[雙語翻譯]采礦專業(yè)外文翻譯--澳大利亞充填開采的土力學(xué)因素

1、中文 中文 6400 字， 字，4000 英文單詞， 英文單詞，2.1 萬英文字符 萬英文字符文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Sivakugan N, Rankine R M, Rankine K J, et al. Geotechnical considerations in mine backfilling in Australia[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2006, 14(12-13): 116

2、8-1175.英文原文Geotechnical considerations in mine backfilling in AustraliaN. Sivakugan a,*,R.M. Rankine b, K.J. Rankine a, K.S. Rankine aa School of Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australiab Cannington

3、 Mine, BHP Billiton, P.O. Box 5874, Townsville 4810, AustraliaAbstract :Mine backfilling can play a significant role in the overall operation of a mine operation. In the Australian mining industry, where safety is a prim

4、e consideration, hydraulic systems are the most common backfills deployed.Many accidents reported at hydraulic fill mines worldwide have mainly been attributed to a lack of understanding of their behaviour and barricade

5、bricks.This paper describes the findings from an extensive laboratory test programme carried out in Australia on more than 20 different hydraulic fills and several barricade bricks. A limited description of paste backfil

6、ls is also provided, and the usefulness of numerical modelling as an investigative tool is highlighted. Keywords: Hydraulic fills; Mining; Backfills; Paste fills; Geotechnical 1．IntroductionIn the mining industry, when u

7、nderground ore bodies are extracted, very large voids are created, which must be backfilled. The backfilling strategies deployed often make use of the waste rock or tailings that are considered by-products of the mining

8、operation. This is an effective means of tailing disposal because it negates the need for constructing large tailing dams at the surface. The backfilling of underground voids also improves local and regional stability, e

9、nabling safer and more efficient mining of the surrounding areas. The need for backfilling is a major issue in Australia, where 10 million cubic metres of underground voids are generated annually as a result of mining [1

10、]. There are two basic types of backfilling strategies. The first, uncemented backfilling, does not make use of binding agents such as cement, and their characteristics can be studied using soil mechanics theories. A typ

11、ical example of uncemented backfilling is the use of hydraulic fills that are placed in the form of slurry into the underground voids. The second category, cemented backfilling, makes use of a small percentage of binder

12、such as Portland cement or a blend of Portland cement with another pozzolan such as fly ash, gypsum or blast furnace slag. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the findings from an extensive laboratory test programme

13、carried out in Australia on hydraulic fills and several barricade bricks. Hydraulic fills are uncemented techniques, and are one of the most widely used backfilling strategies in Australia. More than 20 different hydraul

14、ic fills, representing a wide range of mines in Australia, were studied at James Cook University (JCU). The grain sizer distributions for all of these fills lie within a narrow band as shown in Fig. 1. Along with them, t

15、he grain size distribution curves Porous barricade brick wallHorizontal access driveSlurry entersstopeHorizontal access driveDecant waterHydraulic fillFig. 2. An idealised stope with two sublevel drains.The access dri

16、ves, which are made large enough to permit the entry of machinery during mining, are blocked by the barricades during filling. The drives are often located at more than one level. Initially, the drives located at upper l

17、evels act as exit points for the decanted water, and also serve as drains when the hydraulic fill rises in the stope. 2.1 Drainage considerations Drainage is the most important issue that must be considered when designin

18、g hydraulic fill stopes. There have been several accidents (namely, trapped miners and machinery) worldwide caused by wet hydraulic fill rushing through horizontal access drives. Several reasons, including poor quality b

19、arricade bricks, liquefaction, and piping within the hydraulic fill are attributed to such failures [2]. Therefore, permeability of the hydraulic fill in the stope is a critical parameter in the design; continuous effort

20、 is made during mining to ensure that it is kept above a threshold limit in the vicinity of 100 mm/h [3]. Larger permeability leads to quicker removal of water from the stope, thus improving the stability of the fill con

21、tained within the stope. Permeability tests for mine fills and barricade bricks are discussed by Rankine et al. [4]. The constant head and falling head permeability tests carried out on the hydraulic fill samples give pe

22、rmeability values in the range of 7---35 mm/h. In spite of having permeability values much less than the 100 mm threshold suggested by Herget and De Korompay [3], each of these hydraulic fills has performed satisfactoril

23、y. Anecdotal evidences and back calculations using the measured flow in the mine stopes suggest that the permeability of the hydraulic fill in the mine is often larger than what is measured in the laboratory under contro

24、lled conditions. Kuganathan[5] and Brady and Brown[6] proposed permeability values in the range of 30---50 mm/h, which are significantly larger than those measured in the laboratory for similar fills. These values are mu

25、ch less than the threshold limit prescribed by Herget and De Korompay[3], suggesting that it is a conservative recommendation. 2.2 Stability considerations The stability of the hydraulic fill stope during and after the d

26、rainage period depends on several parameters that determine the strength and the stiffness of the hydraulic fill mass. These parameters can be measured in the laboratory using reconstituted samples or in the mine using i