簡介：THESOLUBILITIESOFBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLICACIDSINWATERALEXANDERAPELBLATA,,EMANUELMANZUROLAA,NAZMIAABOBALALBADEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,BENGURIONUNIVERSITYOFTHENEGEV,POBOX653,BEERSHEVA84105,ISRAELBNEGEVACADEMICCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,BEERSHEVA,ISRAELRECEIVED30MAY2005RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM14JULY2005ACCEPTED14JULY2005AVAILABLEONLINE26AUGUST2005ABSTRACTTHESOLUBILITIESINWATEROFALLBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLICACIDSAREDISCUSSED,USINGDATADETERMINEDINTHISWORKBENZOIC,TEREPHTHALIC,TRIMELLITIC,TRIMESIC,ANDPYROMELLITICACIDSANDAVAILABLEFROMTHELITERATUREBENZOIC,PHTHALIC,ISOPHTHALIC,TEREPHTHALIC,HEMIMELLITIC,TRIMELITIC,TRIMESIC,MELLOPHANIC,PREHNITIC,PYROMELLITIC,BENZENEPENTACARBOXYLICANDMELLITICACIDSTHEAPPARENTMOLARENTHALPIESOFSOLUTIONATTHESATURATIONPOINTFORTHESEBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLICACIDSWEREDETERMINEDFROMTHETEMPERATUREDEPENDENCEOFTHESOLUBILITIES?2005ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLICACIDSSATURATEDAQUEOUSSOLUTIONSMOLARENTHALPIESOFSOLUTION1INTRODUCTIONTHEREARE12BENZENECARBOXYLICACIDSONEMONOBASICACIDBENZOICACID,THREEDIBASICACIDS{BENZENE1,2DICARBOXYLICPHTHALICACID,BENZENE1,3DICARBOXYLICISOPHTHALICACID,ANDBENZENE1,4DICARBOXYLICTEREPHTHALICACID},THREETRIBASICACIDS{BENZENE1,2,3TRICARBOXYLICHEMIMELLITIC,BENZENE1,2,4TRICARBOXYLICTRIMELLITICACID,ANDBENZENE1,3,5TRICARBOXYLICTRIMESICACID},THREETETRABASICACIDS{BENZENE1,2,3,4TETRACARBOXYLICMELLOPHANICACID,BENZENE1,2,3,5TETRACARBOXYLICPREHNITICACIDANDBENZENE1,2,4,5TETRACARBOXYLICPYROMELLITICACID},ONEPENTABASICACIDBENZENEPENTACARBOXYLICACID,ANDONEHEXABASICACIDBENZENEHEXACARBOXYLICMELLITICACIDLOWERBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLICACIDSESPECIALLYBENZOICANDPHTHALICACIDSAREPRODUCEDINLARGEQUANTITIESALONGWITHTHEIRVARIOUSESTERDERIVATIVESAREUSEDASINTERMEDIATESINTHEPREPARATIONSOFRESINS,PLASTICIZERS,DYES,INKS,ADHESIVES,ALKALOIDALSOLUTIONS,PHARMACEUTICALANTIFUNGALAIDSANDINTHEPRESERVATIONOFFOODS,FATS,ANDFRUITJUICES1–5ULTRAPUREBENZOICACIDSERVESASASTANDARDINTITRIMETRICANDCALORIMETRICEXPERIMENTSTHEHIGHERBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLICACIDSARELESSIMPORTANTCOMMERCIALLYHOWEVER,ASTHEYAREFORMEDBYTHEDRASTICOXIDATIONOFGRAPHITE,COALS,WOODLIGNINANDSIMILARMATERIALS,THEYHAVEGEOCHEMICALANDECOLOGICALSIGNIFICANCETHEYAREALSOOFINTERESTINTHEENVIRONMENTALCHEMISTRYOFNATURALWATERSDUETOTHEFORMATIONOFTOXICMETALBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLICLIGANDS6THESOLUBILITYOFBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLICACIDSINWATERASAFUNCTIONOFTEMPERATUREVARIESSIGNIFICANTLYUSUALLY,THESOLUBILITYISSMALLANDEVENEXTREMELYSMALLFORTEREPHTHALICACIDTHEACCURACYANDTHEAGREEMENTBETWEENDIFFERENTSOLUBILITYEXPERIMENTSISNOTVERYGOOD7–9ITISCLEARFROMTHERECENTTABULATIONOFSOLUBILITIESOFORGANICCOMPOUNDSINWATERPREPAREDBYYALKOVSKYANDHE9THATONLYTHESOLUBILITIESOFBENZOICANDPHTHALICACIDSAREWELLDOCUMENTEDLESSATTENTIONWASPAIDTOOTHERBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLICACIDSWHERETHESOLUBILITIESWEREDETERMINEDONLYONCEATONEORFEWTEMPERATURESINTHECONTEXTOFSEPARATION00219614/SEEFRONTMATTER?2005ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JJCT200507007CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL97286461487FAX97286472916EMAILADDRESSAPELBLATBGUACILAAPELBLATWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/JCTJCHEMTHERMODYNAMICS382006565–571OLNDMM?TOD1TT??DSOLHDTTR?1?0001HM1M?FF?1TOLNC2OLNDMM?T??TD1TWHEREHDENOTESANUMBEROFWATERMOLECULESINTHEHYDRATE,DSOLHTISTHEMOLARENTHALPYOFSOLUTION,C2ISTHEACTIVITYCOEFFICIENTOFTHESOLUTE,M1ISTHEMOLARMASSOFWATER,RISTHEGASCONSTANTANDM?1MOL?KG?1INEQUATION1,ITISASSUMEDTHATTHEDISSOCIATIONOFTHEBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLICACIDSATTHESATURATIONPOINTISSMALL6ANDTHEYCANBETREATEDASNONELECTROLYTESORHYDRATEDNONELECTROLYTESASTHECHANGEOFACTIVITYCOEFFICIENTSWITHMNEARTHESATURATIONPOINTISUNKNOWN,THEFACTORFISREPLACEDBYUNITYANDTHEENTHALPYOFSOLUTIONBECOMESTHEAPPARENTMOLARENTHALPYOFSOLUTIONIFITISASSUMEDTHATTHEENTHALPYOFSOLUTIONDEPENDSLINEARLYONTHETEMPERATURE,THEINTEGRALFORMOFEQUATION1ISLNDMM?T?ATBDTKTTCLNDTKTD2TWHEREA,B,ANDCAREADJUSTABLECOEFFICIENTSWHICHWEREDETERMINEDBYANUNWEIGHTEDMULTIVARIABLELEASTSQUAREMETHODANDR2ISTHESQUAREDCORRECTIONCOEFFICIENTOFTHEREGRESSIONTHESECOEFFICIENTSAREREPORTEDINTABLE2FORBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLICACIDSTHEYWERECALCULATEDCOMBININGTHESOLUBILITIESFROMTHISWORKANDFROMTHELITERATUREANDCANBETREATEDASTHE‘‘BEST’’SOLUBILITYCURVESITFOLLOWSFROMEQUATIONS1AND2THATTHEAPPARENTMOLARENTHALPYOFSOLUTIONATTHESATURATIONPOINTISDSOLHDTT?RD1?0001HM1MTDCT?BTD3TWHEREHVALUESWERETAKENFROMTHEYUKHNOANDBIKKULOVWORK11INORDERTOILLUSTRATETHEAGREEMENTBETWEENTHESOLUBILITIESCOMINGFROMDIFFERENTINVESTIGATIONSTHEYAREPLOTTEDINFIGURES1TO8BENZOICACIDWASSTUDIEDMANYTIMESINTHELITERATURE8ANDTHEREFOREONLYRESULTSOFSYSTEMATICDETERMINATIONSINTHE27315TO37315KARECONSIDEREDHERE2,7,10,11,15THESOLUBILITYOFBENZOICACIDISRELATIVELYHIGH,COMPAREDWITHOTHERBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLICACIDS,ANDTHEREFOREAREASONABLEAGREEMENTBETWEENVARIOUSINVESTIGATIONSSHOULDBEEXPECTEDTHISEXPECTATIONISCONFIRMEDASCANBESEENINFIGURE1SIMILARTOBENZOICACID,THESOLUBILITYOFPHTHALICACIDINWATERISWELLKNOWN9–12,16–19,24ANDCONCORDANTFIGURE2PHTHALICACIDDISSOLVESMOREINWATERTHANBENZOICACIDANDCONSIDERABLYMORETHANOTHERISOMERICACIDS,ISOPHTHALICANDTEREPHTHALICACIDSINTHECASEOFISOPHTHALICACIDFIGURE3ITISCLEARTHATTHERESULTSOFFREIDLINANDDAVIDOV20DIFFERCONSIDERABLYFROMTHEMEASUREME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簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題INTRODUCTIONTOTHEDJANGOFRAMEWORK外文作者DANIELRUBIO文獻(xiàn)出處DANIELRUBIOINTRODUCTIONTOTHEDJANGOFRAMEWORKMBEGINNINGDJANGO2017129如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文8701單詞，40127字符，中文12987漢字。INTRODUCTIONTOTHEDJANGOFRAMEWORKDANIELRUBIOTHEDJANGOFRAMEWORKSTARTEDIN2003,ASAPROJECTDONEBYADRIANHOLOVATYANDSIMONWILLISONATTHEJOURNALWORLDNEWSPAPERINLAWRENCE,KANSAS,INTHEUNITEDSTATESIN2005,HOLOVATYANDWILLISONRELEASEDTHEFIRSTPUBLICVERSIONOFTHEFRAMEWORK,NAMINGITAFTERTHEBELGIANFRENCHGUITARISTDJANGOREINHARDTFASTFORWARDTO2017–THEDJANGOFRAMEWORKNOWOPERATESUNDERTHEGUIDANCEOFTHEDJANGOSOFTWAREFOUNDATIONDSF,THEFRAMEWORKCOREHASOVER1000CONTRIBUTORSWITHMORETHAN15RELEASEVERSIONS,ANDTHEREAREOVER3000PACKAGESSPECIFICALLYDESIGNEDTOWORKWITHTHEDJANGOFRAMEWORK1THEDJANGOFRAMEWORKHASREMAINEDTRUETOITSORIGINSASAMODELVIEWCONTROLLERTHEMOSTPRODUCTIVEFRAMEWORKSFORBUILDINGTHEFEATURESNEEDEDBYMOSTMEDIUMTOLARGEWEBAPPLICATIONSNOW,WHILEYOUMIGHTTHINKI’MBIASED–AFTERALLI’MWRITINGANENTIREBOOKABOUTTHETOPIC–I’LLLAYOUTTHESEDESIGNPRINCIPLESFIRST,SOYOUCANGAINABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFWHATGIVESTHEDJANGOFRAMEWORKTHISEDGEDON’TREPEATYOURSELFDRYPRINCIPLEREPETITIONMIGHTBEGOODTOEMPHASIZEAPOINT,BUTWHENITCOMESTOWEBDEVELOPMENT,ITJUSTLEADSTOADDITIONALANDTIMECONSUMINGWORKINFACT,THEVERYNATUREOFWEBDEVELOPMENT,WHICHOPERATESACROSSMULTIPLETIERSINTERACTINGWITHONEANOTHEREG,HTMLTEMPLATES,BUSINESSLOGICMETHODS,ANDDATABASES,LENDSITSELFTOREPETITIONTHEDJANGOFRAMEWORKREALLYTRIESTOFORCEYOUNOTTOREPEATYOURSELF,SOLET’SSEEHOWDJANGOENFORCESNOTREPEATINGYOURSELFANDWHYTHISISAGOODTHINGLET’SSAYYOUWANTTOBUILDACOFFEEHOUSEAPPLICATIONTOPUBLISHINFORMATIONABOUTSTORESANDALSOHAVEACONTACTFORMFORCUSTOMERSTHEFIRSTTHINGYOU’LLNEEDTODOISDETERMINEWHATKINDOFINFORMATIONISREQUIREDFORSTORESANDTHECONTACTFORMFIGURE11ILLUSTRATESAMOCKUPOFTWODJANGOMODELSFOREACHOFTHESEENTITIESFIGURE11DJANGOMODELSFORSTOREANDCONTACTENTITIESNOTICEHOWTHEDJANGOMODELSINFIGURE11EACHHAVEDIFFERENTFIELDNAMESANDADATATYPETORESTRICTVALUESFOREXAMPLE,THESTATEMENTNAMEMODELSCHARFIELDMAX_LENGTH30TELLSDJANGOASTORENAMESHOULDHAVEAMAXIMUMOF30CHARACTERS,WHILETHESTATEMENTEMAILMODELSEMAILFIELDTELLSDJANGOTHECONTACTENTITYSHOULDCONTAINAVALIDEMAILVALUEIFTHECOFFEEHOUSEISLIKEMOSTWEBAPPLICATIONS,

簡介：中文中文6400字，字，4000英文單詞，英文單詞，21萬英文字符萬英文字符文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處SIVAKUGANN,RANKINERM,RANKINEKJ,ETALGEOTECHNICALCONSIDERATIONSINMINEBACKFILLINGINAUSTRALIAJJOURNALOFCLEANERPRODUCTION,2006,14121311681175英文原文GEOTECHNICALCONSIDERATIONSINMINEBACKFILLINGINAUSTRALIANSIVAKUGANA,,RMRANKINEB,KJRANKINEA,KSRANKINEAASCHOOLOFENGINEERING,JAMESCOOKUNIVERSITY,TOWNSVILLE4811,AUSTRALIABCANNINGTONMINE,BHPBILLITON,POBOX5874,TOWNSVILLE4810,AUSTRALIAABSTRACTMINEBACKFILLINGCANPLAYASIGNIFICANTROLEINTHEOVERALLOPERATIONOFAMINEOPERATIONINTHEAUSTRALIANMININGINDUSTRY,WHERESAFETYISAPRIMECONSIDERATION,HYDRAULICSYSTEMSARETHEMOSTCOMMONBACKFILLSDEPLOYEDMANYACCIDENTSREPORTEDATHYDRAULICFILLMINESWORLDWIDEHAVEMAINLYBEENATTRIBUTEDTOALACKOFUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEIRBEHAVIOURANDBARRICADEBRICKSTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEFINDINGSFROMANEXTENSIVELABORATORYTESTPROGRAMMECARRIEDOUTINAUSTRALIAONMORETHAN20DIFFERENTHYDRAULICFILLSANDSEVERALBARRICADEBRICKSALIMITEDDESCRIPTIONOFPASTEBACKFILLSISALSOPROVIDED,ANDTHEUSEFULNESSOFNUMERICALMODELLINGASANINVESTIGATIVETOOLISHIGHLIGHTEDKEYWORDSHYDRAULICFILLSMININGBACKFILLSPASTEFILLSGEOTECHNICAL1．INTRODUCTIONINTHEMININGINDUSTRY,WHENUNDERGROUNDOREBODIESAREEXTRACTED,VERYLARGEVOIDSARECREATED,WHICHMUSTBEBACKFILLEDTHEBACKFILLINGSTRATEGIESDEPLOYEDOFTENMAKEUSEOFTHEWASTEROCKORTAILINGSTHATARECONSIDEREDBYPRODUCTSOFTHEMININGOPERATIONTHISISANEFFECTIVEMEANSOFTAILINGDISPOSALBECAUSEITNEGATESTHENEEDFORCONSTRUCTINGLARGETAILINGDAMSATTHESURFACETHEBACKFILLINGOFUNDERGROUNDVOIDSALSOIMPROVESLOCALANDREGIONALSTABILITY,ENABLINGSAFERANDMOREEFFICIENTMININGOFTHESURROUNDINGAREASTHENEEDFORBACKFILLINGISAMAJORISSUEINAUSTRALIA,WHERE10MILLIONCUBICMETRESOFUNDERGROUNDVOIDSAREGENERATEDANNUALLYASARESULTOFMINING1THEREARETWOBASICTYPESOFBACKFILLINGSTRATEGIESTHEFIRST,UNCEMENTEDBACKFILLING,DOESNOTMAKEUSEOFBINDINGAGENTSSUCHASCEMENT,ANDTHEIRCHARACTERISTICSCANBESTUDIEDUSINGSOILMECHANICSTHEORIESATYPICALEXAMPLEOFUNCEMENTEDBACKFILLINGISTHEUSEOFHYDRAULICFILLSTHATAREPLACEDINTHEFORMOFSLURRYINTOTHEUNDERGROUNDVOIDSTHESECONDCATEGORY,CEMENTEDBACKFILLING,MAKESUSEOFASMALLPERCENTAGEOFBINDERSUCHASPORTLANDCEMENTORABLENDOFPORTLANDCEMENTWITHANOTHERPOZZOLANSUCHASFLYASH,GYPSUMORBLASTFURNACESLAGTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOANALYSETHEFINDINGSFROMANEXTENSIVELABORATORYTESTPROGRAMMECARRIEDOUTINAUSTRALIAONHYDRAULICFILLSANDSEVERALBARRICADEBRICKSHYDRAULICFILLSAREUNCEMENTEDTECHNIQUES,ANDAREONEOFTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDBACKFILLINGSTRATEGIESINAUSTRALIAMORETHAN20DIFFERENTHYDRAULICFILLS,REPRESENTINGAWIDERANGEOFMINESINAUSTRALIA,WERESTUDIEDATJAMESCOOKUNIVERSITYJCUTHEGRAINSIZERDISTRIBUTIONSFORALLOFTHESEFILLSLIEWITHINANARROWBANDASSHOWNINFIG1ALONGWITHTHEM,THEGRAINSIZEDISTRIBUTIONCURVESPOROUSBARRICADEBRICKWALLHORIZONTALACCESSDRIVESLURRYENTERSSTOPEHORIZONTALACCESSDRIVEDECANTWATERHYDRAULICFILLFIG2ANIDEALISEDSTOPEWITHTWOSUBLEVELDRAINSTHEACCESSDRIVES,WHICHAREMADELARGEENOUGHTOPERMITTHEENTRYOFMACHINERYDURINGMINING,AREBLOCKEDBYTHEBARRICADESDURINGFILLINGTHEDRIVESAREOFTENLOCATEDATMORETHANONELEVELINITIALLY,THEDRIVESLOCATEDATUPPERLEVELSACTASEXITPOINTSFORTHEDECANTEDWATER,ANDALSOSERVEASDRAINSWHENTHEHYDRAULICFILLRISESINTHESTOPE21DRAINAGECONSIDERATIONSDRAINAGEISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTISSUETHATMUSTBECONSIDEREDWHENDESIGNINGHYDRAULICFILLSTOPESTHEREHAVEBEENSEVERALACCIDENTSNAMELY,TRAPPEDMINERSANDMACHINERYWORLDWIDECAUSEDBYWETHYDRAULICFILLRUSHINGTHROUGHHORIZONTALACCESSDRIVESSEVERALREASONS,INCLUDINGPOORQUALITYBARRICADEBRICKS,LIQUEFACTION,ANDPIPINGWITHINTHEHYDRAULICFILLAREATTRIBUTEDTOSUCHFAILURES2THEREFORE,PERMEABILITYOFTHEHYDRAULICFILLINTHESTOPEISACRITICALPARAMETERINTHEDESIGNCONTINUOUSEFFORTISMADEDURINGMININGTOENSURETHATITISKEPTABOVEATHRESHOLDLIMITINTHEVICINITYOF100MM/H3LARGERPERMEABILITYLEADSTOQUICKERREMOVALOFWATERFROMTHESTOPE,THUSIMPROVINGTHESTABILITYOFTHEFILLCONTAINEDWITHINTHESTOPEPERMEABILITYTESTSFORMINEFILLSANDBARRICADEBRICKSAREDISCUSSEDBYRANKINEETAL4THECONSTANTHEADANDFALLINGHEADPERMEABILITYTESTSCARRIEDOUTONTHEHYDRAULICFILLSAMPLESGIVEPERMEABILITYVALUESINTHERANGEOF735MM/HINSPITEOFHAVINGPERMEABILITYVALUESMUCHLESSTHANTHE100MMTHRESHOLDSUGGESTEDBYHERGETANDDEKOROMPAY3,EACHOFTHESEHYDRAULICFILLSHASPERFORMEDSATISFACTORILYANECDOTALEVIDENCESANDBACKCALCULATIONSUSINGTHEMEASUREDFLOWINTHEMINESTOPESSUGGESTTHATTHEPERMEABILITYOFTHEHYDRAULICFILLINTHEMINEISOFTENLARGERTHANWHATISMEASUREDINTHELABORATORYUNDERCONTROLLEDCONDITIONSKUGANATHAN5ANDBRADYANDBROWN6PROPOSEDPERMEABILITYVALUESINTHERANGEOF3050MM/H,WHICHARESIGNIFICANTLYLARGERTHANTHOSEMEASUREDINTHELABORATORYFORSIMILARFILLSTHESEVALUESAREMUCHLESSTHANTHETHRESHOLDLIMITPRESCRIBEDBYHERGETANDDEKOROMPAY3,SUGGESTINGTHATITISACONSERVATIVERECOMMENDATION22STABILITYCONSIDERATIONSTHESTABILITYOFTHEHYDRAULICFILLSTOPEDURINGANDAFTERTHEDRAINAGEPERIODDEPENDSONSEVERALPARAMETERSTHATDETERMINETHESTRENGTHANDTHESTIFFNESSOFTHEHYDRAULICFILLMASSTHESEPARAMETERSCANBEMEASUREDINTHELABORATORYUSINGRECONSTITUTEDSAMPLESORINTHEMINEUSINGINSITUTESTINGDEVICESDUETOTHEDIFFICULTIESANDHIGHCOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHCARRYINGTHEINSITU

簡介：ONTHECOMPARISONOFTIMOSHENKOANDSHEARMODELSINBEAMDYNAMICSNO?LCHALLAMEL1ABSTRACTTHECLASSICALTIMOSHENKOBEAMMODELANDTHESHEARBEAMMODELAREOFTENUSEDTOMODELSHEARBUILDINGBEHAVIORBOTHFORSTABILITYORDYNAMICANALYSISTHISTECHNICALNOTEQUESTIONSTHETHEORETICALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENBOTHMODELSFORLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERTHESIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMISANALYTICALLYSTUDIEDFORBOTHMODELSASYMPTOTICSOLUTIONSAREOBTAINEDFORLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERINTHEGENERALCASE,ITISPROVENTHATTHESHEARBEAMMODELCANNOTBEDEDUCEDFROMTHETIMOSHENKOMODEL,BYCONSIDERINGLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERTHISISONLYACHIEVEDFORSPECIFICGEOMETRICALPARAMETERINTHEPRESENTEXAMPLEASACONCLUSION,THECAPABILITYOFTHESHEARMODELTOAPPROXIMATETIMOSHENKOMODELFORLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERISFIRMLYDEPENDENTONTHEMATERIALANDGEOMETRICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEBEAMSECTIONANDONTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSDOI101061/?ASCE?07339399?2006?13210?1141?CEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSSHEARWAVESSTRUCTURALDYNAMICSDYNAMICMODELSBEAMSCOMPARATIVESTUDIESINTRODUCTIONTHECLASSICALTIMOSHENKOBEAMMODEL?TIMOSHENKO1921,1922?ANDTHESHEARBEAMMODEL?SEEFORINSTANCEKAUSEL2002?AREOFTENUSEDTOMODELSHEARBUILDINGBEHAVIORBOTHFORSTABILITYORDYNAMICANALYSISTHISTECHNICALNOTEQUESTIONSTHETHEORETICALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENBOTHMODELSFORLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERARISTIZABALOCHOA?2004?COMPARESTHESETWOMODELSANDSUGGESTSARELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESETWOMODELSBYCONSIDERINGLARGEVALUESOFADIMENSIONLESSPARAMETERS2,ABENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERTHISTECHNICALNOTESHOWSONASIMPLEEXAMPLETHATTHISPARAMETERMAYBENOTSUFFICIENTTOLINKBOTHTHEORIESEQUATIONSOFMOTIONTIMOSHENKOMODELTHEGOVERNINGEQUATIONSOFTHETIMOSHENKOMODELAREM?2Y?T2?ASG?2Y?X2ASG???X0?1?MR2?2??T2?ASG??Y?X????EI?2??X20THEBEAMISMADEOFAHOMOGENEOUSLINEARELASTICMATERIALWITHMODULIE?YOUNGMODULUS?ANDG?TRANSVERSESHEARMODULUS?ITSTRANSVERSECROSSSECTIONISDOUBLYSYMMETRICWITHANEFFECTIVESHEARAREADENOTEDBYASANDAPRINCIPALMOMENTOFINERTIAIAR2?R?RADIUSOFGYRATIONOFTHECROSSSECTIONANDA?TOTALAREA?THEEFFECTIVEAREAASCANALSOBEDENOTEDBY?A?,THESOCALLEDSHEARCORRECTIONCOEFFICIENT,ISADIMENSIONLESSFACTORWHICHGIVESTHERATIOOFTHEAVERAGESTRAINONASECTIONTOTHESHEARSTRAINATTHECENTROIDITSVALUEISDEPENDENTONTHESHAPEOFCROSSSECTION,BUTALSOONTHEMATERIAL’SPOISSONRATIO??SEE,FORINSTANCE,COWPER1966?THEUNIFORMMASSPERUNITOFLENGTHISDENOTEDBYMY?AVERAGEDISPLACEMENTAND??AVERAGESLOPE,BOTHFUNCTIONOFTHETIMETANDTHESPATIALCOORDINATEXTHEROTATIONANGLE?CANBEEVALUATEDFROMTHEFIRSTOFTHESEEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPSEQ?1?ANDSUBSTITUTEDINTOTHESECOND,LEAVINGTHETRANSVERSEDISPLACEMENTYASTHEONLYVARIABLEEI?4Y?X4M?2Y?T2??MR2MEIASG??4Y?X2?T2M2R2ASG?4Y?T40?2?ONEWOULDOBTAINTHESAMEDIFFERENTIALOPERATORFORTHECROSSSECTIONALROTATIONANGLE?CHENG1970?EI?4??X4M?2??T2??MR2MEIASG??4??X2?T2M2R2ASG?4??T40?3?THESIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMOFLENGTHLISSTUDIEDTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSARETHENREDUCEDTO???X?0,T????X?L,T?Y?0,T?Y?L,T?0?4?OFCOURSE,OTHERTYPESOFBOUNDARYCONDITIONSCANBETREATED?HUANG1961,FORINSTANCE?BUTACOMPARISONWITHOTHERBEAMMODELSWILLBEFACILITATEDBYTHEAVAILABLECLOSEDFORMSOLUTIONSOFTHISSIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMTHESOLUTIONOFEQ?2?ISSOUGHTOFTHEFORMY?X,T???X?SIN?NT?5?1ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR,LABORATOIREDEGéNIECIVILETGéNIEMéCANIQUE?LGCGM?,INSADERENNES,20AVDESBUTTESDECO?SMES,35043RENNESCEDEX,FRANCEEMAILNOELCHALLAMELINSARENNESFRNOTEASSOCIATEEDITORHAYDERARASHEEDDISCUSSIONOPENUNTILMARCH1,2007SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTOEXTENDTHECLOSINGDATEBYONEMONTH,AWRITTENREQUESTMUSTBEFILEDWITHTHEASCEMANAGINGEDITORTHEMANUSCRIPTFORTHISTECHNICALNOTEWASSUBMITTEDFORREVIEWANDPOSSIBLEPUBLICATIONONMARCH17,2005APPROVEDONJANUARY25,2006THISTECHNICALNOTEISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFENGINEERINGMECHANICS,VOL132,NO10,OCTOBER1,2006?ASCE,ISSN07339399/2006/101141–1145/2500JOURNALOFENGINEERINGMECHANICS?ASCE/OCTOBER2006/1141JENGMECH200613211411145DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYUNIVERSITYOFLIVERPOOLON04/19/15COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVEDTHEFUNCTIONOFTHELATERALDEFLECTION?ISNOWEXPRESSEDASFOLLOWS??X?C1COS??NX?C2SIN??NX?C3COS??NX?C4SIN??NX??17?NOTETHEDIFFERENCEINTHEEIGENFUNCTIONSBETWEENCASES1AND2THENATURALFREQUENCIESARESIMPLYOBTAINEDUSINGTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSINEQ?8??NN?AND?NN??18?ITCANBEREMARKEDTHATTHISSECONDCASEISOFTENOMITTEDINTHELITERATUREASYMPTOTICANALYSISEIGENFUNCTIONSDEPENDONTHEFREQUENCYDEPENDENTEQ?12?INANYCASE,ITISNOTDIFFICULTTOSHOWTHATINBOTHCASES,THENATURALFREQUENCYISGIVENBYTHEFOLLOWINGEQUATIONBN4R2S2?BN2?N2?2?R2S2?1?N4?40?19?THEEULER–BERNOULLISOLUTIONISFOUNDBYSETTINGRS0TBNN2?2?20?ITCANBEMOREOVERSTATEDTHATS2?1?21?THISASSUMPTIONISOFTENFORMULATEDINORDERTOJUSTIFYTHEASSUMPTIONOFTHESHEARMODEL?SEEFORINSTANCEARISTIZABALOCHOA2004?INTHISCASE,EQ?19?ISREDUCEDTOBN4R2S2?BN2N2?2?R2S2??1??N4?40WHERE?1N2?2?R2S2??22?INCASEOFEQ?21?,??SMALLPARAMETER???1/?N?S?2?THEFOLLOWINGPERTURBATIONEXPANSIONFORTHESOLUTIONOFEQ?22?ISOBTAINEDFROMTHEASYMPTOTICSEQUENCE?SEEFORINSTANCEBUSH1992?BN2BN2?0??BN2?1??2BN2?2?ˉ?23?SUBSTITUTINGTHEASSUMEDEXPANSIONINTOEQ?22?YIELDSTHEEQUATIONBN2?N2?2R2?1?R2S2S2?R2?ˉORN2?2S2?1?R2S2R2?S2?ˉ??24?THECASERSISASPECIALCASEFORWHICHANOTHERPERTURBATIONEXPANSIONHASTOBECO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簡介：NOTICEOFRETRACTIONAFTERCAREFULANDCONSIDEREDREVIEWOFTHECONTENTOFTHISPAPERBYADULYCONSTITUTEDEXPERTCOMMITTEE,THISPAPERHASBEENFOUNDTOBEINVIOLATIONOFIEEESPUBLICATIONPRINCIPLESWEHEREBYRETRACTTHECONTENTOFTHISPAPERREASONABLEEFFORTSHOULDBEMADETOREMOVEALLPASTREFERENCESTOTHISPAPERTHEPRESENTINGAUTHOROFTHISPAPERHASTHEOPTIONTOAPPEALTHISDECISIONBYCONTACTINGTPIIIEEEORG2010INTERNATIONALCORIFERENCEONEDUCATIONALANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYICEIT2010IMPROVEDGENERALLYHOWEVER,SOMECOLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIESHAVESETTLEDFORSMALLAMOUNTOFIMPROVEMENTLEVELOFTHEPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITY,IGNORINGTHEHUGEROLETHE?HYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLLINGSYSTEMPLAYSTHEPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLLINGSYSTEMHASNOTBEEN?NOWNENOUGHANDCOULDNOTARISEENOUGHATTENTION,AFFECTMGTHEFASTDEVELOPMENTOFTHEPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYIITHEDEVELOPMENTOFPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLLINGSYSTEMOFHIGHEREDUCATIONINSTITUTIONSESTABLISHINGTHEBASICCONTROLMODEOFPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLLINGSYSTEMTHEEVALUATIONOFUNDERGRADUATECOURSETEACHINGLEVELASPARTOFTHEEDUCATIONADMINISTRATIVEFUNCTIONS,THEEVALUATIONSYSTEMISSTATUTORY,MANDATORY,AUTHORITATIVEANDNORMATIVEVARIOUSCOLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIESHAVEESTABLISHEDEVALUATIONOFFICEEVALUATIONTEAMSANDOTHERGRASSROOTSORGANIZATIONSI?SUCCESSIONTODEVOTEACTIVELYTOWORKINGATPRESENT,THEPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLLINGSYSTEMISSUBORDINATETOEACHCOLLEGEANDUNIVERSITYITISTHESAMEWITHTHETEACHINGAPPRAISAL,DEMANDINGTOESTABLISHTHEMACROSCOPICBASICCONTROLMODELOFNATIONALPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLLINGSYSTEM,WHICHHASUNIVERSALGUIDINGSENSE5,6TOTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLLINGSYSTEMFOREACHORDINARYCOLLEGEANDUNIVERSITY,ANDFORMSTHEPROGRAMMATICMODEBLUEPRINTTOEFFECTIVELYPROMOTEANDREGULATETHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLLINGSYSTEMESTABLISHINGTHECOMMONCONTROLOBJECTIVESOFEDUCATIONALADMINISTRATIVEDEPARTMENTSANDACCURATELYRELEASINGTASKSORGANIZATIONDEPARTMENTSOFPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLMUSTCONSTITUTECONTROLOBJECTIVESINACCORDANCEWITHTHEGENERALOBJECTIVEOFIMPROVINGEDUCATIONALQUALITY,ANDPERFORMTHEOBJECTIVESDECOMPOSITIONTOFORMASERIESOFOPERABLESPECIFICOBJECTIVESOFVARIOUSLEVELSANDDEPARTMENTSANDTOESTABLISHCOMMONANDMACROSCOPICOBJECTIVESSYSTEMSFORCOLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIESWHATNEEDSTOBECLEARISTHAT,BECAUSETHEEDUCATIONALQUALITYITSELFCONSTANTLYCHANGESWITHTHETIMESREQUIREMENTS,CONSTITUTEDOBJECTIVESOFCONTROLLINGRGANIZATIONSHOULDALSOBEADJUSTEDDYNAMICALLYTHEREFORE,ITSHOULDFOLLOWTHEMACROECONOMICGUIDANCIALITYOFOVERALLCONTROLOBJECTIVES,COMBININGWITHBASICSITUATIONSOFEACHCOLLEGEANDUNIVERSITYTODEVELOPIMPLEMENTATIONOBJECTIVESOFDISTINCTIVEPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLLINGSYSTEMFOCUSONMONITORINGANDEVALUATIONOFPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLLINGPROCESSOFHIGHEREDUCATIONALINSTITUTIONSRUNNINGCONDITIONSOFOPERATINGPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLLINGPROCEDUREOFEACHHIGHEREDUCATIONALINSTITUTION,ANDWHETHERREALLYSERVINGFORTHEIMPROVEMENTOFPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYINTHEIMPLEMENTATIONPROCESSAREMAINLYCHECKEDBYEDUCATIONALADMINISTRATIVEDEPARTMENTSMEASURESINCLUDETHEFOLLOWINGSETTINGUPEXPERTQUALITYEVALUATIONTEAMSWITHTHEGROUPINGSHIFTSYSTEMTOIRREGULARLYSPOTCHECKACCORDINGTOTHESCHOOLCLASSIFICATIONEGPERTHECLASSIFICATIONOFRESEARCHINGINSTITUTIONS,TEACHINGINSTITUTIONSANDPROFESSIONALINSTITUTIONSTOCONSTITUTESPECIFICMEASURESFORQUALITYCONTROL,PROPOSEDIFFERENTQUALITYREQUIREMENTSATTHESAMETIME,ENCOURAGEANDDEVELOPSOCIALINTERMEDIARYASSESSMENTORGANIZATIONEG,ACADEMICDISCIPLINEASSOCIATIONS,ANDEXPERTASSESSMENTTEAMSOFRELATEDENTERPRISES,ETCTOACTIVELYPARTICIPATEINACCREDITATIONACTIVITIESOFPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLLINGSYSTEMOFHIGHEREDUCATIONALINSTITUTIONSSTRENGTHENINGTHEINTERCOORDINATIONBETWEENMACROINTERMEDIARYPERSPECTIVE,ANDMICROCONTROLORGANIZATIONS?EMPHASIZINGTHEINTERNALCONTROLORGANIZATIONSOFHIGHEREDUCATIONALINSTITUTIONSTOFORMMUTUALTRUSTANDMUTUALCONSULTATIONANDINFORMATIONSHARINGBETWEENSUPERIORANDSUBORDINATEORGANIZATIONS,LONGITUDINALANDLATERALORGANIZATIONS,HORIZONTALANDDIAGONALCROSSORGANIZATIONSITMAINLYAIMSATTHENATIONALHIGHEREDUCATIONALADMINISTRATIVESERVICEDEPARTMENTTOESTABLISHTHECORRESPONDINGSTATELEVELORGANIZATIONSANDAGENCIES,ANDESTABLISHESSUCCESSIVELYTHEINTERNALINFORMATIONACCEPTANCEORGANIZATION,THETRANSMISSIONORGANIZATIONINHIGHEREDUCATIONALINSTITUTIONSANDSOON,TOTRANSMITTOLOWERLEVELSISSUEDRELATEDINFORMATIONSOURCEOFPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLONEBYONEESTABLISHESTHEINFORMATIONSHARINGPLATFORMINTHEINTERNALOFEACHLEVELOFORGANIZATIONSTOCARRYONTHETRANSMISSIONANDEXCHANGEOFINFORMATIONEACHCOLLEGEANDUNIVERITYMUSTRECEIVETHEINFORMATIONFROMHIGHERAUTHONTYTHROUGHDELEGATINGINFORMATIONOFFICERSANDOTHERFORMS,TORAPIDLYACCEPTTHEINFORMATION,ANDACCURATELYTRANSMITTOTHEBASICLEVELORGANIZATION,ASWELLASCONVENIENTLYDEVELOPTHEWORKFULLYPLAYINGSUBJECTIVEINITIATIVEOFPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLMAINBODYFULLYPLAYINGSUBJECTIVEINITIATIVEOFPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLMAINBODYISTHEKEYOFEFFECTIVELYIMPLEMENTINGTHECONTROLSYSTEM,MAINLYTHROUG??RAININGTHECONTROLABILITYOFCONTROLMAINBODY,CONSTRAMMGCONTROLBEHAVIORSOFCONTROLMAINBODY,ENHANCINGCREDIBILITYANDINTEGRITYDEGREEOFCONTROLMAINBODYSUCHASLEADERS,TEACHERS,STUDENTSASWELLASRELATEDSTAFF,ETCCONSTRAININGCONTROLBEHAVIORSISTHEESSENTIALSUPPLEMENTOFTRAININGANDENHANCINGTHECONTROLABILITYOFCONTROLMAINBODY,ANDISTHEEXTERNALPOWERTOIMPELTHECONTROLMAINBODYTOPLAYSUBJECTIVEINITIATIVEITEMBARKSFROMTHENATURECONSCIOUSNESSTOTRAINTHECONTROLABILITYOFPHYSICALEDUCATIONALQUALITYCONTROLMAINBODYTHECONTROLABILITYISNEEDEDTOBEFORMEDANDTRAINEDGRADUALLYINTHELONGTERMTEACHINGACTIVITIESTHEREFOREITHASTHEPLASTICITY,WHOSETRAININGSHOULDBEPAIDATTENTIONONTHELONGTERMCHARACTERISTICANDTHEENDURANCEITISMAINLYTHROUGHSTRENGTHENINGEDUCATIONALTRAINING,ENHANCINGCONTROLLINGAWARENESSANDIMPROVINGTEACHERSCONTROLENTHUSIASMSETSEDUCATIONALSCENE,EXERCISEANDASSESSMENTOFTEACHERSSENSITIVITYINTHETEACHINGPROCESSANDSTUDENTSLEARNINGRESPONSETOENHANCETHEABILITYOFSELFFEEDBACKANDEVALUATIONTHROUGHPHILOSOPHY,PSYCHOLOGYANDOTHERBASICDISCIPLINESTOCARRYONTHEBASICTRAININGOFSCHOOLS,TRAININGDIALECTICALTHINKINGANDINTROSPECTIONTHINKINGABILITYFORCONTROLMAINBODY,ATTHESAMETIMEENHANCINGTHEGUIDANCEWORKOFASERIESOFPROCESSLIKELEARNING,INSPECTION,IMPROVEMENTANDFURTHERINTROSPECTIONCONSTRAININGTHEV3303

簡介：EFFECTOFFLYASHCONTENTANDAGGREGATEGRADATIONONTHEDURABILITYOFCONCRETEPAVEMENTSSUKHVARSHJERATH,PE,MASCE1ANDNICHOLASHANSON2ABSTRACTINTHEREGIONSWHERETEMPERATUREFLUCTUATIONSARELARGERANGINGFROMBELOWFREEZINGINWINTERTOHIGHTEMPERATURESINSUMMER,CONCRETEHIGHWAYPAVEMENTSFAILBECAUSEOFPOORDURABILITYRATHERTHANLACKOFSTRENGTHTHEEFFECTOFFLYASHREPLACEMENTOFPORTLANDCEMENTANDTHEUSEOFDENSEAGGREGATEGRADATIONONTHEDURABILITYOFCONCRETEMIXTURESISSTUDIEDINTHISRESEARCHEIGHTCONCRETEMIXTURESWERECAST,FOUROFTHEMUSINGTHEAGGREGATESASPERCURRENTSPECIFICATIONSANDTHEOTHERFOURMIXTURESUSINGDENSEGRADEDAGGREGATESFOREACHOFTHESETWOGRADATIONS,DIFFERENTFLYASHREPLACEMENTAMOUNTSOF30,35,40,AND45FORPORTLANDCEMENTWEREUSEDALLMIXTURESWEREDESIGNEDFOR6AIRCONTENT,AND25–38MM?1TO11/2IN?SLUMPFORTHEFRESHLYMIXEDCONCRETETHESTUDYSHOWSTHATTHEINCREASEOFFLYASHCONTENTFROM30TO45INCREASEDTHEDURABILITYOFCONCRETEMIXTURESWITHOUTTHELOSSOFCOMPRESSIVEANDFLEXURALSTRENGTHSTHECONCRETEMIXTURESCONTAININGDENSEGRADEDAGGREGATES,ANDHIGHERPERCENTAGEOFFLYASHREQUIREDLESSWATERCONTENTINDICATINGTHEBENEFICIALEFFECTSOFFLYASHANDDENSEGRADEDAGGREGATESWHENTHEFLYASHCONTENTWASINCREASEDFROM30TO45INTHECONCRETEMIXTURES,THEPERMEABLEPORESPACEDECREASEDINTHESPECIFICGRAVITY,ABSORPTION,ANDVOIDSINHARDENEDCONCRETETESTSTHEELECTRICCHARGEPASSINGTHROUGHTHELAYERSREDUCEDINTHERAPIDCHLORIDEIONPERMEABILITYTESTSANDTHESPACINGFACTORSWERESMALLERINTHEMICROSCOPICALDETERMINATIONOFAIRVOIDTESTSINDICATINGGREATERDURABILITYTHESEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSPROVEDTHEBENEFITOFUSINGHIGHERCONTENTOFFLYASHINCONCRETETHEUSEOFDENSEGRADEDAGGREGATESALSOPROVEDBENEFICIALDOI101061/?ASCE?08991561?2007?195?367?CEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSAGGREGATESDURABILITYFLYASHFREEZETHAWCONCRETEPAVEMENTSVOIDSINTRODUCTIONCONCRETEDISINTEGRATIONANDDURABILITYPROBLEMSINHIGHWAYPAVEMENTSHAVEBEENREPORTEDINMANYCOLDREGIONSDUETOFROSTANDHARSHWEATHERCONDITIONSINWINTERWATERHAPPENSTOBECENTRALTOMOSTDURABILITYPROBLEMSINCONCRETE,THEREFOREACONCRETEWILLBEMOREDURABLEIFTHEREISLITTLEORNOEVAPORABLEWATERLEFTAFTERDRYINGIFWECANUSEANAGGREGATEGRADATIONWHERETHEREMAININGAIRVOIDSINTHEAGGREGATEARELESS,THENWEWILLNEEDLESSPASTETOFILLTHEMANDTHISINTURNWILLREDUCETHEAVAILABLEEVAPORABLEWATERTHEASTMC3300?ASTM2001?ALLOWS80–100OFTHEMATERIALTOPASSTHENO8SIEVETHISSPECIFICATIONALONGWITHTHESTANDARDCOARSEAGGREGATEDESIGNATIONS,RESULTSINTHEREMOVALOFLARGEPORTIONSOFINTERMEDIATESIZEPARTICLESTHEAGGREGATEMADEUPOFALLRANGESOFPARTICLESMINIMIZESPASTEVOLUMEANDINCREASESDURABILITYTHECURRENTPRACTICESUSEAMIXTUREOF6040COARSETOFINEAGGREGATESRATIO,TOGETTHECOMBINEDAGGREGATETHATISCALLEDGAPGRADEDINTHISMIXTUREOFAGGREGATES,THEREARENOTENOUGHINTERMEDIATESIZEPARTICLESTHATAREBETWEENNO4ANDNO16SIEVEOPENINGSIZESANEVALUATIONOFTHECONSTRUCTIONRECORDSANDPAVEMENTCORESBYMUSZYNSKIETAL?1997?FROMPROJECTSCONSTRUCTEDSINCE1987SUGGESTTHATPOORMIXPROPORTIONINGPRACTICESANDAHIGHVARIABILITYINAGGREGATEGRADATIONDIRECTLYAFFECTSTHECONSTRUCTABILITYOFPAVEMENTSTHERESEARCHSHOWEDTHATAGGREGATEGRADINGCONTROLSAREANEFFECTIVEMETHODOFIMPROVINGTHEPLACEMENTCHARACTERISTICSANDFINISHQUALITYOFNEWCONCRETEPAVEMENTSGOLTERMANNETAL?1997?INDICATEDTHATTHESELECTIONANDCOMBINATIONOFTHEAGGREGATESHASADOMINATINGINFLUENCEONTHEQUALITYANDPRICEOFCONCRETEANDSHOULDRECEIVEMOREATTENTIONTHEREISSOMESUBJECTIVEEVIDENCETHATTHETOTALAGGREGATEGRADATIONCANBEOPTIMIZEDTOYIELDIMPROVEDCONCRETEPERFORMANCEDURINGCONSTRUCTIONANDSERVICELIFE,BUTITISNOTABSOLUTELYCONVINCINGTHEINFLUENCEOFTOTALAGGREGATEGRADATIONONTHEFREEZETHAWDURABILITYOFCONCRETETESTSPECIMENSTHATEMPLOYEDAVARIETYOFCOMMONLYUSEDAGGREGATESWASEXAMINEDBYCRAMERANDCARPENTER?1999?THEOPTIMIZEDGRADATIONMIXESDIDNOTSHOWCONSISTENTLYIMPROVEDPERFORMANCECOMPAREDWITHTHECONTROLMIXTURESCONSISTINGOF60–40BLENDOFNATURALLYOCCURRINGCOARSE/FINEAGGREGATES,BUTSHOWEDBETTERPERFORMANCEINCOMPARISONWITHTHENEARGAPGRADEDMIXTURESTHEUSEOFFLYASHISINHARMONYWITHTHECONCEPTOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTTOCONSIDERABLYINCREASETHEUTILIZATIONOFFLYASH,ITISNECESSARYTOADVOCATETHEUSEOFCONCRETETHATWILLINCORPORATELARGEAMOUNTSOFFLYASHASREPLACEMENTFORCEMENTINTWOINVESTIGATIONS,ONEUSEDEIGHTFLYASHESANDTWOPORTLANDCEMENTSFROMUSSOURCES?BILODEAUETAL1994?,ANDINTHEOTHERSIXFLYASHESANDFIVEASTMTYPEIPORTLANDCEMENTSWERESELECTEDFROMSOURCESACROSSVARIOUSREGIONSOFCANADA?SIVASUNDARAMANDMALHOTRA2004?BASEDUPONTESTRESULTSITWASCONCLUDEDTHATTHEAIRENTRAINEDHIGHVOLUMEFLYASHCONCRETESEXHIBITEDEXCELLENTDURABILITYCHARACTERISTICSINAPAPER?JIANG1PROFESSOR,DEPTOFCIVILENGINEERING,UNIVOFNORTHDAKOTA,UPSONIIROOM260,243CENTENNIALDRIVESTOP8115,GRANDFORKS,ND5820281152STRUCTURALENGINEER,ULTEIGENGINEERINGINC,5201EASTRIVERRD,SUITE308,FRIDLEY,MN55432NOTEASSOCIATEEDITORBAOSHANHUANGDISCUSSIONOPENUNTILOCTOBER1,2007SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTOEXTENDTHECLOSINGDATEBYONEMONTH,AWRITTENREQUESTMUSTBEFILEDWITHTHEASCEMANAGINGEDITORTHEMANUSCRIPTFORTHISPAPERWASSUBMITTEDFORREVIEWANDPOSSIBLEPUBLICATIONONJUNE6,2005APPROVEDONSEPTEMBER18,2006THISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFMATERIALSINCIVILENGINEERING,VOL19,NO5,MAY1,2007?ASCE,ISSN08991561/2007/5367–375/2500JOURNALOFMATERIALSINCIVILENGINEERING?ASCE/MAY2007/367DOWNLOADED30DEC2010TO220249723REDISTRIBUTIONSUBJECTTOASCELICE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簡介：3050英文單詞，英文單詞，16500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文5000字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處SOLAKD,TOPALOGLUMTHEPERCEPTIONANALYSISOFCYBERCRIMESINVIEWOFCOMPUTERSCIENCESTUDENTSJPROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES,2015,182590595THEPERCEPTIONANALYSISOFCYBERCRIMESINVIEWOFCOMPUTERSCIENCESTUDENTSDUYGUSOLAK,MURATTOPALOGLUABSTRACTCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGIESGROWINGRAPIDLYHASBECOMEANINDISPENSABLEPARTOFMODERNLIFEWHILEMAKINGSOCIALLIFEEASIER,THECHANGESTHATTECHNOLOGYHASBROUGHTALSOBRINGFORTHSOMESECURITYISSUESTHUS,ITISEASIERTOCOMMITCRIMESANDWEAREFACEDWITHCYBERCRIMESTHISSTUDYEXAMINESTHEDIFFERENCESAMONGTHECYBERCRIMEPERCEPTIONSOFUNDERGRADUATESTUDENTSATTRAKYAUNIVERSITYINTERMSOFDEMOGRAPHICFACTORSTHEMETHODOFTHESTUDYWASAQUESTIONNAIRETHATWASGIVENTOLECTURERSANDSTUDENTSATTRAKYAUNIVERSITYSAMPLEANDITWASDESIGNEDTOMEASUREANDASSESSTHELEVELSOFINTERESTINTECHNOLOGY,THESEVERITYOFCYBERCRIMESANDTHEINDIVIDUALS’PERCEPTIONSOFCYBERCRIMESINTERMSOFETHICSANDLAWTHEFINDINGSOFTHESTUDYCANHELPUSDEFINETHELEVELOFCOMMONPERCEPTIONOFCYBERCRIMESANDTHEMEANINGFULDIFFERENCESBETWEENSEPARATEGROUPSKEYWORDSINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIES,CYBERCRIMES,INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYLAW,PERCEPTIONANALYSIS1INTRODUCTIONINFORMATICSHASBEENDEFINEDASTHESCIENCEOFPROCESSINGOFTHEINFORMATIONUSEDINTECHNICAL,ECONOMICANDSOCIALCOMMUNICATIONAREAS,ANDONWHICHSCIENCEHASITSOWNBASIS,PROPERLYANDLOGICALLYVIAELECTRONICMACHINESINPARTICULARKOKSAL,2006THEDEVELOPMENTSINCOMPUTERANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESHAVEPENETRATEDINTOANYTHINGINEVERYDAYLIFEGLOBALIZATIONHASGAINEDSPEEDWITHTHEINTERNETBECOMINGMOREPOPULARANDTHEPHYSICALBOUNDARIESHAVEDISAPPEAREDTHISPOPULARITYOFTHEINTERNETHASBROUGHTFORTHTHEISSUESLIKESTORINGANDPROCESSINGINFORMATIONTHEDEVELOPMENTSININFORMATICSHAVEBOTHPROSANDCONSFORHUMANITYSINCETHEECONOMIC,SOCIALANDPOLITICALVALUEOFTHEINFORMATIONHASINCREASED,THEPEOPLEWHOWANTTOCUTCORNERSTOGAINPOWERANDMONEYHAVEBEGUNTOTENDTOWARDSUSINGINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESTOCOMMITCRIMES,SOMETIMESTARGETINGTHETECHNOLOGYITSELFHEREIN,THETERM“CYBERCRIME”BECOMESEVIDENTCYBERCRIMEIS“ANYKINDOFILLEGAL,UNETHICALANDUNAUTHORIZEDBEHAVIORINASYSTEMWHICHPROCESSESINFORMATIONAUTOMATICALLYORTRANSFERSDATA”KESKIN,2009CYBERCRIMECANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOMAINCATEGORIESWHERETHECOMPUTERISUSEDASATOOLORASATARGETHARASSINGANDTHREATENINGPEOPLEONTHEINTERNETORMOBILEPHONES,ANDPUBLISHINGMUSICORBOOKSWITHOUTHAVINGTHECOPYRIGHTSARETWOEXAMPLESOFCYBERCRIMETHEAUTHORITIESPREFERTOEXTENDTHESCOPEOFTHEPUNISHMENTSFORCLASSICCRIMESINSTEADOFADDINGCYBERCRIMECLAUSESTOTHEPRESENTCODESONTHEOTHERHAND,ACTSLIKEDISTORTING,REPLACINGDATAANDBLOCKINGACCESSTOASYSTEMARECRIMESWHERETHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMSARETARGETEDDIRECTLYANDTHEREAREINDEPENDENTCODESANDREGULATIONSINLAWDEFININGTHESCOPEOFTHESECRIMESTODAYCYBERCRIMEISANIMPORTANTPROBLEMGROWINGRAPIDLYTHEREFORE,THENEEDFORLEGALACTSCOMBININGBOTHLAWANDTECHNOLOGYHASRISENDRAMATICALLYHOWEVER,THEREISMUCHTOBEDONETOREDUCETHENUMBEROFCYBERCRIMESTHEFIRSTRECORDEDCYBERCRIMEWASRELEASEDTOTHEPUBLICINAMINNEAPOLISTRIBUNEARTICLE“COMPUTEREXPERTACCUSEDOFCOOKINGTHEACCOUNTBOOKS”O(jiān)NOCTOBER18TH,1966IN1973,ONEOFTHECLASSICEARLYDATADIDDLINGFRAUDSWAS“EQUITYFUNDING”3,NOTACRIME4,DEFINITELYNOTACRIME5”AREUSEDWHEREAS“CERTAINLYRIGHT1,RIGHT2,NEUTRAL3,WRONG4,DEFINITELYWRONG5”STATEMENTSAREUSEDTOEXAMINEMORALATTITUDESTOWARDSCYBERCRIMETHEQUESTIONNAIREFORMWASTAKENFROMTHEMASTERS’THESIS“THEPERCEPTIONANALYSISOFCOMPUTERCRIMESWITHRESPECTTOSOCIOCULTURALLEVELS”BY?LBAS,2009ANDAPPLIEDTOTHESTUDYGROUP25DATAANALYSISSPSS20STATISTICALPACKAGEFORSOCIALSCIENCESWASUSEDFORTHEANALYSISOFTHEDATAPERCENTAGEANDFREQUENCYANALYSISWEREUSEDTODETERMINETHEPERCEPTIONSANALYSISOFCYBERCRIMEINCOMPUTERSTUDENTSTHERELIABILITYCOEFFICIENTFORTHEWHOLESCALEWASFOUND0883FINDINGSINTHISSECTION,FREQUENCYANDPERCENTAGEDISTRIBUTIONSOFTHESTUDENTS’GENDERSANDYEARSOFSTUDYAREPRESENTED35264STUDENTSOFTHEPARTICIPANTSWEREFEMALESAND648118PEOPLEWEREMALES,827STUDENTSWEREFRESHMEN,337STUDENTSWERESOPHOMORES,938STUDENTSWEREJUNIORSANDD,080STUDENTSWERESENIORSACCORDINGTOTHEFREQUENCYANALYSISRESULTSFORTHEINTERESTINCOMPUTERSANDTECHNOLOGYANDFOLLOWINGTHELATESTDEVELOPMENTSINTHEFIELD611STUDENTSOFTHESTUDENTSREPORTEDTHEYARENOTINTERESTEDINTHESUBJECTANDDONOTFOLLOWTHELATESTDEVELOPMENTSWITH9,918STUDENTSWHOARENOTINTERESTEDBUTFOLLOWINGTHEUPDATESINWRITTENANDVISUALMEDIA,2OFTHEPARTICIPANTS44STUDENTSSAIDTHEYAREINTERESTEDINTHESUBJECTSWITHOUTFOLLOWINGTHEUPDATESWITHY,3108REPORTINGTHEIRINTERESTINBOTHTHESUBJECTANDLATESTDEVELOPMENTSTHERESULTSSHOWTHATMAJORITYOFTHESTUDENTSHAVEINTERESTINCOMPUTERS,TECHNOLOGYANDTHEINTERNETFOLLOWINGTHEUPDATESANDDEVELOPMENTSCLOSELYACCORDINGTOTHEFREQUENCYANALYSISFORHOWLONGTHESTUDENTSHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNET0,51STUDENTSSAID“IDON’TUSE”0,51STUDENTSSAIDTHEYHAVEBEENUSINGINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESFOR“LESSTHANAYEAR”,419STUDENTS25YEARSY,3108STUDENTS69YEARS,1OFTHESTUDENTSREPORTEDTHATTHEYHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNETMORETHAN10YEARSMOSTOFTHESTUDENTSHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNETFOR69YEARSACCORDINGTOTHERESULTSTHEFREQUENCYANALYSISFORTHEPLACEWHERETHESTUDENTSGETCONNECTEDTOTHEINTERNETSHOWTHAT1,357STUDENTSCANACCESSTOTHEINTERNETATHOMEAND8,215STUDENTSUSETHEINTERNETATWORKORATSCHOOLWHILE0,51STUDENTGOESTOINTERNETCAFES1,63STUDENTSREPORTEDUSINGCOMMONACCESSAREASMOSTOFTHESTUDENTSHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNETATHOMEACCORDINGTOTHERESULTSACCORDINGTOTHEFREQUENCYRESULTS,THEINTERNETISUSEDBYSTUDENTSFORDOINGRESEARCHFORWORKANDSCHOOLWITH1,357STUDENTSFORDOINGRESEARCHFORPERSONALINTERESTSWITH7,468STUDENTSFORREADINGNEWSANDCURRENTAFFAIRSWITH,326STUDENTS,FORCOMMUNICATIONPURPOSESWITH8,816STUDENTS,FORFORMINGSOCIALRELATIONSHIPS1,12STUDENTSANDFORENTERTAINMENTANDGAMES7,113STUDENTSMOSTOFTHESTUDENTSSEEMTOUSETHEINTERNETTODORESEARCHONTHEIRPERSONALINTERESTSACCORDINGTOTHEFREQUENCYANALYSISRESULTSFORTHEAVERAGEINTERNETUSE,4,9OFTHEPARTICIPANTS9STUDENTSREPORTEDNOTUSINGTHEINTERNETOUTOFWORKANDSCHOOLOURSWHILE2,24STUDENTSSAIDTHEYUSETHEINTERNETLESSTHANADAYINAWEEK1,63STUDENTSOFTHEPARTICIPANTSTOLDTHEYUSETHEINTERNETONEDAYAWEEKWHEREAS4,48STUDENTSUSETHEINTERNETSEVERALDAYSAWEEKOVERWHELMINGLY,?,8158STUDENTSOFTHEPARTICIPANTSREPORTEDTHATTHEYUSETHEINTERNET