASTBIOGENESISANDPLANTDEVELOPMENTMTWATERSANDJALANGDALE2009EUROPEANMOLECULARBIOLOGYORGANIZATIONTHEEMBOJOURNALVOL28|NO19|20092863

簡介：RENEWABLEANDSUSTAINABLEENERGYREVIEWS1520113417–3422CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTRENEWABLEANDSUSTAINABLEENERGYREVIEWSJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/RSERLIFECYCLEGREENHOUSEGASGHGEMISSIONSFROMTHEGENERATIONOFWINDANDHYDROPOWERHANNELERCHERAADALA,?,LUCGAGNONB,INGUNNSAURMODAHLA,OLEJ?RGENHANSSENAAOSTFOLDRESEARCH,GAMLEBEDDINGVEI2B,N1671KR?KER?Y,NORWAYBHYDROQUéBEC,75RENéLéVESQUEW,MONTREAL,QC,CANADA,H2Z1A4ARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED23FEBRUARY2011ACCEPTED11APRIL2011KEYWORDSLCAGREENHOUSEGASESWINDPOWERHYDROPOWERELECTRICITYABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSACOMPREHENSIVEOVERVIEWOFTHELIFECYCLEGHGEMISSIONSFROMWINDANDHYDROPOWERGENERATION,BASEDONRELEVANTPUBLISHEDSTUDIESCOMPARISONSWITHCONVENTIONALFOSSIL,NUCLEARANDOTHERRENEWABLEGENERATIONSYSTEMSAREALSOPRESENTED,INORDERTOPUTTHEGHGEMISSIONSOFWINDANDHYDROPOWERINPERSPECTIVESTUDIESONGHGEMISSIONSFROMWINDANDHYDROPOWERSHOWLARGEVARIATIONSINGHGEMISSIONS,VARYINGFROM02TO152GCO2EQUIVALENTSPERKWHTHEMAINPARAMETERSAFFECTINGGHGEMISSIONSAREALSODISCUSSEDINTHISARTICLE,INRELATIONTOTHESEVARIATIONSTHEWIDERANGINGRESULTSINDICATEANEEDFORSTRICTERSTANDARDISEDRULESANDREQUIREMENTSFORLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTSLCAS,INORDERTODIFFERENTIATEBETWEENVARIATIONSDUETOMETHODOLOGICALDISPARITIESANDTHOSEDUETOREALDIFFERENCESINPERFORMANCEOFTHEPLANTSSINCELCASARERESOURCEANDTIMEINTENSIVE,DEVELOPMENTOFGENERICGHGRESULTSFOREACHTECHNOLOGYCOULDBEANALTERNATIVETODEVELOPINGSPECIFICDATAFOREACHPLANTTHISWOULDREQUIRETHEDEFINITIONOFTYPICALPARAMETERSFOREACHTECHNOLOGY,FOREXAMPLEATYPICALCAPACITYFACTORFORWINDPOWERSUCHGENERICDATAWOULDBEUSEFULINDOCUMENTINGGHGEMISSIONSFROMELECTRICITYGENERATIONFORELECTRICITYTRADINGPURPOSES?2011ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDCONTENTS1INTRODUCTION34172LIFECYCLEASSESSMENTMETHODSFORELECTRICITYGENERATION34183WINDPOWER34184HYDROPOWER34195WINDANDHYDROPOWERINPERSPECTIVE34206DISCUSSIONANDCONCLUSIONS34207RECOMMENDATIONSANDOUTLOOK3420ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS3421REFERENCES34211INTRODUCTIONALLENERGYSYSTEMSEMITGREENHOUSEGASESGHGS1ANDCONTRIBUTETOANTHROPOGENICCLIMATECHANGEANALYSISOFALLTHE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL4769351100FAX4769342494EMAILADDRESSHLROSTFOLDFORSKNINGNOHLRAADAL1TOCOMPAREGHGSEMISSIONSFROMDIFFERENTSOURCES,THEGASESAREINDEXEDACCORDINGTOTHEIRGLOBALWARMINGPOTENTIALGWPPERUNITOFWEIGHTGWPISTHEABILITYOFAGHGTOTRAPHEATINTHEATMOSPHERERELATIVETOANEQUALAMOUNTOFCARBONDIOXIDEACCORDINGTOTHEINTERGOVERNMENTALPANELONCLIMATECHANGEIPCC,OVERA100YEARTIMESPAN,CARBONDIOXIDECO2ASSUMESTHEVALUEOF1THETWOOTHERGHGSOFIMPORTANCEINTHESEANALYSESAREMETHANECH4ANDNITROUSOXIDEN2OWHICH,ACCORDINGTOAREEVALUATIONOFTHEIPCCIN2007,TAKEAVALUEOF25AND298,RESPECTIVELYUPSTREAMANDDOWNSTREAMPROCESSESPERTAININGTOAPOWERPLANTANDTHEASSOCIATEDGHGEMISSIONS,EGTHEELECTRICITYGENERATIONSTAGE,ISNECESSARYINORDERTOOBTAINACOMPLETECLIMATEACCOUNTOFPOWERSYSTEMSIFTHISISNOTCARRIEDOUT,THEGHGEMISSIONSRESULTINGFROMTHEVARIOUSOPTIONSFORELECTRICITYGENERATIONCANBEUNDERESTIMATEDFORCONVENTIONALFOSSILFUELTECHNOLOGY,UPSTREAMGHGEMISSIONSCANBEASMUCHAS25OFTHEDIRECTEMISSIONSFROMTHEPOWERPLANTFORMOSTRENEWABLEENERGYTECHNOLOGIESANDNUCLEARPOWER,UPSTREAMANDDOWNSTREAMGHGEMISSIONSCANACCOUNTFOROVER90OFCUMULATIVEEMISSIONS1THISPAPERPRESENTSACOMPREHENSIVEOVERVIEWOFGHGEMISSIONSFROMWINDANDHYDROPOWERGENERATIONBASEDONLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTSLCAS,SHOWINGTHEVARIATIONSINGHGEMISSIONSWITHINHOMOGENEOUSPOWERGENERATIONTECHNOLOGIESARANGEOFGHGEMISSIONSAREPRESENTED,FOLLOWEDBYSELECTEDFACTORANALYSES13640321/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2011ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JRSER201105001HLRAADALETAL/RENEWABLEANDSUSTAINABLEENERGYREVIEWS1520113417–34223419051015202530354045505560CAPACITYFACTOR015CAPACITYFACTOR1625CAPACITYFACTOR2635CAPACITYFACTOR3645CAPACITYFACTOR4655ALLCASESGCO2EQUIV/KWH721632535STANDARDDEVIA?ONMEANMINMAXXSAMPLESIZEFIG2SUMMARYOFLIFECYCLEGHGEMISSIONSFROMWINDPOWER7–28FORSELECTEDCAPACITYFACTORSWINDCONDITIONSFIG1SHOWSASUMMARYOFTHEGHGEMISSIONSFROMALLTHEINVESTIGATEDLCASITINCLUDESTHEFOLLOWINGDATAMEANVALUE,MINIMUMANDMAXIMUMVALUES,STANDARDDEVIATIONANDSAMPLESIZETHESEAREGROUPEDINTOFOURCATEGORIESDEPENDINGONTURBINESIZETHEFIGURESHOWSALARGEVARIATIONINGHGEMISSIONSFROMTHEWINDPOWERPLANTS,VARYINGFROM46G14TO55416GCO2EQUIVALENTSPERKWHTHEMINIMUMANDMAXIMUMLEVELSOFGHGEMISSIONSRELATETOTURBINESOF3MWAND30KW,RESPECTIVELYASSEENINTHEFIGURE,THEMEANVALUEDECREASESWITHINCREASINGSIZE,FROM450TO104GCO2EQUIVALENTSPERKWHTHISTRENDISINLINEWITHTHERESULTSFROMOTHERSTUDIES1,10,22,29ACCORDINGTOLENZENANDMUNKSGAARD22,SUCHATRENDISFOUNDTOBESIGNIFICANTATTHE99CONFIDENCELEVEL,CONFIRMINGTHATTHELARGEVARIATIONINGHGEMISSIONSFROMWINDTURBINESREFLECTSECONOMIESOFSCALE,WITHSMALLWINDTURBINESOF1KWREQUIRINGABOUTTHREETIMESMORELIFECYCLEENERGYPERUNITPOWERTHANLARGEWINDTURBINESOF1MWFIG2PRESENTSTHESAMEDATAASFIG1,BUTHERETHEDATAAREGROUPEDACCORDINGTOCAPACITYFACTORS,REPRESENTINGVARYINGWINDCONDITIONS2THEFIGURESHOWSTHATTHEMEANVALUEDECREASESWITHINCREASEDCAPACITYFACTOR,FROM338TO83GCO2EQUIVALENTSPERKWHHOWEVER,THETWOLARGESTCAPACITYFACTORGROUPSHAVEAPPROXIMATELYEQUALMEANVALUESCOUNTINGFOR83AND86GCO2EQUIVALENTSPERKWHTHELARGESTCAPACITYGROUPREPRESENTSONLYOFFSHORELOCATIONS,WITHLARGERINFRASTRUCTURESTHISCOULDBETHEREASONFORTHELARGESTCAPACITYFACTORGROUPHAVINGASLIGHTLYHIGHERMEANVALUETHANTHESECONDLARGESTGROUPTHEEXTRAENERGYINVESTEDINOFFSHOREPLANTSCANTHEREFOREBEBENEFICIAL,ASTHEPERFORMANCEISCOMPARABLETOTHEBESTONSHORESITESITSHOULDBENOTEDHOWEVERTHATTHESAMPLESIZESINTHESETWOGROUPSARERELATIVELYSMALL,HAVINGONLY3AND5CASES,RESPECTIVELYTHERESULTSSHOWADECREASEINGHGEMISSIONSINRELATIONTOINCREASEDCAPACITYFACTORSTHESEWEREEXPECTEDASTHECAPACITYFACTORDEFINESTHEELECTRICITYPRODUCEDDURINGTHELIFETIME,ANDTHEGHGEMISSIONSAREEXPRESSEDBYKWHANANALYSISOFTHEASSESSEDGHGEMISSIONSFROMWINDPOWERGENERATION,ACCORDINGTOANALYSISTYPE,HASALSOBEENCARRIEDOUTTHISSHOWSTHATTHEGHGRESULTSAPPEARTOINCREASEWHENCHANGINGFROMPROCESSANALYSISTOINPUT–OUTPUTANALYSISTHISCORRESPONDS2THECAPACITYFACTORISDETERMINED8ASTHERECORDEDELECTRICITYGENERATIONOVERTHEYEARDIVIDEDBYINSTALLEDCAPACITYANDMULTIPLIEDBY8760H,SOTHEHIGHERCAPACITYFACTOR,THEBETTERWINDCONDITIONSWITHTHERESULTSFROMAMULTIVARIATEREGRESSIONANALYSIS,EXAMININGTHEINFLUENCEOFMETHODOLOGY,SCOPEANDTECHNOLOGICALMATURITY22FROMWHICHITCANBECONCLUDEDTHATTHERESULTSOFTHEENERGYINTENSITYANDGHGEMISSIONSINCREASEUNDERACHANGEFROMPROCESSTOINPUT–OUTPUTANALYSISFURTHER,THERESULTSFROMTHEINVESTIGATEDWINDPOWERCASESCLEARLYSHOWTHATTHEINFRASTRUCTURESTAGEISTHELIFECYCLESTAGECONTRIBUTINGMOSTTOGHGEMISSIONSFROMWINDPOWERGENERATIONITACCOUNTSFORAPPROXIMATELY90–99OFTHETOTALGHGEMISSIONSTHISLIFECYCLESTAGEINCLUDESMATERIALPRODUCTIONANDPROCESSING,WASTEDISPOSAL,TRANSPORT,ASSEMBLINGANDINSTALLATIONSTEELPRODUCTIONISTHEACTIVITYCONTRIBUTINGMOSTTOGHGEMISSIONS,FOLLOWEDBYCONCRETEPRODUCTIONTHEGHGEMISSIONSATTHEOPERATIONALSTAGEOFWINDPOWERAREALMOSTNEGLIGIBLEINRELATIONTOTHETOTAL4HYDROPOWERTHISSECTIONSETSOUTTHEGHGEMISSIONSFROMTHEGENERATIONOFHYDROPOWER,BASEDON39LCAS7,16,17,20,30–37,PUBLISHEDBETWEEN1996AND2010THERESULTSAREPRESENTEDFOR1KWHHYDROGENERATEDWITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFONESTUDY,GRIDLOSSESANDINFRASTRUCTURERELATEDTOTHEGRIDAREEXCLUDEDFROMTHEANALYSESACCORDINGTOGAGNONANDVANDEVATE30,THETWOMAJORSOURCESOFEMISSIONSFORHYDROPOWERAREACTIVITIESRELATINGTOTHEBUILDINGOFDAMS,DIKESANDPOWERSTATIONSANDTHEDECOMPOSITIONOFBIOMASSFROMLANDFLOODEDBYTHERESERVOIR,PRODUCINGCO2ANDCH4EMISSIONSFIG3PRESENTSTHEGHGEMISSIONSFORTHESTUDIEDSAMPLESOFHYDROPOWERCATEGORISEDINTORESERVOIRPLANTSWITHANDWITHOUTPOTENTIALGHGEMISSIONSFROMFLOODEDLANDANDRUNOFRIVERPLANTSTHEFIGURESHOWSLARGEVARIATIONSINGHGEMISSIONSFROMTHESEHYDROPOWERPLANTS,VARYINGFROM0233TO15216GCO2EQUIVALENTSPERKWHTHELARGEVARIATIONSINGHGEMISSIONSFROMRESERVOIRHYDROPOWERCANFORTHEMOSTPARTBEEXPLAINEDBYDIFFERENCESINGHGEMISSIONSFROMFLOODEDLAND,ASTHESTANDARDDEVIATIONFORTHISGROUPIS545RECENTRESEARCH38,SHOWSTHATTHISDATACANBEMISLEADING,ASTHEREPORTEDEMISSIONSMAYNOTREPRESENTTHE“NET”EMISSIONSFORWHICHRESERVOIRSARERESPONSIBLEMOSTLCASREPORT“GROSS”EMISSIONSFROMRESERVOIRS,ASMEASUREDFLUXESOVERRESERVOIRSHOWEVER,THEREISNOWCONSENSUSTHATMOSTNATURALLAKESANDRIVERSAREALSOMAJORSOURCESOFGHGS,ASTHEYRETURNTOTHEATMOSPHERETHECARBONFLUSHEDINTOWATERWAYSFROM

簡介：APAGOPDFENHANCERAPAGOPDFENHANCER695112STRAINENERGYLETUSNOWCONSIDERTHEWORKDUDONEBYTHELOADPASTHERODELONGATESBYASMALLAMOUNTDXTHISELEMENTARYWORKISEQUALTOTHEPRODUCTOFTHEMAGNITUDEPOFTHELOADANDOFTHESMALLELONGATIONDXWEWRITEDU5PDX111ANDNOTETHATTHEEXPRESSIONOBTAINEDISEQUALTOTHEELEMENTOFAREAOFWIDTHDXLOCATEDUNDERTHELOADDEFORMATIONDIAGRAMFIG113THETOTALWORKUDONEBYTHELOADASTHERODUNDERGOESADEFORMATIONX1ISTHUSU5X10PDXANDISEQUALTOTHEAREAUNDERTHELOADDEFORMATIONDIAGRAMBETWEENX50ANDX5X1THEWORKDONEBYTHELOADPASITISSLOWLYAPPLIEDTOTHERODMUSTRESULTINTHEINCREASEOFSOMEENERGYASSOCIATEDWITHTHEDEFORMATIONOFTHERODTHISENERGYISREFERREDTOASTHESTRAINENERGYOFTHERODWEHAVE,BYDEFINITION,STRAINENERGY5U5X10PDX112WERECALLTHATWORKANDENERGYSHOULDBEEXPRESSEDINUNITSOBTAINEDBYMULTIPLYINGUNITSOFLENGTHBYUNITSOFFORCETHUS,IFSIMETRICUNITSAREUSED,WORKANDENERGYAREEXPRESSEDINNMTHISUNITISCALLEDAJOULEJIFUSCUSTOMARYUNITSAREUSED,WORKANDENERGYAREEXPRESSEDINFTLBORININLBINTHECASEOFALINEARANDELASTICDEFORMATION,THEPORTIONOFTHELOADDEFORMATIONDIAGRAMINVOLVEDCANBEREPRESENTEDBYASTRAIGHTLINEOFEQUATIONP5KXFIG114SUBSTITUTINGFORPINEQ112,WEHAVEU5X10KXDX512KX21ORU512P1X1113WHEREP1ISTHEVALUEOFTHELOADCORRESPONDINGTOTHEDEFORMATIONX1POXFIG112LOADDEFORMATIONDIAGRAMPPU?AREAOXXX1DXFIG113WORKDUETOLOADPPP?KXU?P1X1X1XP1O12FIG114WORKDUETOLINEAR,ELASTICDEFORMATIONBEE80288_CH11_692758INDDPAGE69511/12/1051223PMUSERF499BEE80288_CH11_692758INDDPAGE69511/12/1051223PMUSERF499/USERS/USERF499/DESKTOP/TEMPWORK/DONTDELETEJOB/MHDQ251BEER201/CH11/USERS/USERF499/DESKTOP/TEMPWORK/DONTDELETEJOB/MHDQ251BEER201/CH11

簡介：8–3AHOLISTICAPPROACHTOQUANTIFYINGANDCONTROLLINGTHEACCURACY,PERFORMANCEANDAVAILABILITYOFMACHINETOOLSPETERWILLOUGHBY1,,MAYANKVERMA1,ANDREWPETERLONGSTAFF2,SIMONFLETCHER21MACHINETOOLTECHNOLOGIESLTD,307ECROYDSUITE,TURNERRD,LOMESHAYEBUSINESSVILLAGE,NELSON,BB97DR,UK2CENTREFORPRECISIONTECHNOLOGIES,UNIVERSITYOFHUDDERSFIELD,WESTYORKSHIRE,UKABSTRACTWITHTODAY’SEVERINCREASINGDEMANDFORIMPROVEDACCURACYANDFASTERMATERIALREMOVALRATES,CNCMACHINETOOLMANUFACTURERSANDUSERSAREUNDERPRESSURETOSUPPLYANDMAINTAINMACHINERYWITHAHIGHDEGREEOFACCURACYANDPERFORMANCEALTHOUGHSOMEMACHINETOOLUSERSHAVETHEIRMACHINES“CHECKED”,THEREISNOFORMALMETHODOFESTABLISHINGTHECAPABILITYOFAMACHINETOOLASANOVERALLMEASUREOFITSPERFORMANCE,ACCURACYANDAVAILABILITYTHISPAPERIDENTIFIESTHEKEYPERFORMANCEINDICATORSFORMODERNCNCMACHINESANDHIGHLIGHTSTHETECHNICALDIFFICULTIESINUNDERSTANDINGMACHINETOOLCAPABILITYTOSOLVETHEPROBLEM,ANOVELMETHODOFMEASURING,ANALYSINGANDCONTROLLINGTHEOVERALLCAPABILITYISPRESENTEDTHEPHILOSOPHYANDPROCESSOFMACHINEPERFORMANCEEVALUATION,OPTIMISATIONANDMONITORINGMPEOMISEXPLAINEDTHEPAPERALSOILLUSTRATESHOWCONVENTIONAL“LEAN”TECHNIQUESCANBEUTILISEDTOSIMPLIFYTHECOMPLEXAREAOFMACHINETOOLMETROLOGYALLOWINGFORTHEINTEGRATIONOFTHEPROCESSINTOMODERNMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSKEYWORDSLEANMANUFACTURING,METROLOGYANDMEASUREMENT,SUSTAINABLEMANUFACTURING,PRECISIONMACHINING,CONDITIONMONITORING1INTRODUCTIONMANYHIGHPRECISIONMANUFACTURERSAREAWAREOFTHEPROBLEMATICAREASWITHINTHEIRPROCESSESANDTHEIMPACTTHEYHAVEONTHECOSTANDABILITYTOREMAINCOMPETITIVEALTHOUGHQUALITY,PERFORMANCEANDAVAILABILITYLEVELSMIGHTBEMEASUREDINSOMEFORM,THEDATAONLYREPRESENTSTHESYMPTOMSOFUNDERLYINGPROBLEMSWITHINTHEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSASARESULT,MANUFACTURERSUSUALLYENGAGEINPROCESSIMPROVEMENTWHERE‘LEAN’STRATEGIESSUCHASKANBAN,KAIZEN,TPMANDSIXSIGMAAREIMPLEMENTEDTOIMPROVEORGANISATIONALEFFICIENCYANDOVERALLEQUIPMENTEFFECTIVENESSOEE,GIBBONS1UNFORTUNATELYTHISPROCESSIMPROVEMENTWILLOFTENSTOPATTHEMACHINETOOLLEVELDUETOTHECOMPLEXITYOFMACHINETOOLSYSTEMSANDASKILLSSHORTAGETHROUGHOUTTHEINDUSTRYISODIS2630031EMACHINETOOLS–RELIABILITY,AVAILABILITYANDCAPABILITYPROVIDESANINDIRECTMEASUREMENTOFCAPABILITYBYEVALUATINGTHEMACHININGPROCESSTHISMETHODOLOGYWASDEVELOPEDINTHEAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRYANDISPARTICULARLYSUITEDTOLARGEBATCHMANUFACTURINGDUETOITSUSEOFSTATISTICALPROCESSCONTROLSPCTHESHORTTERMCAPABILITYOFASPECIFICPROCESSCANBEEVALUATED,HOWEVERSHOULDTHEPROCESSBECHANGEDORADIFFERENTAREAOFTHEMACHINEBEREQUIREDTHENCAPABILITYOFTHEASSETISNOLONGERKNOWN11MACHINETOOLCOMPLEXITYCNCMACHINETOOLSARECONTINUOUSLYINCREASINGINFLEXIBILITYANDFUNCTIONALITY,BUTTHEADDEDCOMPLEXITYLEAVESMANYENDUSERSSTRUGGLINGTOKEEPUPWITHTHETECHNOLOGYWHENTHECAPABILITYOFTHEMACHINETOOLISINQUESTION,NOTONLYISITOFTENUNKNOWN,BUTMETHODSOFESTABLISHINGITAREALSOUNCLEARTHISLEADSTOASITUATIONWHEREASSUMPTIONS,BASEDONNONFACTUALORUNTRACEABLEINFORMATION,AREMADEANDPROLIFERATEAMONGALLRELEVANTDEPARTMENTSASARESULT,THEEQUIPMENTISISOLATEDFROMORGANISATIONALQUALITYSYSTEMSFIGURE1ILLUSTRATESATYPICALMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMWHEREALLOTHERPROCESSESAREMANAGEDBYSOMEKINDOFAUDITABLEOR“LEAN”SYSTEMTHEINTERFACEOFTHEMACHINETOOLINTOTHISSYSTEMISOFTENDISREGARDEDFIG1MANAGINGTHEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSAHOLISTICAPPROACHTOQUANTIFYINGANDCONTROLLINGTHEACCURACY,PERFORMANCEANDAVAILABILITYOFMACHINETOOLS315IMPLEMENTATIONOFSUCHASYSTEMVIAAMACHINETOOLSERVICEANDCALIBRATIONBASEDORGANISATIONITHASBEENSEENFROMINDUSTRIALEXPERIENCEOFOTHERSTHATTHESEPARATEIMPLEMENTATIONOF‘CLASSIC’LEANAPPROACHESREGULARLYFAILDUETOLARGEFINANCIAL,HUMANANDTECHNICALREQUIREMENTSWHICHENDUSERSAREUNLIKELYTOBEABLETOJUSTIFYORPROVIDEASTRATEGYHASCONSEQUENTLYBEENDEVELOPEDTHATREQUIRESASIMPLEYETEFFECTIVESYSTEMTOFACILITATEANAPPROACHTOANYMANUFACTURINGCELLIRRESPECTIVEOFSIZE,LOCATIONANDCOMPLEXITYTHISSYSTEM,CALLEDMPEOM,HASBEENAPPLIEDTOAFULLSPECTRUMOFMACHINETOOLSRANGINGFROMSMALLMANUALLATHESTOVERYLARGEMULTIAXISGANTRYMACHINESANDISPRESENTEDINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTION2THEMPEOM?FRAMEWORKMPEOM?MACHINEPERFORMANCEEVALUATIONOPTIMISEMONITORISASIXSTAGECONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENTPROCESSWITHCANBEUSEDTOEVALUATE,OPTIMISEANDMONITORTHECONDITIONOFMACHINETOOLSYSTEMSITISA‘LEAN’TOOLTHATCANBEUSEDTOPULLTHEMACHINEINTOAQUALITYSYSTEMANDCREATESTHESTRUCTUREOFTPMTHECYCLECANBESEENASSHOWNINFIGURE3FIG3THEMPEOMCYCLETHESYSTEMPICKSUPONALEANSTRATEGYOFTENUSEDINTPMANDSIGSIGMAITISANEVOLUTIONOFAPLAN,DO,CHECK,ACTCYCLEANDCANALSOBECOMPAREDTOTHEFIVESTAGEDMAICPROCESSEACHSTAGEOFTHEMPEOM?PROCESSWILLBEEXPLAINEDINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONOFTHISPAPER21PREASSESSMENTREVIEWTHEPREASSESSMENTREVIEWBRINGSTOGETHERMANUFACTURINGENGINEERS,PRODUCTION,MAINTENANCEANDMACHINETOOLSPECIALISTSDURINGTHISREVIEWTHEPARTORRANGEOFPARTSPRODUCEDONASELECTEDMACHINEANDTHEMACHININGPROCESSKEYPERFORMANCEVARIABLESKPVSAREANALYSEDANDFORMALISEDTHERESULTSOFTHEMEETINGINCLUDECLASSIFICATIONOFTHEMACHINEASRELIABILITYORACCURACYBIASEDACLARIFICATIONOFMACHINEPERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTSIDENTIFICATIONWHEREPART/PROCESSSPECIFICAUDITING/MEASUREMENTACTIONSAREREQUIREDAMETROLOGYINDEXBASEDONMACHINECONFIGURATIONMEASUREMENTEQUIPMENTREQUIREMENTS22MACHINECONDITIONEVALUATIONONCEOBJECTIVESHAVEBEENSETFORTHEMACHINE,ITISTHENAUDITEDDURINGTHISAUDITCRITICALMECHANICAL,ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICANDMETROLOGICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEMACHINEAREINVESTIGATEDTHISINCLUDESASSESSMENTOFALLMAINMECHANICALCOMPONENTSALLMAINELECTRICALANDELECTRONICCOMPONENTSTHEMACHINESAXIALGEOMETRYTOISO230–1ANDOEMSPECIFICATIONSTHEMACHINESSTRUCTURALGEOMETRYTOISO2301ANDOEMSPECIFICATIONSTHEMACHINE’SMEASURINGSYSTEMSINACCORDANCETOISO2302THEMACHINE’SDYNAMICCAPABILITYINACCORDANCETOISO–4ARTEFACTACCURACYDURINGTHISEVALUATIONNONINTRUSIVETASKSCANBECARRIEDOUTALSO,WHICHCANINCLUDECLEANINGOFTHEMACHINE,ADJUSTMENTSANDOPTIMISATIONSTOANYMINORMACHINEFAULTSANDITSGEOMETRYANDMEASURINGSYSTEMS23POSTASSESSMENTREVIEWTHEDATACOLLECTEDONTHEMACHINEISPRESENTEDTOTHEREPRESENTATIVESFROMTHEMAINTENANCEANDPRODUCTIONDEPARTMENTSTHROUGHCOMPREHENSIVEREPORTINGANDCHARTINGALLMACHINEISSUESOROUTOFTOLERANCEMETROLOGYITEMSTHATCOULDNOTBERECTIFIEDDURINGTHEEVALUATIONSTAGEAREFLAGGEDCONCESSIONSARENEGOTIATED,BASEDONBUDGETANDTIMEAVAILABLEFOROPTIMISATIONANDTHELEVELOFPERFORMANCETHATISREQUIREDFROMTHEMACHINEONCEANAGREEMENTHASBEENREACHEDBYTHETEAM,PLANSAREFORMULATEDFORANYRECTIFICATIONANDOPTIMISATIONWORKONTHEMACHINE24MACHINECONDITIONOPTIMISATIONTHEOPTIMISATIONOFTHEMACHINEISASUBCYCLEWITHINTHEMPEOMPROCESS,CONSISTINGOFFOURLEVELSLEVEL1INVOLVESOPTIMISATIONWHICHCANBECARRIEDOUTNONINTRUSIVELYSUCHASADJUSTINGMACHINEGEOMETRYUSINGCONVENTIONALMECHANICALALIGNMENTTECHNIQUES,ADJUSTMENTOFCNCCONTROLLERSETTINGANDGENERALSERVICINGACTIONSSHOULDITBEAGREEDTHATTHISWOULDBEINSUFFICIENTALEVEL2OPTIMISATIONISSUBSEQUENTLYUSEDTHISWOULDCONSISTOFAPARTIALREBUILDOFTHEMACHINEUSINGTHEMACHINEANDPROCESSREQUIREMENTSASTHESPECIFICATIONGUIDELINESUCHCORRECTIVEACTIONCOULDINCLUDEREMOVALOFCRITICALMACHINECOMPONENTSFORREPAIRAND/ORREENGINEERINGALEVEL3OPTIMISATIONOPTIONISALSOOFFEREDNORMALLYFORHIGHACCURACYAPPLICATIONSORFORSITUATIONSWHERETIMEANDCOST

簡介：2IEEETRANSACTIONSONPOWERELECTRONICSVOL5NOIJANUARY1990THEEFFECTSOFMOTORPARAMETERSONTHEPERFORMANCEOFBRUSHLESSDCDRIVESALANKWALLACE,SENIORMEMBER,IEEE,ANDRENESPEE,MEMBER,IEEEABSTRACTASIMULATIONMODELFORTHETRANSIENTPERFORMANCEPREDICTIONOFBRUSHLESSDCDRIVESISDESCRIBEDTHATDOESNOTREQUIREASSUMPTIONSOFTHEPHASEBALANCEOFEITHERTHEPOWERELECTRONICCONVERTERORTHEMOTORNORAREIDEALIZEDWAVEFORMSFORINDUCEDVOLTAGEORPHASEANDMUTUALINDUCTANCETERMSNECESSARYTHEMODELISAPPLIEDTODRIVESFORWHICHNEITHEREQUIVALENTCIRCUITNORDQAXISANALYSESARERIGOROUSLYAPPLICABLETESTRESULTSESTABLISHTHEDEGREEOFCORRELATIONOFTHEPREDICTIONSTOAPRACTICALEXAMPLETHEMODELISTHENUSEDTOCONDUCTASENSITIVITYSTUDYWHICHNOTONLYEXPLORESTHEDEGREESOFMODELCOMPLEXITYNECESSARYFORADEQUATEREPRESENTATIONBUTALSOPROVIDESGUIDELINESTOSYSTEMDESIGNERSONTHEEFFECTSOFCERTAINPRACTICALCONFIGURATIONSIINTRODUCTIONHEINTERESTINSIMULATIONOFPERMANENTMAGNETMOTTORSSUPPLIEDFROMPOWERTRANSISTORCONVERTERSBEGANAFEWYEARSAGOWITHTHEPOTENTIALDEVELOPMENTSOFBRUSHLESSDCDRIVESFORAEROSPACEACTUATORAPPLICATIONSMORERECENTLY,THISINTERESTHASBROADENEDINTODEVELOPMENTSFORDOMESTICANDAUTOMOTIVEDRIVES,MAINLYBECAUSEOFTHECOSTREDUCTIONSPOSSIBLEWITHNEWERPOWERSEMICONDUCTORSFORTHECONVERTERSANDPROJECTEDSAVINGSFROMTHEUSEOFNEODYMIUMALLOYSFORTHEMOTORSTHEMAJORITYOFPUBLISHEDANALYTICALWORKONTHISTOPICHASFOLLOWEDEQUIVALENTCIRCUITIORDQAXISMODELAPPROACHESFORTHEMOTORS2,3,4THISHASTHEEFFECTOFSIMPLIFYINGTHEMOTORREPRESENTATIONTOENABLEEMPHASISONTHECONVERTERSANDCONTROLLERSTHESEMETHODSAREUSEFULINTHATTHEYPROVIDEINSIGHTSINTOTHEOPERATINGPRINCIPLESOFBRUSHLESSDCDRIVESAND,HENCE,ARESUITABLEFORINVESTIGATIONOFSYSTEMCONTROLTECHNIQUESHOWEVER,ITMUSTBEACKNOWLEDGEDTHATTHESEAPPROACHESTOTHEMODELINGOFTHEMACHINEAREIDEALIZEDINTHATITISNECESSARYTOASSUMESYMMETRYOFSYSTEMPHASES,BALANCEDPHASEQUANTITIES,SINUSOIDALVARIATIONSOFINDUCEDVOLTAGES,ANDCONSTANTORSINUSOIDALLYVARYINGWINDINGINDUCTANCESTHECONSTRUCTIONOFMOTORSWITHUNUSUALMAGNETICCIRCUITS,WHICHFACILITATEASSEMBLYANDMAGNETMOUNTING,CANRESULTINWINDINGINDUCTANCESWHICHARENEITHERCONSTANTNORVARYINANIDEALIZEDMANNERALSO,THEMOVEMENTAWAYFROMSINUSOIDALSUPPLIESHASREMOVEDTHEPREVIOUSLYOBVIOUSDESIRABILITYFORSINUSOIDALINDUCEDVOLTAGESINTHEMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDJULYI,1987REVISEDAUGUST161989THISPAPERWASPRESENTEDATTHE1987IEEEPOWERELECTRONICSSPECIALISTSCONFERENCEBLACKSBURG,VAJUNE2126THEAUTHORSAREWITHTHEDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALANDCOMPUTERENGINEERING,OREGONSTATEUNIVERSITY,CORVALLISOR9733IIEEELOGNUMBER8931810MOTORSTHIS,INTURN,HASPROVIDEDANADDITIONALDEGREEOFFREEDOMINTHEMOTORDESIGN,WHICHMAYBEEXPLOITEDFORCOSTREDUCTIONANANALYSISOFBRUSHLESSDCMOTORDRIVESTHATWOULDENABLEINVESTIGATIONOFNONIDEALIZEDSYSTEMSHASBEENDEVELOPEDBYDEMERDASH,NEHLERAL5,6,171THEMODELDESCRIBEDINTHESEPUBLICATIONSREQUIREDCONSIDERABLECOMPUTERPOWERANDRUNTIMEBUTWASCAPABLEOFSIMULATINGDRIVESYSTEMINTERACTIONSNEGLECTEDINTHEEQUIVALENTCIRCUITANDDQAXISAPPROACHESHOWEVER,THETECHNIQUEDOESNOTAPPEARTOHAVEBEENAPPLIEDTODRIVESYSTEMSTHATREQUIREDALLITSFEATURESSTARTINGFROMATHREEPHASEREPRESENTATION,THEAUTHORSHAVEESTABLISHEDAMODELWHICHISFREEOFMANYOFTHELIMITATIONSOFEQUIVALENTCIRCUITORDQMODELSCONSEQUENTLY,ITCANBEUSEDTOINVESTIGATEDIRECTLYFEATURESSUCHASCURRENTRIPPLEANDTORQUEPULSATIONSDUETONONIDEALMOTORPARAMETERSWHICHCANBEINCLUDEDONLYWITHDIFFICULTY8BYTHEOTHERMODELSTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEINTERACTIONOFCONVERTERDETAILS,SUCHASPULSEWIDTHMODULATEDPWMTECHNIQUE,ANDMOTORPARAMETERS,SUCHASINDUCEDVOLTAGEWAVEFORM,ISSTRESSEDINTHISAPPROACHTHECOMPUTATIONOFTHEEFFECTSOFTHESEINTERACTIONSCANBEVERYTIMECONSUMINGBECAUSEOFTHENECESSITYTOINCLUDETHEFREQUENTCHANGESOFSTATETOOVERCOMETHISPROBLEMOFLENGTHYCOMPUTERRUNTIMES,AMETHODOFSELECTINGSTEPLENGTHSFORTHENUMERICALINTEGRATIONTECHNIQUEHASBEENDEVELOPEDWITHCONSIDERABLESUCCESS9FORUSEONAPERSONALCOMPUTER11SIMULATIONMODELTHEBASISOFTHESIMULATIONPROCESSISTHETHREEPHASE,LUMPEDPARAMETERMODELSHOWNINTHECIRCUITOFFIG1INTHISMODELITISEMPHASIZEDTHATNOASSUMPTIONSARENECESSARYABOUTTHEFOLLOWINGCONDITIONS1THEBALANCEOFPHASESOFEITHERCONVERTERORMA2THELINEARITYOFTHECIRCUITELEMENTS3THESYMMETRYOFTHEPHASESORTHECONVERTERSE4THEREGULARITYANDNATUREOFTHEWAVEFORMOFTHEIN5THEPURITYOFTHEDCSOURCEVOLTAGETHEEMPHASISOFTHEMODELINGAPPROACHISTOUSETHEACTUALPARAMETERSOFTHEMACHINEWINDINGSCONSECHINEQUENCINGDUCEDVOLTAGESAND08858993/90/0100000201OO01990IEEE4IEEETRANSACTIONSONPOWERELECTRONICS,VOL5NO1JANUARY1990STEELCAREPERMANENTMAGNETSFIG2SCHEMATICOFTESTMOTORFIG3INDUCEDOPENCIRCUITPHASEVOLTAGE0100200300ROTORANGLEELDEGREESFIG4MOTORPHASEINDUCTANCEROTORANGLEELDEGREES0I002003001IIIIIIWHEREPDEPENDSUPONTHESPEEDOFTHEMOTORFORPHASES“B“AND“C“SIMILARRELATIONSHIPSDISPLACEDBY120“AND240“ELECTRICAL,RESPECTIVELY,AREAPPROPRIATESIGNIFICANTPARAMETERSOFTHEEXPERIMENTALMACHINEAREASFOLLOWSPHASERESISTANCE03Q,EFFECTIVEFLUXLINKAGEPHASEINDUCTANCEMUTUALINDUCTANCEMOMENTOFINERTIANUMBEROFPOLES4,RATEDSPEED11000R/MIN,MAXIMUMSPEED21000R/MIN,STATORBORE2125IN,ROTORSTEELDIMENSION1250IN,STATORWINDING13TURNS/COILTHEDELIBERATEUSEOFTHESIMPLEMAGNETSHAPESHOWNINTHEFIGURERESULTSINASQUARESECTIONMAGNETICCIRCUITINTHEROTORALTHOUGHTHISENABLESACONVENIENTCONSTRUCTION,THECOMBINATIONOFROTORGEOMETRYANDCONCENTRATEDPHASECOILSPRODUCESPHASEINDUCTANCESANDINTERPHASEMUTUALINDUCTANCESTHATDIFFERSUBSTANTIALLYFROMIDEALIZEDFORMSTHENATUREOFTHEINDUCTANCEVARIATIONSASAFUNCTIONOFTHEANGLEBETWEENTHEREFERENCEAXISONTHESTATORANDTHEAXISOFACHOSENROTORPOLEE,WEREDEDUCED,BYTHEMETHODOUTLINEDINAPPENDIXI,IE,TOBEOFTHEFORMSSHOWNINFIGS4AND5MEASUREDVALUESPROVIDED00525VPERELRAD/SASSHOWNASSHOWNINFIG4,ASSHOWNINFIG5,28XLOP6KGM2,INFIG3,140FIG5MOTORMUTUALINDUCTANCETHEMAXIMAANDMINIMAOFTHESEINDUCTANCESANDCONFIRMEDTHENATUREOFTHEWAVEFORMSFORMODELINGPURPOSES,THESEWEREREPRESENTEDINTHECOMPUTERSIMULATIONBYTHEFOLLOWINGEXPRESSIONSPHI/2LUS18075ISINE,LHS18075SIN0,60“LL,180751SINE,60°PH5I/2/2PHANDMUH4193ISINE,30“IPHMBC41931SINE,90“1PHMCU4193LSINE,30“/PH6ASIXSTEP,RECTANGULARWAVE,DISCONTINUOUSCURRENT,TRANSISTORIZEDINVERTERWASUSEDTOPOWERTHEMOTORWITHNOEXTERNALAPPLIEDLOADBCORRELATIONOFRESULTSTHEDRIVEWASSIMULATEDUSINGTHEMOTORPARAMETERSGIVENIN4,5,AND6THENOLOADSPEEDOBTAINEDFROMTHETESTWASUSEDTODETERMINETHEDRAGTHEPREDICTIONSSHOWTHATATTHISCORRESPONDINGTERMINALSPEEDTHEAGREEMENTBETWEENTHEMEASUREDLINEVOLTAGEANDPHASE

簡介：JURNALPENGURUSAN24200577103EARNINGSMANAGEMENTANDBOARDCHARACTERISTICSEVIDENCEFROMMALAYSIANORMANMOHDSALEHTAKIAHMOHDISKANDARMOHDMOHIDRAHMATABSTRACTTHEMALAYSIANCODEOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEWASINTRODUCEDTOIMPROVETHEMONITORINGFUNCTIONOFTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORS,AUDITCOMMITTEEANDTHEEXTERNALAUDITTHISSTUDYASSESSESTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFSOMEBOARDCHARACTERISTICSTOMONITORMANAGEMENTBEHAVIORWITHRESPECTTOTHEIRINCENTIVESTOMANAGEEARNINGSWEFOUNDDISCRETIONARYACCRUALSASAPROXYFOREARNINGSMANAGEMENTISNEGATIVELYRELATEDTOMANAGEMENTOWNERSHIP,BUTPOSITIVELYRELATEDTOTHEEXISTENCEOFCEOCHAIRMANDUALITY,AFTERCONTROLLINGFORSIZE,LEVERAGEANDPERFORMANCETHERESULTSHOWSMULTIPLEDIRECTORSHIPSFACTORISNEGATIVELYRELATEDTOEARNINGSMANAGEMENTPROXYONLYINFIRMSWITHNEGATIVEUNMANAGEDEARNINGSTHISIMPLIESMULTIPLEDIRECTORSHIPSFACTORISEFFECTIVETODETECTEARNINGSMANAGEMENTPRACTICESTOAVOIDLOSSESEXAMINATIONOFTHEDATAALSOSHOWSTHATTHERATIOOFINDEPENDENTBOARDMEMBERSISNOTSIGNIFICANTLYRELATEDTOEARNINGSMANAGEMENTINFIRMSWITHDUALITYSTATUSABSTRAKKODTADBIRURUSKORPORATDIPERKENALKANDIMALAYSIAUNTUKMENINGKATKANKEBERKESANANFUNGSIPEMANTAUANLEMBAGAPENGARAH,JAWATANKUASAAUDITDANAUDITLUARANKAJIANINIMENILAIKEBERKESANANCIRITERTENTULEMBAGAPENGARAHDALAMMEMANTAUKELAKUANPIHAKPENGURUSANBERHUBUNGDENGANINSENTIFUNTUKMENGURUSPEROLEHANKAJIANINIMENDAPATIAKRUANBOLEHPILIHYANGMENJADIPROKSIKEPADAPENGURUSANPEROLEHANMEMPUNYAIHUBUNGANYANGNEGATIFDENGANPEMILIKANPENGURUSAN,DANMEMPUNYAIHUBUNGANYANGPOSITIFDENGANKEWUJUDANCEOPENGERUSIBERDWIPERANAN,SETELAHMENGAWALFAKTORFAKTORSAIZ,LEVERAJDANPRESTASIHASILKAJIANJUGAMENUNJUKKANBAHAWAFAKTORPENGARAHBERBILANGMEMPUNYAIHUBUNGANYANGNEGATIFDENGANPROKSIPENGURUSANPEROLEHANTETAPIHANYABAGISYARIKATYANGMENCATATKANPEROLEHANTIDAKDIURUSYANGNEGATIFKEADAANINIMENGGAMBARKANFAKTORPENGARAHBERBILANGADALAHEFEKTIFBAGIMENGESANAMALANPENGURUSANPEROLEHANYANGBERTUJUANUNTUKMENGELAKKERUGIANPEMERIKSAANKEATASDATAJUGAMENUNJUKANNISBAHAHLILEMBAGAPENGARAHBEBASTIDAKMEMPUNYAIHUBUNGANDENGANPENGURUSANPEROLEHANDALAMFIRMAYANGMEMPUNYAICEOPENGERUSIBERDWIPERANANINTRODUCTIONEARNINGSMANAGEMENTANDBOARDCHARACTERISTICS79EXPECTEDASSOCIATIONSBETWEENSOMECORPORATEGOVERNANCECHARACTERISTICSANDEARNINGSMANAGEMENTNEXT,THERESEARCHMETHODANDDATACOLLECTINGPROCESSAREDESCRIBED,FOLLOWEDBYADISCUSSIONOFTHEEMPIRICALRESULTSANDSENSITIVITYANALYSESTHEPAPERENDSWITHACONCLUSIONFINANCIALREPORTINGENVIRONMENTINMALAYSIATHEAPPROVEDACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSISSUEDBYTHEMALAYSIANACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDMASBAREBASICALLYDEVELOPEDBASEDONTHEINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSIASINTHEEARLYSTAGEOFTHEPROFESSIONALDEVELOPMENT,MALAYSIAMODELEDCLOSELYTHEUKFINANCIALREPORTINGSYSTEMWITHTHEEMPHASISGIVENONTHECOMPANIESACT1965INREGULATINGTHEREPORTINGPRACTICESTAKIAHETAL2003TAN2000THECOMPANIESACT1965OFMALAYSIADEALSWITHFUNDAMENTALRULESGOVERNINGPROCEDURESFORINCORPORATION,CONSTITUTIONALSTRUCTUREANDDISSOLUTIONOFCOMPANIESTHEACTTHROUGHTHENINTHSCHEDULE,WHICHWASREVISEDIN1985,PRESCRIBESTHEMINIMUMDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTSTHEDIRECTORSHAVETOPRESENTTOSHAREHOLDERSANAUDITEDPROFITANDLOSSSTATEMENTS,ANAUDITEDBALANCESHEET,ADIRECTOR’SREPORT,ASTATEMENTOFCHANGESINFINANCIALPOSITIONANDNOTESTOTHEACCOUNTSHOWEVER,THEACTDOESNOTMAKEANYREFERENCETOACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSISSUEDBYPROFESSIONALACCOUNTINGBODIESDURINGTHISEARLYSTAGE,THEMALAYSIANINSTITUTEOFACCOUNTANTSMIAANDTHEMALAYSIANINSTITUTEOFCERTIFIEDPUBLICACCOUNTANTSMICPA,THENKNOWNASTHEMALAYSIANASSOCIATIONOFCERTIFIEDPUBLICACCOUNTANTSMACPA,ADOPTEDTHEINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSIASSINADDITION,CUSTOMIZEDMALAYSIANACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSMASSWEREISSUEDTODEALWITHDOMESTICACCOUNTINGSPECIFICISSUESBY1997,ATOTALOF24IASSAND8MASSWEREISSUEDHOWEVER,THEREWASNOREGULATORYMECHANISMTOENFORCETHECOMPLIANCETOTHESESTANDARDSASMANDATORYTAN2000AREVIEWMECHANISMWASSETUPBYBOTHMIAANDMICPATHROUGHTHEIROWNFINANCIALSTATEMENTREVIEWCOMMITTEETHATCONDUCTTHOROUGHREVIEWSOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSPREPAREDANDAUDITEDBYTHEIRMEMBERSDEPARTURESFROMAPPROVEDSTANDARDSMAYRESULTINAFORMALENQUIRYBEINGCONDUCTEDANDACTIONMAYBETAKENIFFOUNDGUILTYTAN2000INORDERTOESTABLISHAREGULATORYMECHANISM,THEFINANCIALREPORTINGACT,1997WASPASSED,UNDERWHICHTHEMASBWASFORMEDTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGACT1997SETSOUTREGULATIONSABOUTTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGITGIVESSTATUTORYPOWERTOTHEMALAYSIANACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDMASBTOISSUEREPORTINGSTANDARDSANDMADECOMPLIANCETOTHESTANDARDSMANDATORYTHEMASBWASGIVENTHEAUTHORITYTOISSUE,REVIEW,REVISEORADOPTACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSWITHTHEESTABLISHMENTOFMASB,ALLIASSPREVIOUSLYADOPTEDAREREVIEWEDANDREVISEDORREPLACEDBYSTANDARDSKNOWNASMASBACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOTHTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGACT1997ANDTHECOMPANIESACT1965

簡介：APPLICATIONOFAFEASIBLEFORMABILITYDIAGRAMFORTHEEFFECTIVEDESIGNINSTAMPINGPROCESSESOFAUTOMOTIVEPANELSDAECHEOLKOA,SEUNGHOONCHAB,SANGKONLEEC,CHANJOOLEEB,BYUNGMINKIMD,AILIC,PUSANNATIONALUNIVERSITY,30JANGJEONDONG,KUMJEONGGU,BUSAN609735,SOUTHKOREABPRECISIONMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSDIVISION,PUSANNATIONALUNIVERSITY,30JANGJEONDONG,KUMJEONGGU,BUSAN609735,SOUTHKOREACPNUIFAM,JOINTRESEARCHCENTER,PUSANNATIONALUNIVERSITY,30JANGJEONDONG,KUMJEONGGU,BUSAN609735,SOUTHKOREADSCHOOLOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,PUSANNATIONALUNIVERSITY,30JANGJEONDONG,KUMJEONGGU,BUSAN609735,SOUTHKOREAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED4MAY2009ACCEPTED11SEPTEMBER2009AVAILABLEONLINE16SEPTEMBER2009KEYWORDSSTAMPINGPROCESSFEASIBLEFORMABILITYDIAGRAMFESIMULATIONDESIGNOFEXPERIMENTARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKAUTOMOTIVEPANELABSTRACTTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISSTUDYISTOPROPOSEAMETHODOFPROCESSDESIGNTHATUSESAFEASIBLEFORMABILITYDIAGRAM,WHICHDENOTESTHESAFEREGIONWITHOUTFRACTUREANDWRINKLE,FORTHEEFFECTIVEANDRAPIDDESIGNOFSTAMPINGPROCESSESTODETERMINETHEFEASIBLEFORMABILITYDIAGRAM,FEANALYSESHAVEBEENPERFORMEDFORCOMBINATIONSOFPROCESSVARIABLESTHATCORRESPONDTOTHEORTHOGONALARRAYOFDESIGNOFEXPERIMENTSSUBSEQUENTLY,THECHARACTERISTICVALUESFORFRACTUREANDWRINKLEHAVEBEENESTIMATEDFROMTHERESULTSOFFEANALYSESONTHEBASISOFTHEFORMINGLIMITDIAGRAMTHECHARACTERISTICVALUESFORALLCOMBINATIONSWITHINAWHOLERANGEOFPROCESSVARIABLESHAVEBEENPREDICTEDTHROUGHTHETRAININGOFANARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKTHEFEASIBLEFORMABILITYDIAGRAMHASBEENFINALLYDETERMINEDFORALLCOMBINATIONSOFPROCESSVARIABLESTHESTAMPINGPROCESSESOFAUTOMOTIVEPANELSTOSUPPORTSUSPENSIONMODULE,SUCHASTHETURRETSUSPENSIONANDTHEWHEELHOUSE,HAVEBEENTAKENASEXAMPLESTOVERIFYTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFPROCESSDESIGNTHROUGHFEASIBLEFORMABILITYDIAGRAMACOMPARISONOFTHEFESIMULATIONRESULTSWITHTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSREVEALSTHATTHEDESIGNOFSTAMPINGPROCESSESTHROUGHFEASIBLEFORMABILITYDIAGRAMISEFFICIENTANDSUITABLEFORACTUALPROCESSES?2009ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONINMETALFORMINGTECHNOLOGIES,THESTAMPINGPROCESSFORSHEETMETALISONEOFTHESIGNIFICANTMANUFACTURINGPROCESSESINTHEPRODUCTIONOFSHEETMETALCOMPONENTSSTAMPINGTECHNOLOGYHASBEENEXTENSIVELYAPPLIEDINTHEAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRYTHEFORMABILITYOFSTAMPINGPRODUCTSISGENERALLYINFLUENCEDBYVARIOUSPROCESSVARIABLESSUCHASTHESHAPEOFTHEDIE,MATERIALPROPERTIES,THESHAPEOFTHEINITIALBLANK,THEBLANKHOLDINGFORCE,THELAYOUTOFTHEDRAWBEAD,LUBRICATIONITISVERYIMPORTANTTODESIGNSTAMPINGPROCESSESTHATCANPRODUCESOUNDPRODUCTSWITHOUTDEFECTS,SUCHASFRACTUREANDWRINKLETHEDESIGNOFSTAMPINGPROCESSESHASBEENMAINLYPERFORMEDBYEITHERATRIALANDERRORAPPROACH,WHICHISBOTHTIMEANDCOSTINTENSIVE,ORFINITEELEMENTANALYSISFEANALYSISCOMBINEDWITHOPTIMALDESIGNPROCEDURE,WHICHPOSESSOMEPROBLEMSINACTUALINDUSTRIALAPPLICATIONS1–7SINCETHEFORMABILITYANDPRODUCTQUALITYINSTAMPINGPROCESSESDEPENDONTHEINITIALBLANKSHAPE,THEOPTIMALDESIGNOFBLANKSHASBEENINVESTIGATEDBYMANYRESEARCHERSLEEANDHUH8SUGGESTEDANINVERSEFINITEELEMENTAPPROACHFORTHEPREDICTIONOFTHEBLANKSHAPEGUOETAL1CONDUCTEDTHEOPTIMALDESIGNOFBLANKSONTHEBASISOFTHEVARIATIONINTHETHICKNESSOFTHESHEETMATERIALAMETHODFORTHEDESIGNOFOPTIMALBLANKSHAPETHATUSESTHEINITIALNODALVELOCITYWASPROPOSEDBYSONANDSHIM9YEHETAL10SUGGESTEDAFORWARDINVERSEPREDICTIONSCHEMETODETERMINETHEOPTIMALBLANKSHAPEALTHOUGHTHEMETHODSMENTIONEDABOVEAREEXCELLENT,THERESTILLREMAINPROBLEMSWHENTHEMETHODSAREAPPLIEDFORTHEOPTIMALDESIGNOFBLANKSINACTUALINDUSTRIALPROBLEMSWITHVARIOUSPROCESSVARIABLESINRECENTYEARS,MUCHRESEARCHHASFOCUSEDONTHECOMBINATIONOFFEANALYSISANDOPTIMIZATIONTECHNOLOGYTOOPTIMIZESTAMPINGPROCESSESKATAYAMAETAL11OPTIMIZEDTHEDIESHAPETOIMPROVEFORMINGDEFECTS,SUCHASFRACTUREANDWRINKLE,INATWOSTAGEDEEPDRAWINGPROCESSJANSSONETAL12OPTIMIZEDTHEDRAWINOFANAUTOMOTIVEPARTBYADJUSTINGTHEDRAWBEADRESTRAININGFORCETHROUGHRESPONSESURFACEMETHODOLOGYANDASPACEMAPPINGTECHNIQUEKAYABASIANDEKICI6PROPOSEDANOPTIMIZATIONMETHODTOIMPROVETHEFORMABILITYOFAUTOMOTIVESIDEPANELSTHEOPTIMALVALUESOFPROCESSVARIABLESWERECALCULATEDBYTHEMETHODWEIETAL7PROPOSEDAMETHODTOOPTIMIZEPROCESSVARIABLESANDTOPREDICTPERFORMANCEWITHREGARDTOTOLERANCEINTHESTAMPINGOFDECKLIDOUTERPANELSAPARETOBASEDMULTIOBJECTIVEGENETICALGORITHMWASPROPOSEDBYLIUANDYANG13THEIRPROPOSEDALGORITHMWASAPPLIEDFORTHEOPTIMIZATIONOFPROCESSVARIABLES,SUCHASTHEBLANKHOLDINGFORCEANDTHEDRAWBEADRESTRAININGFORCE02613069/SEEFRONTMATTER?2009ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMATDES200909022CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL82515103697EMAILADDRESSBMKIMPUSANACKRBMKIMMATERIALSANDDESIGN3120101262–1275CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTMATERIALSANDDESIGNJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/MATDESERRORISWITHINASPECIFIEDTOLERANCEASSUMEDTOBE10?3INTHISSTUDYTHEFORMULAFORTHEERRORISGIVENBELOWE?AT?ADAT??2D1TWHEREEISTHESHAPEERRORANDATANDADARETHEAREASOFTHETARGETANDDEFORMEDCONTOURS,RESPECTIVELYASMENTIONEDABOVE,THEOPTIMALSHAPEOFBLANKISDEPENDENTONTHEPROCESSVARIABLESTODETERMINETHEFEASIBLESHAPEOFBLANK,THECONTOUROFTHEINITIALBLANKOBTAINEDFROMEQ1ISOFFSETBYAUNIFORMDISTANCEALONGTHENORMALDIRECTIONOFTHECONTOURTHELOWERANDUPPERBOUNDSONTHEOFFSETDISTANCEOFTHEBLANKARETHEBLANKSHAPETOBECOMETHETARGETCONTOURAFTERSTAMPINGANDTHEBLANKSHAPETOBEENLARGEDUPTOTHEENDOFTHESTAMPINGDIEFACE,RESPECTIVELYTHEOFFSETSHAPEOFBLANK,ASSHOWNINFIG1B,ISDETERMINEDASFOLLOWSXD?XITDBND2TWHEREXDISTHECOORDINATEVECTOROFTHENODALPOINTLOCATEDATTHEOUTLINEOFTHEOFFSETBLANK,XIISTHECOORDINATEVECTOROFTHENODALPOINTLOCATEDATTHEOUTLINEOFTHEINITIALBLANK,DISTHEAMOUNTOFOFFSET,ANDBNISTHEUNITNORMALVECTORINTHEDIRECTIONOFMOVEMENTTHEOTHERPROCESSVARIABLES,VIZ,THEBLANKHOLDINGFORCEANDTHEDRAWBEAD,PLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHECONTROLOFDEFECTSTHEBLANKHOLDINGFORCEISDESIGNEDTOBEWITHINTHERANGEOFCAPACITIESOFPRESSESINACTUALINDUSTRYACIRCULARDRAWBEADISEMPLOYEDINORDERTOSUPPLYANADDITIONALRESTRAININGFORCETOTHEBLANKVARIOUSSHAPESOFDRAWBEADARECONSIDEREDWITHDIFFERENTPARAMETERS,SUCHASTHEHEIGHTANDSHOULDERRADIUSOFTHEDRAWBEAD,ASSHOWNINFIG2FIG2GEOMETRICPARAMETERSOFTHEDRAWBEADFIG3DEFINITIONOFCHARACTERISTICVALUESONTHEBASISOFTHEFORMINGLIMITDIAGRAMFIG4SCHEMATICPROCEDUREFORDETERMININGTHEFEASIBLEFORMABILITYDIAGRAM1264DCKOETAL/MATERIALSANDDESIGN3120101262–1275

簡介：PUBLISHEDJANUARY20,2011R2011AMERICANCHEMICALSOCIETY517DXDOIORG/101021/AM101095H|ACSAPPLMATERINTERFACES2011,3,517–521RESEARCHARTICLEWWWACSAMIORGSYNTHESISOFΒMO2CTHINFILMSCOLINAWOLDEN,,?ANNAPICKERELL,?TRUPTIGAWAI,?STERLINGPARKS,?JESSEHENSLEY,?ANDJDOUGLASWAY??DEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,COLORADOSCHOOLOFMINES,GOLDEN,COLORADO80401,UNITEDSTATES?NATIONALRENEWABLEENERGYLABORATORY,1617COLEBOULEVARD,GOLDEN,COLORADO80401,UNITEDSTATESABSTRACTTHINFILMSOFSTOICHIOMETRICΒMO2CWEREFABRICATEDUSINGATWOSTEPSYNTHESISPROCESSDENSEMOLYBDENUMOXIDEFILMSWEREFIRSTDEPOSITEDBYPLASMAENHANCEDCHEMICALVAPORDEPOSITIONUSINGMIXTURESOFMOF6,H2,ANDO2THEDEPENDENCEOFOPERATINGPARAMETERSWITHRESPECTTODEPOSITIONRATEANDQUALITYISREVIEWEDOXIDEFILMS100500NMINTHICKNESSWERETHENCONVERTEDINTOMOLYBDENUMCARBIDEUSINGTEMPERATUREPROGRAMMEDREACTIONUSINGMIXTURESOFH2ANDCH4XRAYDIFFRACTIONCONFIRMEDTHATMOLYBDENUMOXIDEISCOMPLETELYTRANSFORMEDINTOTHEΒMO2CPHASEWHENHEATEDTO700?CINMIXTURESOF20CH4INH2THEFILMSREMAINEDWELLADHEREDTOTHEUNDERLYINGSILICONSUBSTRATEAFTERCARBURIZATIONXRAYPHOTOELECTRONSPECTROSCOPYDETECTEDNOIMPURITIESINTHEFILMS,ANDMOWASFOUNDTOEXISTINASINGLEOXIDATIONSTATEMICROSCOPYREVEALEDTHATTHEASDEPOSITEDOXIDEFILMSWEREFEATURELESS,WHEREASTHECARBIDEFILMSDISPLAYACOMPLEXNANOSTRUCTUREKEYWORDSTHINFILM,CARBIDE,OXIDE,PLASMAENHANCEDCHEMICALVAPORDEPOSITION,CATALYST’INTRODUCTIONMOLYBDENUMCARBIDEISAVERSATILEMATERIALWITHPOTENTIALAPPLICATIONSINAVARIETYOFAREASMOLYBDENUMCARBIDEEXHIBITSCATALYTICPROPERTIESANALOGOUSTOPLATINUMGROUPMETALS,ANDINTHELASTFEWDECADES,EFFORTSHAVEBEENMADETOEXPLOITTHISTRAITINANUMBEROFCHEMICALPROCESSESINCLUDINGAMMONIASYNTHESIS,HYDROCARBONREFORMING,WATERGASSHIFT,H2PRODUCTION,ANDALCOHOLSYNTHESIS17ASATHINFILM,THEHIGHHARDNESSANDTHERMALSTABILITYOFTHETRANSITIONMETALCARBIDESMAKETHEMUSEFULASWEARRESISTANTMATERIALS8,9MORERECENTSTUDIESHAVEFOCUSEDONTHEOPTOELECTRONICPROPERTIESOFMOLYBDENUMCARBIDEFORARANGEOFAPPLICATIONSINCLUDINGMIRRORS,10DIFFUSIONBARRIERS,11INTERCONNECTS,12ANDELECTRONFIELDEMISSION13OURINTERESTISINTHECREATIONOFINEXPENSIVEALTERNATIVESTOPLATINUMGROUPMETALSFORSURFACEDISSOCIATIONOFH2FORMATIONOFTHISMATERIALASATHINFILMWOULDFACILITATEFUNDAMENTALSTUDIESOFCATALYSTPERFORMANCENUMEROUSTECHNIQUESHAVEBEENUSEDTODEPOSITMOLYBDENUMCARBIDEFILMSINCLUDINGCHEMICALVAPORDEPOSITIONCVD,8,14PHYSICALVAPORDEPOSITIONPVD,9,11ANDELECTRODEPOSITION15THEMOCSYSTEMISQUITECOMPLEX,WITHNUMEROUSSTABLEANDMETASTABLECOMPOUNDSANDCRYSTALPHASESTHATHAVEBEENOBSERVED14,16CONTROLOFPHASEPURITYHASBEENPROBLEMATICFORBOTHCVDANDPVDAPPROACHES,ANDFILMSOFTENCONTAINAMIXTUREOFCARBONRICHPRODUCTSTHATDISPLAYACOMPLEXDEPENDENCEONTHESPECIFICOPERATINGCONDITIONSEMPLOYED8,11,14INCONTRAST,FORCATALYSISAPPLICATIONSITISRELATIVELYSTRAIGHTFORWARDTOACHIEVETHEDESIREDΒMO2CPHASEINPOWDERFORM14THEKEYDEVELOPMENTCAMEFROMBOUDARTANDCOWORKERS1,2WHODEVELOPEDAMETHODTOCONVERTDENSEMOO3POWDERSINTOHIGHSURFACEAREAMO2CBYTEMPERATUREPROGRAMMEDREACTIONORTPR,USINGMIXTURESOFHYDROCARBONSDILUTEDINH2THEMECHANISMFORTHEMOO3TOMO2CTRANSFORMATIONINVOLVESTHESUBSTITUTIONOFCARBONFOROXYGENINTHEMOO3LATTICE,WITHLITTLEDISPLACEMENTOFTHEMOATOMSDURINGTHEREACTIONBECAUSETHEMOLARVOLUMEOFMO2CISSMALLERTHANTHEMOLARVOLUMEOFMOO3,MICROPORESFORMASTHEOXIDETRANSFORMSINTOTHECARBIDEUNDERPROPERCONDITIONSTHEMOO3ISCONVERTEDINTOMO2CWITHOUTFORMINGMETALLICMOASAREACTIONINTERMEDIATEMETALSINTERINGISAVOIDEDUSINGTHISMETHOD,ANDUNSUPPORTEDCATALYSTSCANBEPREPAREDWITHVERYHIGHSURFACEAREAS5090M2/GREBROVETAL5USEDTHISSTRATEGYTOFORMCATALYSTCOATINGSTHROUGHTHECARBURIZATIONOFPREOXIDIZEDMOLYBDENUMSHEETS,ANDAPPLIEDTHEMTOTHEWATERGASSHIFTREACTIONTHEGOALOFTHISWORKWASTOPRODUCEPHASEPUREΒMO2CFILMSFORFUTURESTUDYASMODELCATALYSTLAYERSBELOWWEDESCRIBEATWOSTEPSYNTHESISAPPROACHFIRST,DENSEMOLYBDENUMOXIDEFILMSAREDEPOSITEDONSILICONUSINGPLASMAENHANCEDCHEMICALVAPORDEPOSITIONPECVDUSINGMIXTURESOFMOF6/H2/O2THEUSEOFMOF6ANDTHISREACTIONCHEMISTRYISSOMEWHATUNIQUE,ASPREVIOUSCVDOFMOCONTAININGCOMPOUNDSHAVEEMPLOYEDEITHERMOCO617,18ORMOCL514,19ASTHEMOLYBDENUMPRECURSORTHEDEPENDENCEOFOXIDEGROWTHRATEANDQUALITYONPECVDPARAMETERSISDESCRIBEDTHEUSEOFPECVDTOFORMTHEOXIDEALLOWSTHESEFILMSTOBEPRODUCEDONABROADERSETOFSUBSTRATESTHEFILMSWERETHENTRANSFORMEDINTOTHEΒMO2CPHASEBYAPPLYINGTPRCONDITIONSDEVELOPEDBYTHECATALYSISCOMMUNITYTHEEVOLUTIONOFFILMCOMPOSITIONANDSTRUCTURETHROUGHOUTTHESEPROCESSESISQUANTIFIEDUSINGASUITEOFANALYTICALTECHNIQUES’EXPERIMENTALSECTIONOXIDESYNTHESISMOLYBDENUMOXIDEFILMSWEREDEPOSITEDUSINGMIXTURESOFMOF6/H2/O2INACAPACITIVELYCOUPLEDPECVDSYSTEMTHISPECVDCHEMISTRYADOPTSASIMILARAPPROACHTHATHASBEENRECEIVEDNOVEMBER11,2010ACCEPTEDDECEMBER31,2010519DXDOIORG/101021/AM101095H|ACSAPPLMATERINTERFACES2011,3,517–521ACSAPPLIEDMATERIALSINTERFACESRESEARCHARTICLETHEOBSERVEDPEAKPOSITIONOFTHEASDEPOSITEDFILMATABINDINGENERGYBEOF2328EVISINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEMOT6STATEOFFULLYOXIDIZEDMOO3THEDORBITALPEAKSARESEPARATEDBY31EVANDAPPEARINTHETHEORETICALLYEXPECTED32RATIO,24PROVIDINGFURTHERSUPPORTTHATTHEMOISPRESENTINASINGLEOXIDATIONSTATEOFCOURSEHYDROGENCANNOTBEDETECTEDBYXPS,BUTTHEPOSITIONOFMOSPECTRAINITSFULLYOXIDIZEDSTATESUPPORTSITSABSENCEXPSANALYSISOFMOLYBDENUMOXIDEFILMSINTERCALATEDWITHHDISPLAYTHEPRESENCEOFMOT5ANDMOT4OXIDATIONSTATES21MOREOVER,THETRANSPARENTNATUREOFTHEFILMPROVIDEFURTHERSUPPORTFORITSCHEMICALPURITY,SINCEMOO3HXHASAGREYCOLORTHATISEXPLOITEDINELECTROCHROMICAPPLICATIONS21,27CARBURIZATIONMOLYBDENUMOXIDEFILMSWITHTHICKNESSOF100500NMWEREDEPOSITEDONPIECESOF100SILICONWAFERSASDESCRIBEDABOVETHESESAMPLESWERETHENCARBURIZEDUSINGSTANDARDTPRCONDITIONSDESCRIBEDABOVEFILMSREMAINEDWELLADHEREDTOTHEUNDERLYINGSILICONSUBSTRATEAFTERCARBURIZATION,ANDWERECHARACTERIZEDUSINGTHETECHNIQUESDESCRIBEDBELOWTHECHANGESINCRYSTALSTRUCTURETHATWEREOBSERVEDINCONJUNCTIONWITHTPRARESUMMARIZEDINFIGURE4,WHICHCOMPARESRESULTSFROMBOTHPOWDERSAMPLESANDA200NMTHICKFILMWITHLITERATURESTANDARDSTHESTABLEPHASEOFMOLYBDENUMOXIDEHASANORTHORHOMBICSTRUCTURE,27ANDTHEASRECEIVEDPOWDERSWEREINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHELITERATURESTANDARDSJCPDS761003THEASDEPOSITEDOXIDEFILMSAREXRDAMORPHOUS,HOWEVERTHEYCRYSTALLIZEWHENANNEALEDINAIRATTEMPERATURES150?CDURINGTHECARBURIZATIONPROCESS,THEOXIDEFILMSARETRANSFORMEDDURINGTHECALCININGSTEP,ANDANEXAMPLEOFAXRDPATTERNOBTAINEDFROMAFILMAFTERTHISTREATMENTISSHOWNINFIGURE4THEPATTERNOBTAINEDFROMTHETHINFILMSAMPLEISNOISYRELATIVETOTHEPOWDERSAMPLES,BUTNEVERTHELESSTHEFILMISCLEARLYIDENTIFIEDASPOLYCRYSTALLINEMOLYBDENUMOXIDEWITHAPREFERENTIALORIENTATIONINTHE110DIRECTIONLOCATEDAT2Θ2333?THESAMEMATERIALSWEREEXAMINEDAFTERTHECOMPLETIONOFTHECARBURIZATIONPROCESSAGAINITISOBSERVEDTHATTHEPOWDERSAMPLESAREINPERFECTAGREEMENTWITHLITERATUREEXPECTATIONSFORTHEΒMO2CPHASENOTETHATTHEΒMO2CPHASEHASANORTHORHOMBICCRYSTALSTRUCTUREJCPDS790744,THOUGHITSLATTICEPOSITIONSARENOMINALLYIDENTICALTOASLIGHTLYSTRAINEDHEXAGONALCLOSEDPACKEDSTRUCTUREJCPDS350787,ANDITHASOFTENBEENDESCRIBEDASSUCHINTHECATALYSTLITERATURE16,28BOTHCARBIDEPOWDERSANDFILMSDISPLAYTHETHREESIGNIFICANTPEAKSAT2ΘOF344,379,AND394WHICHAREINDEXEDASTHE100,002,AND101PLANESOFΒMO2C,RESPECTIVELYTHEREISNOEVIDENCEOFRESIDUALOXIDE,MOLYBDENUMMETAL,ORANYOTHERCRYSTALLINEPHASESOFMOLYBDENUMCARBIDETHEXRDPATTERNOBTAINEDFROMACARBURIZEDFILMISNOMINALLYIDENTICALTOBOTHTHELITERATUREVALUESANDTHEPOWDERSAMPLE,CONFIRMINGITSTRANSFORMATIONTOTHEΒMO2CPHASEXPSWASUSEDTOEXAMINETHECOMPOSITIONOFTHECARBURIZEDFILMSFIGURE3CONTAINSTHEHIGHRESOLUTIONSPECTRAOFMO3DREGIONTHEPOSITIONOFTHEMOPEAKSINTHECARBIDEWASSHIFTEDSIGNIFICANTLYTOLOWERBINDINGENERGYRELATIVETOTHEOXIDEFILM,ANDTHEPEAKPOSITIONATBE2282EVISINPERFECTAGREEMENTWITHLITERATUREVALUESFORMOT2TABLEITHECOMPOSITIONALPURITYOFTHISMATERIALISAGAINSUPPORTEDBYBOTHTHESPACING32EVANDRELATIVEINTENSITYOFTHETWOPEAKS,WHICHSUGGESTSTHATTHEMOISPREDOMINANTLYINASINGLEOXIDATIONSTATEFIGURE5COMPARESHIGHRESOLUTIONSPECTRAOFTHEO1SREGIONOBTAINEDFROMANOXIDEFILMANDAFTERCARBURIZATIONTHEOXIDEFILMDISPLAYSAPROMINENTPEAKATBE5308EV,WHICHISINGOODAGREEMENTWITHLITERATUREVALUES29THESURFACEOFTHECARBIDEISPARTIALLYOXIDIZEDDURINGTHEPASSIVATIONSTEPALTHOUGHTHESIGNALISATTENUATEDSUBSTANTIALLYRELATIVETOTHEOXIDEFILM,THEREARETWOFIGURE2HIGHRESOLUTIONXPSSPECTRAOFTHEF1SREGIONOBTAINEDFROMANASDEPOSITEDMOO3FILMSANDAFTERSPUTTERCLEANINGFIGURE3HIGHRESOLUTIONXPSSPECTRAOFTHEMO3DREGIONOBTAINEDFROMANASDEPOSITEDMOO3FILM,ANDAFTERCARBURIZATIONTABLEISUMMARYOFTHEBINDINGENERGYPOSITIONSREPORTEDINTHELITERATURE02EVFORTHEMO3D5/2ANDC1SCORELEVELSINOXIDATIONSTATESOFINTERESTTOMO2CFORMATIONSTATEBEEVMO6T2329MO5T2318MO4T2299MO3T2288MO2T2282MO02276CARBIDEC2830GRAPHITICC2845

簡介：PROCEEDINGSOFTHE3RDINTERNATIONALMODELICACONFERENCE,LINK?PING,NOVEMBER34,2003,PETERFRITZSONEDITORPAPERPRESENTEDATTHE3RDINTERNATIONALMODELICACONFERENCE,NOVEMBER34,2003,LINK?PINGSUNIVERSITET,LINK?PING,SWEDEN,ORGANIZEDBYTHEMODELICAASSOCIATIONANDINSTITUTIONENF?RDATAVETENSKAP,LINK?PINGSUNIVERSITETALLPAPERSOFTHISCONFERENCECANBEDOWNLOADEDFROMHTTP//WWWMODELICAORG/CONFERENCE2003/PAPERSSHTMLPROGRAMCOMMITTEE?PETERFRITZSON,PELAB,DEPARTMENTOFCOMPUTERANDINFORMATIONSCIENCE,LINK?PINGUNIVERSITY,SWEDENCHAIRMANOFTHECOMMITTEE?BERNHARDBACHMANN,FACHHOCHSCHULEBIELEFELD,BIELEFELD,GERMANY?HILDINGELMQVIST,DYNASIMAB,SWEDEN?MARTINOTTER,INSTITUTEOFROBOTICSANDMECHATRONICSATDLRRESEARCHCENTER,OBERPFAFFENHOFEN,GERMANY?MICHAELTILLER,FORDMOTORCOMPANY,DEARBORN,USA?HUBERTUSTUMMESCHEIT,UTRC,HARTFORD,USA,ANDPELAB,DEPARTMENTOFCOMPUTERANDINFORMATIONSCIENCE,LINK?PINGUNIVERSITY,SWEDENLOCALORGANIZATIONVADIMENGELSONCHAIRMANOFLOCALORGANIZATION,BODILMATTSSONKIHLSTR?M,PETERFRITZSONPETERBEATERANDMARTINOTTERFACHHOCHSCHULESüDWESTFALENINSOESTDLR,GERMANYMULTIDOMAINSIMULATIONMECHANICSANDHYDRAULICSOFANEXCAVATORPP331340FIGURE1SCHEMATICDRAWINGOFEXCAVATORWHERETHEOPERATORISSITTINGITCANROTATEAROUNDAVERTICALAXISWITHRESPECTTOTHECHAINTRACKITALSOHOLDSTHEDIESELENGINE,THEHYDRAULICPUMPSANDCONTROLSYSTEMFURTHERMORE,THEREISABOOM,ANARMANDATTHEENDABUCKETWHICHISATTACHEDVIAAPLANARKINEMATICLOOPTOTHEARMBOOM,ARMANDBUCKETCANBEROTATEDBYTHEAPPROPRIATECYLINDERSFIGURE2SHOWSTHATTHEREQUIREDPRESSURESINTHECYLINDERSDEPENDONTHEPOSITIONFORTHE“STRETCHED”SITUATIONTHEPRESSUREINTHEBOOMCYLINDERIS60HIGHERTHANINTHERETRACTEDPOSITIONNOTONLYTHEPOSITIONBUTALSOTHEMOVEMENTSHAVETOBETAKENINTOACCOUNTFIGURE3SHOWSASITUATIONWHERETHEARMHANGSDOWNIFTHECARRIAGEDOESNOTROTATETHEREISAPULLINGFORCEREQUIREDINTHECYLINDERWHENROTATING–EXCAVATORSCANTYPICALLYROTATEWITHUPTO12REVOLUTIONSPERMINUTE–THEFORCEINTHEARMCYLINDERCHANGESITSSIGNANDNOWAPUSHINGFORCEISNEEDEDTHISCHANGEISVERYSIGNIFICANTBECAUSENOWTHE“ACTIVE”CHAMBEROFTHECYLINDERSWITCHESANDTHATMUSTBETAKENINTOACCOUNTBYTHECONTROLSYSTEMBOTHFIGURESDEMONSTRATETHATASIMULATIONMODELMUSTTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHECOUPLINGSBETWEENTHEFOURDEGREESOFFREEDOMTHISEXCAVATORHASASIMPLERMODELTHATUSESACONSTANTLOADFOREACHCYLINDERANDTHESWIVELDRIVELEADSTOERRONEOUSRESULTSJANSSONETAL1998FIGURE2DIFFERENTWORKINGSITUATIONSFIGURE3EFFECTOFCENTRIFUGALFORCES4LOADSENSINGSYSTEMEXCAVATORSHAVETYPICALLYONEDIESELENGINE,TWOHYDRAULICMOTORSANDTHREECYLINDERSTHEREEXISTDIFFERENTHYDRAULICCIRCUITSTOPROVIDETHECONSUMERSWITHTHEREQUIREDHYDRAULICENERGYATYPICALDESIGNISALOADSENSINGCIRCUITTHATISENERGYEFFICIENTANDUSERFRIENDLYTHEIDEAISTOHAVEAFLOWRATECONTROLSYSTEMFORTHEPUMPSUCHTHATITDELIVERSEXACTLYTHENEEDEDFLOWRATEASASENSORTHEPRESSUREDROPACROSSANORIFICEISUSEDTHEREFERENCEVALUEISTHERESISTANCEOFTHEORIFICEASCHEMATICDRAWINGISSHOWNINFIGURE4,AGOODINTRODUCTIONTOTHATTOPICISGIVENINANON1992THEPUMPCONTROLVALVEMAINTAINSAPRESSUREATTHEPUMPPORTTHATISTYPICALLY15BARHIGHERTHANTHEPRESSUREINTHELSLINELOADSENSINGLINEIFTHEDIRECTIONALVALVEISCLOSEDTHEPUMPHASTHEREFOREASTANDBYPRESSUREOF15BARIFITISOPENTHEPUMPDELIVERSAFLOWRATETHATLEADSTOAPRESSUREDROPOF15BARACROSSTHATDIRECTIONALVALVENOTETHEDIRECTIONALVALVEISNOTUSEDTOTHROTTLETHEPUMPFLOWBUTASAFLOWMETERPRESSUREDROPTHATISFEDBACKANDASAREFERENCERESISTANCETHECIRCUITISENERGYEFFICIENTBECAUSETHEPUMPDELIVERSONLYTHENEEDEDFLOWRATE,THETHROTTLINGLOSSESARESMALLCOMPAREDTOOTHERCIRCUITSIFMORETHANONECYLINDERISUSEDTHECIRCUITBECOMESMORECOMPLICATED,SEEFIGURE5EGIFTHEBOOMREQUIRESAPRESSUREOF100BARANDTHEBUCKETAPRESSUREOF300BARTHEPUMPPRESSUREMUSTBEABOVE300BARWHICHWOULDCAUSEANUNWANTEDFIGURE4SCHEMATICSOFASIMPLELSSYSTEMZ?HEPETERBEATERANDMARTINOTTERMULTIDOMAINSIMULATIONMECHANICSANDHYDRAULICSOFANEXCAVATORTHEMODELICAASSOCIATIONMODELICA2003,NOVEMBER34,2003