簡(jiǎn)介：美國(guó)土木工程師協(xié)會(huì)樁基設(shè)計(jì)施工規(guī)范1美國(guó)土木工程師協(xié)會(huì)2096美國(guó)土木工程師協(xié)會(huì)美國(guó)土木工程師協(xié)會(huì)規(guī)范規(guī)范美國(guó)土木工程師協(xié)會(huì)樁基設(shè)計(jì)施工規(guī)范樁基設(shè)計(jì)施工規(guī)范美國(guó)土木工程師協(xié)會(huì)樁基設(shè)計(jì)施工規(guī)范31801亞歷山大貝爾主編摘要摘要本規(guī)范為樁基的設(shè)計(jì)與施工過程中所用到的工程方法提供指導(dǎo)?？紤]到先前已經(jīng)出版過建筑模型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和一般試行規(guī)范，本規(guī)范的目的在于為此過程提供合理的基礎(chǔ)。主要章節(jié)包括1行政要求；2樁身強(qiáng)度要求；3樁土界面強(qiáng)度和承載能力要求；4設(shè)計(jì)荷載；5設(shè)計(jì)荷載；6樁基施工組織準(zhǔn)則；7樁基施工安裝準(zhǔn)則。此外，本規(guī)范包括了美國(guó)材料試驗(yàn)協(xié)會(huì)、美國(guó)木材防腐協(xié)會(huì)、美國(guó)混凝土協(xié)會(huì)的相關(guān)規(guī)范。規(guī)范結(jié)尾以附錄的形式對(duì)部分安全因素作出了規(guī)定說明。美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)出版物編錄圖書館數(shù)據(jù)美國(guó)土木工程協(xié)會(huì)樁基設(shè)計(jì)施工規(guī)范/美國(guó)土木工程協(xié)會(huì)頁(yè)，厘米ISBN0784402191I樁土木工程設(shè)計(jì)與施工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)TA780A523美國(guó)圖書版本圖書館CIP數(shù)據(jù)核字1997第9630072號(hào)影印件美國(guó)土木工程協(xié)會(huì)已授權(quán)相關(guān)圖書館以及部分已注冊(cè)用戶，任何人不得違反版權(quán)法案中規(guī)定的公平使用條款，經(jīng)過美國(guó)版權(quán)稅計(jì)算中心的交易報(bào)告服務(wù)可知每篇文章四美元，每頁(yè)四美分的基本費(fèi)用要直接交給美國(guó)版權(quán)稅計(jì)算中心，222紫檀，DRIVE，丹佛斯，MA01923。土木工程協(xié)會(huì)證明方法0784402191/97/400050每頁(yè)。特別許可復(fù)印或更大部分的復(fù)印必須獲得美國(guó)土木工程協(xié)會(huì)的認(rèn)可。版權(quán)所有美國(guó)土木工程協(xié)會(huì)保留所有權(quán)利議會(huì)圖書館編錄卡代碼9630072ISBN0784402191美國(guó)出版

簡(jiǎn)介：土木工程畢業(yè)論文綠色建筑進(jìn)行時(shí)舒適、健康、高效的人居環(huán)境，是我們共同的追求。正如同“陽(yáng)光總在風(fēng)雨后”，大量宜居住宅和宏大公共建筑物在建造和運(yùn)行過程中，不可避免地要消耗大量的自然資源和能源，并對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生不同程度的負(fù)面影響。在改善和提高人居環(huán)境質(zhì)量的同時(shí)，如何促進(jìn)資源和能源的有效利用，減少污染，保護(hù)資源和生態(tài)環(huán)境，是建筑業(yè)發(fā)展面臨的關(guān)鍵問題，也是業(yè)內(nèi)人士致力解決的重大課題。將可持續(xù)發(fā)展的理念融合到建筑的全壽命過程中，即發(fā)展綠色建筑，已成為今后建筑技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)。建設(shè)部與科技部共同承擔(dān)的“十五”國(guó)家科技重大攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目“綠色建筑關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究”，主要圍繞我國(guó)發(fā)展綠色建筑必須解決的突出問題，瞄準(zhǔn)國(guó)際前沿，結(jié)合我國(guó)實(shí)際和潛在需求，重點(diǎn)研究我國(guó)綠色建筑評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)指南，開發(fā)符合綠色建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的若干項(xiàng)具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和成套設(shè)備，實(shí)現(xiàn)建筑技術(shù)的跨越式發(fā)展。通過系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)集成和工程示范，形成我國(guó)綠色建筑核心技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)基地和自主創(chuàng)新體系?！熬G色建筑關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究”項(xiàng)目從八個(gè)方面開展研究課題一“綠色建筑的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)導(dǎo)則和評(píng)估體系研究”，結(jié)合中國(guó)的自然資源與環(huán)境條件、社會(huì)與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的國(guó)情，研究確定綠色建筑的概念，界定綠色建筑的范疇，建立綠色建筑評(píng)估體系，制定綠色建筑規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)導(dǎo)則。針對(duì)我國(guó)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理體制的特點(diǎn)，探討政策控制和市場(chǎng)機(jī)制結(jié)合，引導(dǎo)和推廣綠色建筑的途徑。研究?jī)?nèi)容包括對(duì)世界上究、高效凈化空氣材料和技術(shù)的研究。課題四“綠色建筑水的綜合利用關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究”，圍繞綠色建筑的水資源可持續(xù)利用問題，研究開發(fā)水安全綜合性保障技術(shù)與兩種專項(xiàng)技術(shù)（包括濕地－水體復(fù)合生態(tài)水質(zhì)凈化技術(shù)和以降低沖廁用水為核心的節(jié)水技術(shù)與節(jié)水器具）。結(jié)合工程項(xiàng)目，通過對(duì)供排水系統(tǒng)的分析、工程性試驗(yàn)及跟蹤研究，從水量、水質(zhì)兩方面提出不同地域生態(tài)、不同自然條件、不同水資源狀況的綠色建筑水安全保障的綜合控制策略與技術(shù)。課題五“降低建筑能耗的綜合關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究”，針對(duì)影響建筑能耗的三個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)、室內(nèi)環(huán)境控制系統(tǒng)和建筑能源供應(yīng)與轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)，以及新建建筑能耗標(biāo)識(shí)制度，瞄準(zhǔn)國(guó)際前沿，從我國(guó)實(shí)際和潛在需求出發(fā)，聯(lián)合科研機(jī)構(gòu)、設(shè)計(jì)院、設(shè)備產(chǎn)品制造商等技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化過程主體，集中力量于智能可調(diào)節(jié)型圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)、獨(dú)立控制型低能耗環(huán)境控制系統(tǒng)、以天然氣為動(dòng)力的建筑高效熱電冷聯(lián)供系統(tǒng)、以及新建住宅建筑單元能耗標(biāo)識(shí)體系等關(guān)鍵問題，開展系統(tǒng)研究、瓶頸突破和產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，并在清華大學(xué)和上海建筑科學(xué)研究院綠色建筑集成示范平臺(tái)上安裝、調(diào)試、測(cè)試和評(píng)價(jià)，形成降低建筑能耗的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)系統(tǒng)集成，加快技術(shù)產(chǎn)品化和產(chǎn)業(yè)化，實(shí)現(xiàn)跨越式發(fā)展。課題六“綠色建筑室內(nèi)環(huán)境污染控制與改善技術(shù)研究”，針對(duì)已有建筑和新建建筑存在的室內(nèi)環(huán)境問題，從室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量、熱環(huán)境、聲環(huán)境、光環(huán)境和室內(nèi)綜合環(huán)境等方面系統(tǒng)開展源分析、源傳播途徑、源作用機(jī)理研究，探索不同因素對(duì)人體和環(huán)境的影響

簡(jiǎn)介：建筑結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)期末復(fù)習(xí)題建筑結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)期末復(fù)習(xí)題一、選擇題一、選擇題1下列各項(xiàng)中，C項(xiàng)屬于動(dòng)荷加載方法。A氣壓加載法B重物加載法C爆炸加載法D機(jī)械式加載法2下列C方法屬于動(dòng)荷加載方法。A液壓加載B重物加載C激振器加載D機(jī)械式加載3下列哪種方法可用于鋼筋腐蝕的檢測(cè)BA超聲法B電位差法C回彈法D扁頂法4下列哪種方法可測(cè)出鋼筋腐蝕BA超聲法B電位差法C回彈法D扁頂法5下列，C可測(cè)出鋼筋位置。A超聲法B鉆芯法C磁檢測(cè)法D扁頂法6C的測(cè)量信號(hào)是頻率信號(hào)，所以測(cè)量不受長(zhǎng)距離導(dǎo)線的影響，而且抗干擾能力較強(qiáng)，對(duì)測(cè)試環(huán)境要求較低，因此特別適用于長(zhǎng)期監(jiān)測(cè)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)量。A電阻應(yīng)變片B手持式應(yīng)變儀C振弦式應(yīng)變計(jì)D百分表7C的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以直觀可靠地檢測(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件混凝土的內(nèi)部缺陷或強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)，其缺點(diǎn)是對(duì)原結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件會(huì)造成局部損傷，所以，它只作為抽檢結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件混凝土抗壓強(qiáng)度、內(nèi)部混凝土強(qiáng)度的均勻性或缺陷的方法。A回彈法B超聲波法C鉆芯法D拔出法8對(duì)下列構(gòu)件進(jìn)行試件尺寸設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，宜采用縮尺模型的是D。A屋面板B吊車梁C屋架D偏心受壓柱9結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ筒牧戏譃镃兩大類。A彈塑性模型材料和強(qiáng)度模型材料B彈性模型材料和剛度模型材料C彈性模型材料和強(qiáng)度模型材料D彈塑性模型材料和剛度模型材料10梁的C是梁的最基本最重要的工作性能之一，它直接決定梁的使用性能的好壞，也是確定梁的開裂荷載的指標(biāo)之一。A應(yīng)變值B轉(zhuǎn)角值C撓度值D應(yīng)力值11振動(dòng)是物體運(yùn)動(dòng)的特殊形式，它的運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)一位移、速度和加速度都是C的函數(shù)。A質(zhì)量B頻率C時(shí)間D長(zhǎng)度12B是利用頻率可調(diào)的激振器，使結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)，逐步地從低到高調(diào)節(jié)激振器頻率。隨著頻率的變化，結(jié)構(gòu)的振動(dòng)強(qiáng)度也隨著變化，當(dāng)激振器頻率接近或等于結(jié)構(gòu)固有頻率時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)振動(dòng)最強(qiáng)。A自由振動(dòng)法B共振法C脈動(dòng)法D隨機(jī)激勵(lì)法A預(yù)加載B靜載試驗(yàn)C疲勞試驗(yàn)D破壞試驗(yàn)25疲勞試驗(yàn)過程中要進(jìn)行四種形式的試驗(yàn)。B的最大荷載按正常使用的最不利組合選取。A預(yù)加載B靜載試驗(yàn)C疲勞試驗(yàn)D破壞試驗(yàn)26下列，A不屬于生產(chǎn)檢驗(yàn)性試驗(yàn)。A驗(yàn)證結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算理論的假定B結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)和施工通過試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行鑒定C預(yù)制構(gòu)件的性能檢驗(yàn)D工程改建或加固27下列D不屬于科學(xué)研究性試驗(yàn)。A驗(yàn)證結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算理論的假定B為制訂設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范提供依據(jù)C為發(fā)展和推廣新結(jié)構(gòu)、新材料與新工藝提供實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)D服役結(jié)構(gòu)的可靠性鑒定28下列，A測(cè)定方法屬于砌體強(qiáng)度的間接測(cè)定法。A回彈法與推出法B推出法與扁頂法C扁頂法與原位單磚雙剪法D原位單磚雙剪法與回彈法29下列C測(cè)定方法屬于砌體強(qiáng)度的直接測(cè)定法。A回彈法與推出法B推出法與扁頂法C扁頂法與原位單磚雙剪法D原位單磚雙剪法與回彈法30下列D不包括在建筑結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容之內(nèi)。A試件設(shè)計(jì)B試驗(yàn)加載設(shè)計(jì)C試驗(yàn)觀測(cè)設(shè)計(jì)D試件制作與安裝31在軸向拉壓狀態(tài)下，B布置應(yīng)變片的形式和測(cè)量橋路的特點(diǎn)是消除了溫度影響，使用的應(yīng)變片較少，測(cè)量靈敏度提高了（1Υ倍，不能消除偏心荷載的影響。A外設(shè)補(bǔ)償片的半橋測(cè)試方案B測(cè)量應(yīng)變片互相補(bǔ)償?shù)陌霕驕y(cè)試方案C外設(shè)補(bǔ)償片的全橋測(cè)試方案D測(cè)量應(yīng)變片互相補(bǔ)償?shù)娜珮驕y(cè)試方案32在軸向拉壓狀態(tài)下，A布置應(yīng)變片的形式和測(cè)量橋路的特點(diǎn)是消除了溫度的影響，使用的應(yīng)變片較少，不能消除偏心荷載的影響和不能提高測(cè)量靈敏度。A外設(shè)補(bǔ)償片的半橋測(cè)試方案B測(cè)量應(yīng)變片互相補(bǔ)償?shù)陌霕驕y(cè)試方案C外設(shè)補(bǔ)償片的全橋測(cè)試方案D測(cè)量應(yīng)變片互相補(bǔ)償?shù)娜珮驕y(cè)試方案33在軸向拉壓狀態(tài)下，D布置應(yīng)變片的形式和測(cè)量橋路的特點(diǎn)是消除了溫度影響，也消除了偏心荷載的影響，測(cè)量靈敏度提高了21V倍，使用的應(yīng)變片較多。34在電阻應(yīng)變儀的全橋電路中，R1、R2、R3和R4按順時(shí)針排列，當(dāng)（D）時(shí)，即可起到溫度補(bǔ)償?shù)淖饔?。AR1和R2為測(cè)量工作應(yīng)變片，R3和R4為溫度補(bǔ)償應(yīng)變片BR1和R3為測(cè)量工作應(yīng)變片，R2和R4為溫度補(bǔ)償應(yīng)變片CR1和R4為測(cè)量工作應(yīng)變片，R2和R3為溫度補(bǔ)償應(yīng)變片DR2和R3為測(cè)量工作應(yīng)變片，R1和R4為溫度補(bǔ)償應(yīng)變片A外設(shè)補(bǔ)償片的半橋測(cè)試方案B測(cè)量應(yīng)變片互相補(bǔ)償?shù)陌霕驕y(cè)試方案C外設(shè)補(bǔ)償片的全橋測(cè)試方案D測(cè)量應(yīng)變片互相補(bǔ)償?shù)娜珮驕y(cè)試方案35在軸向拉壓狀態(tài)下，C布置應(yīng)變片的形式和測(cè)量橋路的特點(diǎn)是消除了溫度的影響，也消除了偏心荷載的影響，橋路測(cè)量靈敏度提高一倍，但使用的應(yīng)變片較多。

簡(jiǎn)介：1建筑結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)期末復(fù)習(xí)題建筑結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)期末復(fù)習(xí)題一、選擇題一、選擇題1下列各項(xiàng)中，C項(xiàng)屬于動(dòng)荷加載方法。A氣壓加載法B重物加載法C爆炸加載法D機(jī)械式加載法2下列C方法屬于動(dòng)荷加載方法。A液壓加載B重物加載C激振器加載D機(jī)械式加載3下列哪種方法可用于鋼筋腐蝕的檢測(cè)BA超聲法B電位差法C回彈法D扁頂法4下列哪種方法可測(cè)出鋼筋腐蝕BA超聲法B電位差法C回彈法D扁頂法5下列，C可測(cè)出鋼筋位置。A超聲法B鉆芯法C磁檢測(cè)法D扁頂法6C的測(cè)量信號(hào)是頻率信號(hào)，所以測(cè)量不受長(zhǎng)距離導(dǎo)線的影響，而且抗干擾能力較強(qiáng)，對(duì)測(cè)試環(huán)境要求較低，因此特別適用于長(zhǎng)期監(jiān)測(cè)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)量。A電阻應(yīng)變片B手持式應(yīng)變儀C振弦式應(yīng)變計(jì)D百分表7C的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以直觀可靠地檢測(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件混凝土的內(nèi)部缺陷或強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)，其缺點(diǎn)是對(duì)原結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件會(huì)造成局部損傷，所以，它只作為抽檢結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件混凝土抗壓強(qiáng)度、內(nèi)部混凝土強(qiáng)度的均勻性或缺陷的方法。A回彈法B超聲波法C鉆芯法D拔出法8對(duì)下列構(gòu)件進(jìn)行試件尺寸設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，宜采用縮尺模型的是D。A屋面板B吊車梁C屋架D偏心受壓柱9結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ筒牧戏譃镃兩大類。A彈塑性模型材料和強(qiáng)度模型材料B彈性模型材料和剛度模型材料C彈性模型材料和強(qiáng)度模型材料D彈塑性模型材料和剛度模型材料10梁的C是梁的最基本最重要的工作性能之一，它直接決定梁的使用性能的好壞，也是確定梁的開裂荷載的指標(biāo)之一。A應(yīng)變值B轉(zhuǎn)角值C撓度值D應(yīng)力值11振動(dòng)是物體運(yùn)動(dòng)的特殊形式，它的運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)一位移、速度和加速度都是C的函數(shù)。A質(zhì)量B頻率C時(shí)間D長(zhǎng)度12B是利用頻率可調(diào)的激振器，使結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)，逐步地從低到高調(diào)節(jié)激振器頻率。隨著頻率的變化，結(jié)構(gòu)的振動(dòng)強(qiáng)度也隨著變化，當(dāng)激振器頻率接近或等于結(jié)構(gòu)固有頻率時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)振動(dòng)最強(qiáng)。A自由振動(dòng)法B共振法C脈動(dòng)法D隨機(jī)激勵(lì)法3A預(yù)加載B靜載試驗(yàn)C疲勞試驗(yàn)D破壞試驗(yàn)25疲勞試驗(yàn)過程中要進(jìn)行四種形式的試驗(yàn)。B的最大荷載按正常使用的最不利組合選取。A預(yù)加載B靜載試驗(yàn)C疲勞試驗(yàn)D破壞試驗(yàn)26下列，A不屬于生產(chǎn)檢驗(yàn)性試驗(yàn)。A驗(yàn)證結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算理論的假定B結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)和施工通過試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行鑒定C預(yù)制構(gòu)件的性能檢驗(yàn)D工程改建或加固27下列D不屬于科學(xué)研究性試驗(yàn)。A驗(yàn)證結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算理論的假定B為制訂設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范提供依據(jù)C為發(fā)展和推廣新結(jié)構(gòu)、新材料與新工藝提供實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)D服役結(jié)構(gòu)的可靠性鑒定28下列，A測(cè)定方法屬于砌體強(qiáng)度的間接測(cè)定法。A回彈法與推出法B推出法與扁頂法C扁頂法與原位單磚雙剪法D原位單磚雙剪法與回彈法29下列C測(cè)定方法屬于砌體強(qiáng)度的直接測(cè)定法。A回彈法與推出法B推出法與扁頂法C扁頂法與原位單磚雙剪法D原位單磚雙剪法與回彈法30下列D不包括在建筑結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容之內(nèi)。A試件設(shè)計(jì)B試驗(yàn)加載設(shè)計(jì)C試驗(yàn)觀測(cè)設(shè)計(jì)D試件制作與安裝31在軸向拉壓狀態(tài)下，B布置應(yīng)變片的形式和測(cè)量橋路的特點(diǎn)是消除了溫度影響，使用的應(yīng)變片較少，測(cè)量靈敏度提高了（1Υ倍，不能消除偏心荷載的影響。A外設(shè)補(bǔ)償片的半橋測(cè)試方案B測(cè)量應(yīng)變片互相補(bǔ)償?shù)陌霕驕y(cè)試方案C外設(shè)補(bǔ)償片的全橋測(cè)試方案D測(cè)量應(yīng)變片互相補(bǔ)償?shù)娜珮驕y(cè)試方案32在軸向拉壓狀態(tài)下，A布置應(yīng)變片的形式和測(cè)量橋路的特點(diǎn)是消除了溫度的影響，使用的應(yīng)變片較少，不能消除偏心荷載的影響和不能提高測(cè)量靈敏度。A外設(shè)補(bǔ)償片的半橋測(cè)試方案B測(cè)量應(yīng)變片互相補(bǔ)償?shù)陌霕驕y(cè)試方案C外設(shè)補(bǔ)償片的全橋測(cè)試方案D測(cè)量應(yīng)變片互相補(bǔ)償?shù)娜珮驕y(cè)試方案33在軸向拉壓狀態(tài)下，D布置應(yīng)變片的形式和測(cè)量橋路的特點(diǎn)是消除了溫度影響，也消除了偏心荷載的影響，測(cè)量靈敏度提高了21V倍，使用的應(yīng)變片較多。34在電阻應(yīng)變儀的全橋電路中，R1、R2、R3和R4按順時(shí)針排列，當(dāng)（D）時(shí)，即可起到溫度補(bǔ)償?shù)淖饔谩R1和R2為測(cè)量工作應(yīng)變片，R3和R4為溫度補(bǔ)償應(yīng)變片BR1和R3為測(cè)量工作應(yīng)變片，R2和R4為溫度補(bǔ)償應(yīng)變片CR1和R4為測(cè)量工作應(yīng)變片，R2和R3為溫度補(bǔ)償應(yīng)變片DR2和R3為測(cè)量工作應(yīng)變片，R1和R4為溫度補(bǔ)償應(yīng)變片A外設(shè)補(bǔ)償片的半橋測(cè)試方案B測(cè)量應(yīng)變片互相補(bǔ)償?shù)陌霕驕y(cè)試方案C外設(shè)補(bǔ)償片的全橋測(cè)試方案D測(cè)量應(yīng)變片互相補(bǔ)償?shù)娜珮驕y(cè)試方案35在軸向拉壓狀態(tài)下，C布置應(yīng)變片的形式和測(cè)量橋路的特點(diǎn)是消除了溫度的影響，也消除了偏心荷載的影響，橋路測(cè)量靈敏度提高一倍，但使用的應(yīng)變片較多。

簡(jiǎn)介：CONCRETEBRIDGESCONCRETEISTHEMOSTUSEDCONSTRUCTIONMATERIALFORBRIDGESINTHEUNITEDSTATES,ANDINDEEDINTHEWORLDTHEAPPLICATIONOFPRESTRESSINGTOBRIDGESHASGROWNRAPIDLYANDSTEADILY,BEGINNINGIN1949WITHHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELWIRESINTHEWALNUTLANEBRIDGEINPHILADELPHIA,PENNSYLVANIAACCORDINGTOTHEFEDERALHIGHWAYADMINISTRATION’S1994NATIONALBRIDGEINVENTORYDATA,FROM1950TOTHEEARLY1990S,PRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGESHAVEGONEFROMBEINGVIRTUALLYNONEXISTENTTOREPRESENTINGOVER50PERCENTOFALLBRIDGESBUILTINTHEUNITEDSTATESPRESTRESSINGHASALSOPLAYEDANIMPORTANTROLEINEXTENDINGTHESPANCAPABILITYOFCONCRETEBRIDGESBYTHELATE1990S,SPLICEDGIRDERSPANSREACHEDARECORD100M330FTCONSTRUCTIONOFSEGMENTALCONCRETEBRIDGESBEGANINTHEUNITEDSTATESIN1974CURRETLY,CLOSETO200SEGMENTALCONCRETEBRIDGESHAVEBEENBUILTORAREUNDERCONSTRUCTION,WITHSPANSUPTO240M800FTLATEINTHE1970S,CABLESTAYEDCONSTRUCTIONRAISEDTHEBARFORCONCRETEBRIDGESBY1982,THESUNSHINESKYWAYBRIDGEINTAMPA,FLORIDA,HADSETANEWRECORDFORCONCRETEBRIDGES,WITHAMAINSPANOF365M1,200FTTHENEXTYEAR,THEDAMESPOINTBRIDGEINJACKSONVILLE,FLORIDA,EXTENDEDTHERECORDTO400M1,300FTHIGHPERFORMANCECONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHFORMANYYEARSTHEDESIGNOFPRECASTPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEGIRDERSWASBASEDONCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSOF34TO41MPA5,000TO6,000PSITHISSTRENGTHLEVELSERVEDTHEINDUSTRYWELLANDPROVIDEDTHEBASISFORESTABLISHINGTHEPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGEINDUSTRYINTHEUNITEDSTATESINTHE1990STHEINDUSTRYBEGANTOUTILIZEHIGHERCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSINDESIGN,ANDATTHESTARTOFTHENEWMILLENNIUMTHEINDUSTRYISPOISEDTOACCEPTTHEUSEOFCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSUPTO70MPA10,000PSIFORTHEFUTURE,THEINDUSTRYNEEDSTOSEEKWAYSTOEFFECTIVELYUTILIZEEVENHIGHERCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSTHEREADYMIXEDCONCRETEINDUSTRYHASBEENPRODUCINGCONCRETESWITHCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSINEXCESSOF70MPAFOROVER20YEARSSEVERALDEMONSTRATIONPROJECTSHAVEILLUSTRATEDTHATSTRENGTHSABOVE70MPACANBEACHIEVEDFORPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEGIRDERSBARRIERSNEEDTOBEREMOVEDTOALLOWTHEGREATERUSEOFTHESEMATERIALSATTHESAMETIME,OWNERS,DESIGNERS,CONTRACTORS,ANDFABRICATORSNEEDTOBEMORERECEPTIVETOTHEUSEOFHIGHERCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHCONCRETESDURABILITYHIGHPERFORMANCECONCRETEHPCCANBESPECIFIEDASHIGHCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHEG,INPRESTRESSEDGIRDERSORASCONVENTIONALCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHWITHIMPROVEDDURABILITYEG,INCASTINPLACEBRIDGEDECKSANDSUBSTRUCTURESTHEREISANEEDTODEVELOPABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFALLTHEPARAMETERSTHATAFFECTDURABILITY,SUCHASCAPABILITYONTHEBASISOFTHEFHWASTUDY,PCIDEVELOPEDTHEPCIBULBTEESTANDARD,WHICHWASENDORSEDBYBRIDGEENGINEERSATTHE1987AASHTOANNUALMEETINGSUBSEQUENTLY,THEPCIBULBTEECROSSSECTIONWASADOPTEDINSEVERALSTATESINADDITION,SIMILARCROSSSECTIONSWEREDEVELOPEDANDADOPTEDINFLORIDA,NEBRASKA,ANDTHENEWENGLANDSTATESTHESECROSSSECTIONSAREALSOCOSTEFFECTIVEWITHHIGHSTRENGTHCONCRETESFORSPANLENGTHSUPTOABOUT60M200FTSPLICEDGIRDERSSPLICEDCONCRETEIGIRDERBRIDGESARECOSTEFFECTIVEFORASPANRANGEOF35TO90M120TO300FTOTHERSHAPESBESIDESIGIRDERSINCLUDEU,T,ANDRECTANGULARGIRDERS,ALTHOUGHTHEDOMINANTSHAPEINAPPLICATIONSTODATEHASBEENTHEIGIRDER,PRIMARILYBECAUSEOFITSRELATIVELYLOWCOSTAFEATUREOFSPLICEDBRIDGESISTHEFLEXIBILITYTHEYPROVIDEINSELECTIONOFSPANLENGTH,NUMBERANDLOCATIONSOFPIERS,SEGMENTLENGTHS,ANDSPLICELOCATIONSSPLICEDGIRDERSHAVETHEABILITYTOADAPTTOCURVEDSUPERSTRUCTUREALIGNMENTSBYUTILIZINGSHORTSEGMENTLENGTHSANDACCOMMODATINGTHECHANGEINDIRECTIONINTHECASTINPLACEJOINTSCONTINUITYINSPLICEDGIRDERBRIDGESCANBEACHIEVEDTHROUGHFULLLENGTHPOSTTENSIONING,CONVENTIONALREINFORCEMENTINTHEDECK,HIGHSTRENGTHTHREADEDBARSPLICING,ORPRETENSIONEDSTRANDSPLICING,ALTHOUGHTHEGREATMAJORITYOFAPPLICATIONSUTILIZEFULLLENGTHPOSTTENSIONINGTHEAVAILABILITYOFCONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHSHIGHERTHANTHETRADITIONAL34MPA5,000PSISIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVESTHEECONOMYOFSPLICEDGIRDERDESIGNS,INWHICHHIGHFLEXURALANDSHEARSTRESSESARECONCENTRATEDNEARTHEPIERSDEVELOPMENTOFSTANDARDIZEDHAUNCHEDGIRDERPIERSEGMENTSISNEEDEDFOREFFICIENCYINNEGATIVEMOMENTZONESCURRENTLY,THESEGMENTSHAPESVARYFROMAGRADUALLYTHICKENINGBOTTOMFLANGETOACURVEDHAUNCHWITHCONSTANTSIZEDBOTTOMFLANGEANDVARIABLEWEBDEPTHSEGMENTALBRIDGESSEGMENTALCONCRETEBRIDGESHAVEBECOMEANESTABLISHEDTYPEOFCONSTRUCTIONFORHIGHWAYANDTRANSITPROJECTSONCONSTRAINEDSITESTYPICALAPPLICATIONSINCLUDETRANSITSYSTEMSOVEREXISTINGURBANSTREETSANDHIGHWAYS,RECONSTRUCTIONOFEXISTINGINTERCHANGESANDBRIDGESUNDERTRAFFIC,ORPROJECTSTHATCROSSENVIRONMENTALLYSENSITIVESITESINADDITION,SEGMENTALCONSTRUCTIONHASBEENPROVEDTOBEAPPROPRIATEFORLARGESCALE,REPETITIVEBRIDGESSUCHASLONGWATERWAYCROSSINGSORURBANFREEWAYVIADUCTSORWHERETHEAESTHETICSOFTHEPROJECTAREPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTCURRENTDEVELOPMENTSSUGGESTTHATSEGMENTALCONSTRUCTIONWILLBEUSEDONALARGERNUMBEROFPROJECTSINTHEFUTURESTANDARDCROSSSECTIONSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDTOALLOWFORWIDERAPPLICATIONOFTHISCONSTRUCTIONMETHODTOSMALLERSCALEPROJECTSSURVEYSOFEXISTINGSEGMENTALBRIDGESHAVEDEMONSTRATEDTHEDURABILITYOFTHISSTRUCTURETYPEANDSUGGESTTHATADDITIONALINCREASESINDESIGNLIFEAREPOSSIBLEWITHTHEUSEOFHPCSEGMENTALBRIDGESWITHCONCRETESTRENGTHSOF55MPA8,000PSIORMOREHAVEBEENCONSTRUCTEDOVERTHEPAST5YEARSERECTIONWITHOVERHEADEQUIPMENTHASEXTENDEDAPPLICATIONSTOMORECONGESTEDURBANAREASUSEOFPRESTRESSEDCOMPOSITESTEELANDCONCRETEINBRIDGESREDUCESTHEDEADWEIGHTOFTHESUPERSTRUCTUREANDOFFERSINCREASEDSPANLENGTHSLOADRATINGOFEXISTINGBRIDGES

簡(jiǎn)介：外文原文SURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSFORISTANBULMETROTUNNELSEXCAVATEDBYEPBTBMSGERCELEBIHCOPURIOCAKABSTRACTINTHISSTUDY,SHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSAREPREDICTEDFORTWINTUNNELS,WHICHARETOBEEXCAVATEDINTHECHAINAGEOF0850TO0900MBETWEENTHEESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFTHEISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHTHETOTALLENGTHOFTHEEXCAVATIONLINEIS212KMBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRTUNNELSAREEXCAVATEDBYEMPLOYINGTWOEARTHPRESSUREBALANCEEPBTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTBMSTHATHAVETWINTUBESOF65MDIAMETERANDWITH14MDISTANCEFROMCENTERTOCENTERTHETBMINTHERIGHTTUBEFOLLOWSABOUT100MBEHINDTHEOTHERTUBESEGMENTALLININGOF14MLENGTHISCURRENTLYEMPLOYEDASTHEFINALSUPPORTSETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDWITHFINITEELEMENTMETHODBYUSINGPLAXISFINITEELEMENTPROGRAMEXCAVATION,GROUNDSUPPORTANDFACESUPPORTSTEPSINFEMANALYSESARESIMULATEDASAPPLIEDINTHEFIELDPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDFORATYPICALGEOLOGICALZONE,WHICHISCONSIDEREDASCRITICALINTERMSOFSURFACESETTLEMENTGEOLOGYINTHESTUDYAREAISCOMPOSEDOFFILL,VERYSTIFFCLAY,DENSESAND,VERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAY,RESPECTIVELY,STARTINGFROMTHESURFACEINADDITIONTOFINITEELEMENTMODELING,THESURFACESETTLEMENTSAREALSOPREDICTEDBYUSINGSEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHEFEMODELPREDICTSWELLTHESHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSFORAGIVENVOLUMELOSSVALUETHERESULTSOFSEMITHEORETICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSAREFOUNDTOBEINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEFEMODELTHERESULTSOFPREDICTIONSARECOMPAREDANDVERIFIEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSITISSUGGESTEDTHATGROUTINGOFTHEEXCAVATIONVOIDSHOULDBEPERFORMEDASFASTASPOSSIBLEAFTEREXCAVATIONOFASECTIONASAPRECAUTIONAGAINSTSURFACESETTLEMENTSDURINGEXCAVATIONFACEPRESSUREOFTHETBMSSHOULDBECLOSELYMONITOREDANDADJUSTEDFORDIFFERENTZONESKEYWORDSSURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTION_FINITEELEMENTMETHOD_ANALYTICALMETHOD_SEMITHEORETICALMETHOD_EPBTBMTUNNELING_ISTANBULMETROINTRODUCTIONINCREASINGDEMANDONINFRASTRUCTURESINCREASESATTENTIONTOSHALLOWSOFTGROUNDTUNNELINGMETHODSINURBANIZEDAREASMANYSURFACEANDSUBSURFACESTRUCTURESMAKEUNDERGROUNDCONSTRUCTIONWORKSVERYDELICATEDUETOTHEINFLUENCEOFGROUNDDEFORMATION,WHICHSHOULDBEDEFINITELYLIMITED/CONTROLLEDTOACCEPTABLELEVELSINDEPENDENTOFTHEEXCAVATIONS1NUMERICALANALYSISSUCHASFINITEELEMENTMETHOD,2ANALYTICALMETHODAND3SEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALMETHODAMONGTHEM,THENUMERICALAPPROACHESARETHEMOSTRELIABLEONESHOWEVER,THERESULTSOFALLMETHODSSHOULDBEUSEDCAREFULLYBYANEXPERIENCEDFIELDENGINEERINDESIGNINGTHESTAGEOFANEXCAVATIONPROJECTINTHISSTUDY,ALLTHREEPREDICTIONMETHODSAREEMPLOYEDFORACRITICALZONETOPREDICTTHESHORTTERMMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSABOVETHETWINTUNNELSOFTHECHAINAGEBETWEEN0850AND0900MBETWEENESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHPLAXISFINITEELEMENTMODELINGPROGRAMISUSEDFORNUMERICALMODELINGTHEMETHODSUGGESTEDBYLOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998ISUSEDFORTHEANALYTICALSOLUTIONAFEWDIFFERENTSEMITHEORETICALMODELSAREALSOUSEDFORPREDICTIONSTHERESULTSARECOMPAREDANDVALIDATEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSDESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROJECT,SITEANDCONSTRUCTIONMETHODTHEFIRSTCONSTRUCTIONPHASEOFISTANBULMETROLINEWASSTARTEDIN1992ANDOPENEDTOPUBLICIN2000THISLINEISBEINGEXTENDEDGRADUALLY,ASWELLASNEWLINESAREBEINGCONSTRUCTEDINOTHERLOCATIONSONEOFTHESEMETROLINESISTHETWINLINEBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIR,WHICHIS212KMTHEEXCAVATIONOFTHISSECTIONHASBEENSTARTEDINMAY2006CURRENTLY,AROUND1,400MOFEXCAVATIONHASALREADYBEENCOMPLETEDTHEREGIONISHIGHLYPOPULATEDINCLUDINGSEVERALSTORYBUILDINGS,INDUSTRIALZONESANDHEAVYTRAFFICALIGNMENTANDSTATIONSOFTHEMETROLINEBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRISPRESENTEDINFIG1

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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文3076字出處出處MAGESWARIM,VIDIVELLIBTHEUSEOFSHEETGLASSPOWDERASFINEAGGREGATEREPLACEMENTINCONCRETEJOPENCIVILENGINEERINGJOURNAL,2010,46571畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯院系系土木工程與建筑系年級(jí)專年級(jí)專業(yè)業(yè)姓名名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)附件件THEUSEOFSHEETGLASSPOWDERASFINEAGGREGATEREPLACEMENTINCONCRETE指導(dǎo)老師評(píng)語(yǔ)指導(dǎo)教師簽名年月日2WASTEGLASSESALWAYSCRACKS2,6VERYLIMITEDWORKHASBEENCONDUCTEDFORTHEUSEOFGROUNDGLASSASACONCRETEREPLACEMENT7THESEWASTESTORAGEDISPOSALSAREBECOMINGASERIOUSENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMESPECIALLYFORCHIDAMBARAMWHEREPLACEDISPOSALSITESARELACKINGHENCETHEREISANEEDFORRECYCLINGMOREANDMOREWASTEMATERIALSTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDFINEAGGREGATEFORTHEMAKINGOFCONCRETEISTHENATURALSANDMINEDFROMTHERIVERBEDSHOWEVER,THEAVAILABILITYOFRIVERSANDFORTHEPREPARATIONOFCONCRETEISBECOMINGSCARCEDUETOTHEEXCESSIVENONSCIENTIFICMETHODSOFMININGFROMTHERIVERBEDS,LOWERINGOFWATERTABLE,SINKINGOFTHEBRIDGEPIERS,ETCAREBECOMINGCOMMONTREATS5THEPRESENTSCENARIODEMANDSIDENTIFICATIONOFSUBSTITUTEMATERIALSFORTHERIVERSANDFORMAKINGCONCRETERECENTLY,SOMEATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADETOUSEGROUNDGLASSASAREPLACEMENTINCONCRETE810THEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTOPRESENTTHERESULTSOFEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONSONPHYSICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFCONCRETEMADEWITHSHEETGLASSPOWDERCONCRETENATURALFINEAGGREGATEISSUBSTITUTEDBYWEIGHTBYSHEETGLASSPOWDERATRATESVARYINGFROM10,20,30,40AND50PERCENTAGESCOMPRESSIVE,TENSION,ANDFLEXURALSTRENGTHAREEVALUATEDANDCOMPAREDUPTO180DAYSOFAGESSPECIFICPROPERTIESOFCONCRETEMATERIALSANDSHEETGLASSPOWDERAREALSOSTUDIEDMATERIALSANDMETHODSTHERAWMATERIALS,USEDFORTHISSTUDYARENATURALCOARSEAGGREGATE,FINEAGGREGATE,SHEETGLASSPOWDERSGPAGGREGATEAND53GRADESPORTLANDCEMENTTHESHEETGLASSUSEDFORTHISSTUDYWASCOLLECTEDFROMTHEPOINTSINCHIDAMBARAMTALUKATCUDDALOREDISTRICTSHEETGLASSISCONVERTEDINTOFINEAGGREGATEASSHOWNINFLOWCHARTFIG1ANDTHEPROCEDUREFORMAKINGSHEETGLASSCRETEISSHOWNINFLOWCHARTFIG2SHEETGLASSCOLLECTEDFROMSHOPSISSHOWNINFIG3,SHEETGLASSCRUSHEDISSHOWNINFIG4ANDSHEETGLASSPOWDERISSHOWNINFIG5SHEETGLASSPOWDERUSINGSIEVESIZEFROM475MMONWARDSISSHOWNINFIG6TABLE1SHOWSTHEFINENESSMODULUSRESULTSOFS,SGP,S10SGP,S20SGP,S30SGP,S40SGPANDS50SGPFIG3SHOWSTHEFINEAGGREGATEMATERIALOFGRADINGCURVEANDALSOSGP,S10SGP,S20SGP,S30SGP,S40SGPS50SGPAND100SGPTHESANDUSEDFORTHESTUDYWASLOCALLYAVAILABLERIVERSANDCONFORMINGTOGRADINGZONEIIIOFIS3831970THECOARSEAGGREGATEWASANORMALWEIGHTAGGREGATEWITHAMAXIMUMSIZEOF20MMIS4562000TABLE2SHOWSTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFSGPANDFINEANDCOARSEAGGREGATETABLE3SHOWSCHEMICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESGPMATERIALTHECONTROLMIXOFTHECONCRETEWASDESIGNEDWITHAMIXRATIOOFCEMENT/WATER/SAND/COARSEOF1048166361BYWEIGHTTHISMIXDESIGNYIELDEDANAVERAGE28DAYSCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH41MPATHESANDWASREPLACEDWITH10,20,30,40,AND50SGP

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文5351字出處出處ENVIRONMENTALEARTHSCIENCES,2011,622357365外文原文SURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSFORISTANBULMETROTUNNELSEXCAVATEDBYEPBTBMSGERCELEBIHCOPURIOCAKABSTRACTINTHISSTUDY,SHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSAREPREDICTEDFORTWINTUNNELS,WHICHARETOBEEXCAVATEDINTHECHAINAGEOF0850TO0900MBETWEENTHEESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFTHEISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHTHETOTALLENGTHOFTHEEXCAVATIONLINEIS212KMBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRTUNNELSAREEXCAVATEDBYEMPLOYINGTWOEARTHPRESSUREBALANCEEPBTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTBMSTHATHAVETWINTUBESOF65MDIAMETERANDWITH14MDISTANCEFROMCENTERTOCENTERTHETBMINTHERIGHTTUBEFOLLOWSABOUT100MBEHINDTHEOTHERTUBESEGMENTALLININGOF14MLENGTHISCURRENTLYEMPLOYEDASTHEFINALSUPPORTSETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDWITHFINITEELEMENTMETHODBYUSINGPLAXISFINITEELEMENTPROGRAMEXCAVATION,GROUNDSUPPORTANDFACESUPPORTSTEPSINFEMANALYSESARESIMULATEDASAPPLIEDINTHEFIELDPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDFORATYPICALGEOLOGICALZONE,WHICHISCONSIDEREDASCRITICALINTERMSOFSURFACESETTLEMENTGEOLOGYINTHESTUDYAREAISCOMPOSEDOFFILL,VERYSTIFFCLAY,DENSESAND,VERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAY,RESPECTIVELY,STARTINGFROMTHESURFACEINADDITIONTOFINITEELEMENTMODELING,THESURFACESETTLEMENTSAREALSOPREDICTEDBYUSINGSEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHEFEMODELPREDICTSWELLTHESHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSFORAGIVENVOLUMELOSSVALUETHERESULTSOFSEMITHEORETICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSAREFOUNDTOBEINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEFEMODELTHERESULTSOFPREDICTIONSARECOMPAREDANDVERIFIEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSITISSUGGESTEDTHATGROUTINGOFTHEEXCAVATIONVOIDSHOULDBEPERFORMEDASFASTASPOSSIBLEAFTEREXCAVATIONOFASECTIONASAPRECAUTIONAGAINSTSURFACESETTLEMENTSDURINGEXCAVATIONFACEPRESSUREOFTHETBMSSHOULDBECLOSELYMONITOREDANDADJUSTEDFORDIFFERENTZONESKEYWORDSSURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTION_FINITEELEMENTMETHOD_ANALYTICALMETHOD_SEMITHEORETICALMETHOD_EPBTBMTUNNELING_ISTANBULMETROINTRODUCTIONINCREASINGDEMANDONINFRASTRUCTURESINCREASESATTENTIONTOSHALLOWSOFTGROUNDTUNNELINGMETHODSINURBANIZEDAREASMANYSURFACEANDSUBSURFACESTRUCTURESMAKEUNDERGROUNDCONSTRUCTIONWORKSVERYDELICATEDUETOTHEINFLUENCEOFGROUNDCONDITIONS,THELONGTERMSETTLEMENTSMAYBECONSIDEREDASVERYLIMITEDTHEREAREMAINLYTHREESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONAPPROACHESFORMECHANIZEDTUNNELEXCAVATIONS1NUMERICALANALYSISSUCHASFINITEELEMENTMETHOD,2ANALYTICALMETHODAND3SEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALMETHODAMONGTHEM,THENUMERICALAPPROACHESARETHEMOSTRELIABLEONESHOWEVER,THERESULTSOFALLMETHODSSHOULDBEUSEDCAREFULLYBYANEXPERIENCEDFIELDENGINEERINDESIGNINGTHESTAGEOFANEXCAVATIONPROJECTINTHISSTUDY,ALLTHREEPREDICTIONMETHODSAREEMPLOYEDFORACRITICALZONETOPREDICTTHESHORTTERMMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSABOVETHETWINTUNNELSOFTHECHAINAGEBETWEEN0850AND0900MBETWEENESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHPLAXISFINITEELEMENTMODELINGPROGRAMISUSEDFORNUMERICALMODELINGTHEMETHODSUGGESTEDBYLOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998ISUSEDFORTHEANALYTICALSOLUTIONAFEWDIFFERENTSEMITHEORETICALMODELSAREALSOUSEDFORPREDICTIONSTHERESULTSARECOMPAREDANDVALIDATEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSDESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROJECT,SITEANDCONSTRUCTIONMETHODTHEFIRSTCONSTRUCTIONPHASEOFISTANBULMETROLINEWASSTARTEDIN1992ANDOPENEDTOPUBLICIN2000THISLINEISBEINGEXTENDEDGRADUALLY,ASWELLASNEWLINESAREBEINGCONSTRUCTEDINOTHERLOCATIONSONEOFTHESEMETROLINESISTHETWINLINEBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIR,WHICHIS212KMTHEEXCAVATIONOFTHISSECTIONHASBEENSTARTEDINMAY2006CURRENTLY,AROUND1,400MOFEXCAVATIONHASALREADYBEENCOMPLETEDTHEREGIONISHIGHLYPOPULATEDINCLUDINGSEVERALSTORYBUILDINGS,INDUSTRIALZONESANDHEAVYTRAFFICALIGNMENTANDSTATIONSOFTHEMETROLINEBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRISPRESENTEDINFIG1

簡(jiǎn)介：南昌大學(xué)本科學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）附件附件譯文C1附件譯文建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的先進(jìn)分析建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的先進(jìn)分析作者陳威發(fā)（夏威夷大學(xué)土木工程系，美國(guó)夏威夷96822）摘要對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑2005LRFD規(guī)范使得在彈性和塑性范圍內(nèi)之行為與最高負(fù)荷極限狀態(tài)下認(rèn)明確的結(jié)構(gòu)抵抗成為可能。有一種提高實(shí)際次級(jí)分析的方法,來直接測(cè)定整體結(jié)構(gòu)的系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)。本文嘗試用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的、簡(jiǎn)潔的、合理的綜合理解來介紹一些理論和實(shí)踐方法，這些方法已經(jīng)在傳統(tǒng)的、現(xiàn)代的工藝設(shè)計(jì)的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)中應(yīng)用。關(guān)鍵詞先進(jìn)的分析、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑設(shè)計(jì)、介紹1導(dǎo)論結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的目的是為了產(chǎn)生一種物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)能夠承受的環(huán)境條件。整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中,從裝載的基礎(chǔ)上到尺寸都存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用,但基本上最終的設(shè)計(jì)是結(jié)構(gòu)材料的性能和結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的幾何缺陷的一個(gè)反應(yīng),特別是在構(gòu)件生產(chǎn)和加工中誘發(fā)的其力學(xué)性能及殘余應(yīng)力,它定義了材料與構(gòu)件在環(huán)境動(dòng)力下的特征響應(yīng)。目前,在工程設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐中,有一個(gè)基本兩個(gè)階段過程的設(shè)計(jì)操作。首先,結(jié)構(gòu)的每個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件上作用的力必須要計(jì)算出來；其次，那些有力作用在上面的每一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的承載力必須要確定。第一階段包括分析作用在這些結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件上的力和彎矩的分布；第二階段,包括對(duì)這些構(gòu)件的承載能力的認(rèn)識(shí)，來抵抗作用在它們上邊的力和彎矩。越全面的理解這些知識(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)就會(huì)更加精確，結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)更加可靠。因?yàn)闃?gòu)件的承載能力取決于作用在構(gòu)件上的荷載類型、幾何缺陷、性質(zhì)、材料和殘余應(yīng)力的性能，對(duì)構(gòu)件的承載能力的理解,大多數(shù)是根據(jù)以軸向受力構(gòu)件的端柱的強(qiáng)度曲線,受彎構(gòu)件簡(jiǎn)支梁彎曲強(qiáng)度曲線,構(gòu)件受到軸力和彎矩相互作用下的梁柱影響曲線的形式的滿載實(shí)驗(yàn)決定的。這些構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度曲線正式的被編成構(gòu)件強(qiáng)度曲線或者方程用于實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)。將框架結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件分成三種類型,即柱、梁和梁柱。它們各自的強(qiáng)度,通過理想節(jié)點(diǎn)或邊界條件下的滿載實(shí)驗(yàn)確定,下一階段必須徹底簡(jiǎn)化在應(yīng)力下的材料特性,以這樣的方式來很容易的協(xié)助工程師分析應(yīng)力分布,以估量框架結(jié)構(gòu)中的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件。實(shí)際上工程師主要基于材料線性彈性條件下的簡(jiǎn)單模型設(shè)計(jì)的，因?yàn)槟切┰缙诘脑O(shè)計(jì)基于容許應(yīng)力法。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)定成績(jī)五級(jí)制指導(dǎo)教師簽字南昌大學(xué)本科學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）附件附件譯文C3第二,也許是最嚴(yán)重的限制,可能是當(dāng)前兩階段階段設(shè)計(jì)過程的基本原理彈性分析是用于確定一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體系的每個(gè)構(gòu)件上作用的荷載的分布,而構(gòu)件的極限強(qiáng)度曲線被開用于設(shè)計(jì)是基于滿布荷載或非彈性分析且每個(gè)構(gòu)件被看成單獨(dú)的組件3，2。沒有驗(yàn)證框架一部分的獨(dú)立的構(gòu)件與構(gòu)件之間的兼容性。個(gè)別構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度方程中規(guī)定的規(guī)格不關(guān)心系統(tǒng)的兼容。因此,尚無明確的保證，所有構(gòu)件將維持他們?cè)谠O(shè)計(jì)荷載作用下的幾何形態(tài)。有效長(zhǎng)度的計(jì)算方法的另一個(gè)局限,包括用電腦計(jì)算系數(shù)K有困難,沒有好的電腦設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)并且沒有方法預(yù)測(cè)一個(gè)框架構(gòu)件的實(shí)際強(qiáng)度。為了達(dá)到這一目的,人們?cè)絹碓节呄蛐枰獙?shí)際的設(shè)計(jì)/分析方法,該設(shè)計(jì)方法能夠說明體系和構(gòu)件之間的兼容性。通過迅速發(fā)展的計(jì)算能力、有效性的臺(tái)式電腦和有用的軟件,一種替代的方法來進(jìn)行直接的結(jié)構(gòu)體系的設(shè)計(jì)而不使用系數(shù)K的發(fā)展變得更有吸引力,也具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。3縮放因子下的二階彈結(jié)構(gòu)分析采用彈性結(jié)構(gòu)分析和縮放因子的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)可分為兩個(gè)階段。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中使用縮放因子的最簡(jiǎn)單的第一階段的發(fā)展是使用放大因子的一階彈性分析包括通常由規(guī)范的來的二次效應(yīng)4。這是描述在前面的章節(jié)。從邏輯上講,下一階段的進(jìn)展是一個(gè)直接的二階彈性分析而不使用有二階影響的放大系數(shù)4。這兩種方法都是基于首先形成定義為第一失敗的系統(tǒng)的塑性鉸見圖2。如前所述,有效長(zhǎng)度系數(shù)通常會(huì)屈服好設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)于框架結(jié)構(gòu),但它確實(shí)有以下的弊端

簡(jiǎn)介：THECOSTOFBUILDINGSTRUCTURE1INTRODUCTIONTHEARTOFARCHITECTURALDESIGNWASCHARACTERIZEDASONEOFDEALINGCOMPREHENSIVELYWITHACOMPLEXSETOFPHYSICALANDNONPHYSICALDESIGNDETERMINANTSSTRUCTURALCONSIDERATIONSWERECASTASIMPORTANTPHYSICALDETERMINANTSTHATSHOULDBEDEALTWITHINAHIERARCHICALFASHIONIFTHEYARETOHAVEASIGNIFICANTIMPACTONSPATIALORGANIZATIONANDENVIRONMENTALCONTROLDESIGNTHINKINGTHEECONOMICALASPECTOFBUILDINGREPRESENTSANONPHYSICALSTRUCTURALCONSIDERATIONTHAT,INFINALANALYSIS,MUSTALSOBECONSIDEREDIMPORTANTCOSTCONSIDERATIONSAREINCERTAINWAYSACONSTRAINTTOCREATIVEDESIGNBUTTHISNEEDNOTBESOIFSOMETHINGISKNOWNOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSTRUCTURALANDCONSTRUCTIVEDESIGNOPTIONSANDTHEIRCOSTOFIMPLEMENTATION,ITISREASONABLETOBELIEVETHATCREATIVITYCANBEENHANCEDTHISHASBEENCONFIRMEDBYTHEAUTHORS’OBSERVATIONTHATMOSTENHANCEDTHISHASBEENCONFIRMEDBYTHEAUTHORS’OBSERVATIONTHATMOSTCREATIVEDESIGNINNOVATIONSSUCCEEDUNDERCOMPETITIVEBIDDINGANDNOTBECAUSEOFUNUSUALOWNERAFFLUENCEASTHEFEWPUBLICIZEDCASESOFEXTRAVAGANCEMIGHTLEADONETOBELIEVEONECOULDEVENSAYTHATADESIGNERWHOISTRULYCREATIVEWILLPRODUCEARCHITECTURALEXCELLENCEWITHINTHECONSTRAINTSOFECONOMYESPECIALLYTODAY,WEFINDTHATTHEREISANEEDTORECOGNIZETHATELEGANCEANDECONOMYCANBECOMESYNONYMOUSCONCEPTSTHEREFORE,INTHISCHAPTERWEWILLSETFORTHABRIEFEXPLANATIONOFTHEPARAMETERSOFCOSTANALYSISANDTHEMEANSBYWHICHDESIGNERSMAYEVALUATETHEOVERALLECONOMICIMPLICATIONSOFTHEIRSTRUCTURALANDARCHITECTURALDESIGNTHINKINGTHECOSTOFSTRUCTUREALONECANBEMEASUREDRELATIVETOTHETOTALCOSTOFBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONOR,SINCETHETOTALCONSTRUCTIONCOSTISBUTAPARTOFATOTALPROJECTCOST,ONECOULDINCLUDEADDITIONALCONSIDERATIONFORLAND10～20PERCENT,FINANCEANDINTEREST100～200PERCENT,TAXESANDMAINTENANCECOSTSONTHEORDEROF20PERCENTBUTADISCUSSIONOFTHESESOCALLEDARCHITECTURALCOSTSISBEYONDTHESCOPEOFTHISBOOK,ANDWEWILLFOCUSONTHECOSTOFCONSTRUCTIONONLYONTHEAVERAGE,PURELYSTRUCTURALCOSTSACCOUNTFORABOUT25PERCENTOFTOTALCONSTRUCTIONCOSTS,THISISSOBECAUSEITHASBEENTRADITIONALTODISCRIMINATEBETWEENPERHAPSKEEPINMINDHOWTHEACTUALCOSTOFASTRUCTUREISFINALLYPRICEDANDMADEUPTHUS,THEPERCENTAVERAGESSTATEDABOVEAREOBVIOUSLYCRUDE,BUTTHEYCANSUFFICETOINTRODUCETHENATUREOFTHECOSTPICTURETHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONSWILLDISCUSSTHERANGEOFTHESEAVERAGESANDTHENPROCEEDTOADISCUSSIONOFSQUAREFOOTAGECOSTSANDVOLUMEBASEDESTIMATESFORUSEINROUGHAPPROXIMATIONOFTHECOSTOFBUILDINGASTRUCTURALSYSTEM2PERCENTAGEESTIMATESTHETYPEOFBUILDINGPROJECTMAYINDICATETHERANGEOFPERCENTAGESTHATCANBEALLOCATEDTOSTRUCTURALANDOTHERCOSTSASMIGHTBEEXPECTED,HIGHLYDECORATIVEORSYMBOLICBUILDINGSWOULDNORMALLYDEMANDTHELOWESTPERCENTAGEOFSTRUCTURALCOSTSASCOMPAREDTOTOTALCONSTRUCTIONCOSTINTHISCASETHESTRUCTURALCOSTSMIGHTDROPTO10～15PERCENTOFTHETOTALBUILDINGCOSTBECAUSEMOREMONEYISALLOCATEDTOTHESOCALLEDARCHITECTURALCOSTSONCEAGAINTHISIMPLIESTHATTHESYMBOLICCOMPONENTSARECONCEIVEDINDEPENDENTOFBASICSTRUCTURALREQUIREMENTSHOWEVER,WHERESTRUCTUREANDSYMBOLISMAREMOREORLESSSYNTHESIZED,ASWITHACHURCHORCATHEDRAL,THESTRUCTURALSYSTEMCOSTCANBEEXPECTEDTOBESOMEWHATHIGHER,SAY,15AND20PERCENTORMOREATTHEOTHERENDOFTHECOSTSCALEARETHEVERYSIMPLEANDNONSYMBOLICINDUSTRIALBUILDINGS,SUCHASWAREHOUSESANDGARAGESINTHESECASES,THENONSTRUCTURALSYSTEMS,SUCHASINTERIORPARTITIONWALLSANDCEILINGS,ASWILLASMECHANICALSYSTEMS,ARENORMALLYMINIMAL,ASISDECORATION,ANDTHEREFORETHESTRUCTURALCOSTSCANACCOUNTFOR60TO70PERCENT,EVEN80PERCENTOFTHETOTALCOSTOFCONSTRUCTIONBUILDINGSSUCHASMEDIUMRISEOFFICEANDAPARTMENTBUILDINGS5～10STORIESOCCUPYTHEMEDIANPOSITIONONACOSTSCALEATABOUT25PERCENTFORSTRUCTURELOWANDSHORTSPANBUILDINGSFORCOMMERCEANDHOUSING,SAY,OFTHREEORFOURSTORIESANDWITHSPANSOFSOME20OR30FTANDSIMPLEERECTIONREQUIREMENTS,WILLYIELDSTRUCTURALCOSTSOF15～20PERCENTOFTOTALBUILDINGCOSTSPECIALPERFORMANCEBUILDINGS,SUCHASLABORATORIESANDHOSPITALS,REPRESENTANOTHERCATEGORYTHEYCANREQUIRELONGSPANSANDAMORETHANAVERAGEPORTIONOFTHETOTALCOSTSWILLBEALLOCATEDTOSERVICESIE,30～50PERCENT,WITHABOUT20PERCENTGOINGFORTHEPURELYSTRUCTURALCOSTSTALLOFFICEBUILDING15STORIESORMOREAND/ORLONGSPAN

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襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁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簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目DESIGNINGAGAINSTFIREOFBULIDING文獻(xiàn)、資料來源期刊文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期2010810院（部）土木工程學(xué)院專業(yè)土木工程2THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOCONSIDERTHEDESIGNOFBUILDINGSFORFIRESAFETYFROMANENGINEERINGPERSPECTIVEASISCURRENTLYDONEFOROTHERLOADSSUCHASWINDOREARTHQUAKES,WHILSTATTHESAMETIME,PUTTINGSUCHAPPROACHESINTHECONTEXTOFTHECURRENTREGULATORYREQUIREMENTSATTHEOUTSET,ITNEEDSTOBENOTEDTHATDESIGNINGABUILDINGFORFIRESAFETYISFARMORETHANSIMPLYCONSIDERINGTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTUREANDWHETHERITHASSUFFICIENTSTRUCTURALADEQUACYTHISISBECAUSEFIRESCANHAVEADIRECTINFLUENCEONOCCUPANTSVIASMOKEANDHEATANDCANGROWINSIZEANDSEVERITYUNLIKEOTHEREFFECTSIMPOSEDONTHEBUILDINGNOTWITHSTANDINGTHESECOMMENTS,THEFOCUSOFTHISPAPERWILLBELARGELYONDESIGNISSUESASSOCIATEDWITHTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTURETWOSITUATIONSASSOCIATEDWITHABUILDINGAREUSEDFORTHEPURPOSEOFDISCUSSIONTHEMULTISTOREYOFFICEBUILDINGSHOWNINFIGURE1ISSUPPORTEDBYATRANSFERSTRUCTURETHATSPANSOVERASETOFRAILWAYTRACKSITISASSUMEDTHATAWIDERANGEOFRAILTRAFFICUTILISESTHESETRACKSINCLUDINGFREIGHTANDDIESELLOCOMOTIVESTHEFIRSTSITUATIONTOBECONSIDEREDFROMAFIRESAFETYPERSPECTIVEISTHETRANSFERSTRUCTURETHISISTERMEDSITUATION1ANDTHEKEYQUESTIONSAREWHATLEVELOFFIRERESISTANCEISREQUIREDFORTHISTRANSFERSTRUCTUREANDHOWCANTHISBEDETERMINEDTHISSITUATIONHASBEENCHOSENSINCEITCLEARLYFALLSOUTSIDETHENORMALREGULATORYSCOPEOFMOSTBUILDINGREGULATIONSANENGINEERINGSOLUTION,RATHERTHANAPRESCRIPTIVEONEISREQUIREDTHESECONDFIRESITUATIONTERMEDSITUATION2CORRESPONDSTOAFIREWITHINTHEOFFICELEVELSOFTHEBUILDINGANDISCOVEREDBYBUILDINGREGULATIONSTHISSITUATIONISCHOSENBECAUSEITWILLENABLEADISCUSSIONOFENGINEERINGAPPROACHESANDHOWTHESEINTERFACEWITHTHEBUILDINGREGULATIONS–SINCEBOTHENGINEERINGANDPRESCRIPTIVESOLUTIONSAREPOSSIBLE

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簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目BUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONCONCRETECRACKOFPREVENTIONANDPROCESSING文獻(xiàn)、資料來源期刊文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期20091112院（部）土木工程學(xué)院專業(yè)土木工程2ACCEPTABLEINCERTAINLYOFTHESCOPEJUSTNEEDTOADOPTVALIDOFMEASUREWILLITENDANGERDEGREECONTROLATCERTAINOFSCOPEINSIDETHEREINFORCEDCONCRETENORMISALSOEXPLICITPROVISIONSOMESTRUCTUREATPLACEOFDISSIMILARITYUNDERTHECONDITIONALLOWEXISTENCECERTAINTHECRACKOFWIDTHBUTATUNDERCONSTRUCTIONSHOULDASFARASPOSSIBLEADOPTAVALIDMEASURECONTROLCRACKCREATION,MAKETHESTRUCTUREDONTAPPEARCRACKPOSSIBLYORASFARASPOSSIBLEDECREASECRACKOFAMOUNTANDWIDTH,PARTICULARLYWANTTOASFARASPOSSIBLEAVOIDHARMFULCRACKOFEMERGENCE,INSUREENGINEERINGQUALITYTHUSCONCRETECRACKCREATIONOFTHEREASONBEALOTOFANDHAVEALREADYTRANSFORMEDTOCAUSEOFCRACKSUCHASTEMPERATUREVARIETY,CONSTRINGENCY,INFLATION,THEASYMMETRYSINKTOSINKETCREASONCAUSEOFCRACKHAVEOUTSIDECARRYTHECRACKTHATTHEFUNCTIONCAUSEPROTECTEDENVIRONMENTNOTAPPROPRIATETHECRACKETCCAUSEDWITHCHEMICALEFFECTWANTDIFFERENTIATIONTOTREATINTHEACTUALENGINEERING,WORK°OUTAPROBLEMACCORDINGTOTHEACTUALCIRCUMSTANCEINTHECONCRETEENGINEERINGTHEFAMILIARCRACKANDTHEPREVENTION1STEMSUOCRACKANDPREVENTIONSTEMTHESUOCRACKMUCHAPPEARAFTERTHECONCRETEPROTECTBEOVEROFAPERIODOFTIMEORCONCRETESPRINKLETOBUILDTOCOMPLETEBEHINDOFAROUNDAWEEKINTHECEMENTSYRUPHUMIDITYOFEVAPORATEWOULDCREATIONSTEMSUO,ANDTHISKINDOFCONSTRINGENCYISCANTNEGATIVESTEMSUOCRACKOFTHECREATIONBEMAINISBECAUSEOFCONCRETEINSIDEOUTSIDEHUMIDITYEVAPORATEDEGREEDISSIMILARITYBUTCAUSETOTRANSFORMDISSIMILARITYOFRESULTTHECONCRETEISSUBJECTEDTOEXTERIORCONDITIONOFINFLUENCE,SURFACEHUMIDITYLOSSLEADQUICK,TRANSFORMBIGGER,INNERPARTDEGREEOFHUMIDITYVARIETYSMALLERTRANSFORMSMALLER,BIGGERSURFACESTEMTHESUOTRANSFORMTOBESUBJECTEDTOCONCRETEINNERPARTCONTROL,CREATIONMOREBIGPULLSHOULDDINTBUTCREATIONCRACKTHERELATIVEHUMIDITYISMORELOW,CEMENTSYRUPBODYSTEMSUOMOREBIG,STEMTHESUOCRACKBEMOREEASYCREATIONSTEMTHESUOCRACKISMUCHSURFACEPARALLELLINESFORMORTHENETSHALLOWTHINCRACK,WIDTHMANYBETWEEN00502MM,THEFLATSURFACEPARTMUCHSEEINTHEBIGPHYSICALVOLUMECONCRETEANDFOLLOWITMOREINTHINNERBEAMPLANKSHORTTODISTRIBUTESTEMSUOCRACKUSUALLYTHEANTISHENOFINFLUENCECONCRETE,CAUSETHEDURABLEOFTHERUSTECLIPSEINFLUENCECONCRETEOFREINFORCINGBAR,UNDERTHEFUNCTIONOFTHEWATERPRESSUREDINTWOULDCREATIONTHEWATERPOWERSPLITCRACKINFLUENCECONCRETEOFLOADINGDINTETCCONCRETESTEMTHESUOBEMAINWITHWATERASHOFTHECONCRETERATIO,THEDOSAGEOFTHECOMPOSITION,CEMENTOFCEMENT,GATHERTOANTICIPATEOFTHE